This document by Anurug Chakma discusses Johan Galtung's definitions and typologies of peace and violence, distinguishing between negative peace (absence of war and violence) and positive peace (encompasses human rights, social justice, etc.). It further defines violence in narrow and broader concepts, categorizing it into direct, structural, and cultural violence, and details the dimensions of violence including physical and psychological aspects. The document emphasizes that violence can be both intended and unintended, manifest and latent.

1. Anurug Chakma
Department of Peace
Presented By and Conflict Studies
University of Dhaka

2. Understanding Peace as Defined by Johan
Galtung
Typology of Peace: Negative Peace and Positive
Peace
Understanding Violence as Defined by Johan
Galtung
Typology of Violence: Direct, Structural and Cultural
Violence (DSC Triangle)
Dimensions of Violence

3. UNDERSTANDING PEACE
Peace as absence of violence is called the traditional notion of peace. Later the
definition of peace has been extended to include human rights, equality
between men and women, social justice and ecological balance which is now
considered as positive peace. Therefore, we understand peace as the
followings;
Absence of war and violence.
Respect for and promotion of human rights.
Establishment of good governance and rule of law.
Presence of democracy and power sharing.
Protection and preservation of environment.

4. NEGATIVE PEACE
PEACE = Absence
of War and Violence

5. POSITIVE PEACE
Absence Absence
of of Positive
Structural Personal Peace
Violence Violence

6. UNDERSTANDING VIOLENCE
According to Johan Galtung, violence can be defined from two
perspectives. One of them is narrow concept of violence and the
other is broader concept of violence. Let us know what they mean
and what we understand.
Narrow Concept of Violence
Broader Concept of Violence

7. NARROW CONCEPT OF
VIOLENCE
Violence means somatic incapacitation or deprivation of health
alone such as- killing and murder etc.

8. BROADER CONCEPT OF
VIOLENCE
Potential Achievement
Violence=Gap between Potential and Actual
Actual Achievement
Violence is defined as the cause of difference between the potential and
actual, between what could have been and what is. Violence is that which
increases the distance between the potential and the actual, and that
impedes the decrease of this distance.

9. TYPOLOGY OF VIOLENCE (DSC
TRIANGLE)
Direct Violence
Structural Cultural
Violence Violence

10. DIRECT VIOLENCE
Direct violence refers to
physical injuries and the
The simple formula of infliction of pain that is
direct violence is the caused by a specific
following. person. It may also take the
Subject -Action - form of verbal and
Object psychological abuse. Killing
and beating in interpersonal
situation are the glaring
examples of direct violence.

11. INDIRECT VIOLENCE
Structural violence refers
to discrimination,
deprivation, social
What is structural injustice, inequality
violence? between men and
women, and denial of
human rights. This type
of violence is rooted in
social structure.

12. INDIRECT VIOLENCE
Cultural violence is seen
as the source of other
types of violence through
What is cultural its production of hatred,
violence? fear and suspicion.
Religion, ideology and art
may be pointed out as
possible sources of
cultural violence.

13. DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE
The first distinction to be made is between physical and
psychological violence.
• Under physical violence human
Physical beings are hurt somatically to the
point of killing.
Violence
• Psychological violence includes lies,
Psychological brainwashing, indoctrination of
various kinds, threats, etc. that serve
Violence to decrease mental potentialities.

14. DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE
(Cont.)
• A person can be influenced not
Negative only by punishing him when he
Approach does what the influencer
considers wrong.
• A person can be influenced not
Positive only by rewarding him when he
Approach does what the influencer
considers right.

15. DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE
(Cont.)
Object side violence
The third dimension of violence is
concerned with object side. The central
argument is that when a person, group or
nation is displaying the means of
physical violence, whether by throwing
stones around or testing nuclear
weapons, there may not be violence
present in the sense that anyone is hurt,
but there is nevertheless the threat of
physical violence and the indirect effect
of mental violence that may even be
characterized as some type of
Image of Nuclear Test psychological violence.

16. DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE
(cont.)
Subject side
violence The fourth distinction is to
be made based on the
subject side. Individuals
may be killed or hurt
during both direct and
indirect violence.

17. DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE
(cont.)
Intended and
Unintended
The fifth distinction is to
Violence be made between
violence that is intended
and unintended. The
concept of guilt is decided
based on intention.

18. DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE
(cont.)
Manifest
Violence
Latent Violence
The sixth distinction is to be made between violence
that is visible and invisible. Visible and invisible violence
are called as manifest and latent violence respectively.