Ageing is a natural process that involves physical, psychological, and social changes over time in humans. While some abilities decline with age, such as reaction time, other abilities can grow, like knowledge and wisdom. Research shows that development and growth are still possible even late in life. Population ageing is occurring globally as life expectancy increases and birth rates decrease. Successful ageing involves maintaining good physical and cognitive health and an active lifestyle. The causes of ageing include a decline in immunity, cells, strength, and adaptation over time. Common physical, mental, emotional, social, and economic changes that occur with ageing are also described.

1. Agein
g
Ageing is not lost youth but a new stage
of opportunity and strength.
Submitted To: Mr. Udit Chhetri

2. Introduction To Ageing
Ageing (British English) or aging
(American English) is the accumulation of changes in
a person over time. Ageing in humans refers to a
multidimensional process of
physical, psychological, and social change.

3. Introduction To Ageing
Some dimensions of ageing grow and expand over
time, while others decline. Reaction time, for
example, may slow with age, while knowledge of world
events and wisdom may expand.
Research shows that even late in
life, potential exists for physical, mental, and social
growth and development. Ageing is an important part of
all human societies reflecting the biological changes
that occur, but also reflecting cultural and societal
conventions. Roughly 100,000 people worldwide die
each day of age-related causes.

4. Population ageing
Population ageing is the increase in
the number and proportion of older people in
society. Population ageing has three possible
causes: migration, longer life expectancy
(decreased death rate), and decreased birth rate.
Ageing has a significant impact
on society. Young people tend to commit most
crimes, they are more likely to push for political
and social change, to develop and adopt new
technologies, and to need education.

5. Population ageing
Older people have different requirements
from society and government as opposed to
young people, and frequently differing values
as well. Older people are also far more likely
to vote, and in many countries the young are
forbidden from voting.
Thus, the aged have comparatively more
political influence.

6. Senescence
In biology, senescence is the state or process
of ageing. Cellular senescence is a phenomenon
where isolated cells demonstrate a limited ability to
divide in culture (the Hayflick Limit, discovered by
Leonard Hayflick in 1961), while organismal
senescence is the ageing of organisms.
After a period of near perfect
renewal (in humans, between 20 and 35 years of
age), organismal senescence is characterised by
the declining ability to respond to stress, increasing
homeostatic imbalance and increased risk of
disease.

7. Senescence
This currently irreversible series of changes inevitably
ends in death. Some researchers are treating ageing as
a disease. As genes that have an effect on ageing are
discovered, ageing is increasingly being regarded in a
similar fashion to other genetically influenced
"conditions", potentially "treatable".
Some claim aging is an
avoidable property of life, that it is the result of a genetic
program. Numerous species show very low signs of
aging ("negligible senescence"), the best known being
trees like the bristlecone pine (however Hayflick states
that the bristlecone pine has no cells older than 30
years), fish like the sturgeon and the
rockfish, invertebrates like the quahog and sea anemone

8. Dividing the lifespan
 An animal's life is often divided into various age
ranges. However, because biological changes are
slow-moving and can vary within one's own
species, arbitrary dates are usually set to mark
periods of life. The human divisions given below
are not valid in all cultures:
 Juvenile (via
infancy, childhood, preadolescence, adolescence):
0–19
 Early adulthood: 20–39
 Middle adulthood: 40–59

9. Dividing the lifespan
People from 13 to 19 years of age are also known as
teens or teenagers. Tween or Twelvie is an
American neologism referring to someone aged 10
through 12. The casual terms
"twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. are also in
use to describe people by decades of age, along with
the systematic terms
"vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian" etc.

10. Successful ageing
 The concept of successful ageing can be traced
back to the 1950s, and was popularised in the
1980s. Previous research into ageing exaggerated
the extent to which health disabilities, such as
diabetes or osteoporosis, could be attributed
exclusively to age, and research in gerontology
exaggerated the homogeneity of samples of
elderly people.
 Successful ageing consists of three components:
 Low probability of disease or disability;
 High cognitive and physical function capacity;
 Active engagement with life.

11. Successful ageing
Successful ageing may be viewed an
interdisciplinary concept, spanning both
psychology and sociology, where it is seen as the
transaction between society and individuals
across the life span with specific focus on the
later years of life.
The terms "healthy ageing" and
"optimal ageing" have been proposed as
alternatives to successful ageing, partly because
the term "successful ageing" has been criticised
for making healthy ageing sound too competitive.

12. Successful Ageing
Six suggested dimensions of successful ageing include:
 No physical disability over the age of 75 as rated by a
physician;
 Good subjective health assessment (i.e. good self-ratings
of one's health);
 Length of undissembled life;
 Good mental health;
 Objective social support;
 Self-rated life satisfaction in eight domains, namely
marriage, income-related work, children, friendship and
social contacts, hobbies, community service
activities, religion and recreation/sports.

13. Causes Of Ageing
Ageing is caused by various reasons and They are given
below:
 Decrease in Immunity Power.
 Decline of cells resulting weakness.
 Decrease in physical strength and power.
 Increase in mental tension.
 Lack of proper care, nutrition and immunization during
childhood.
 Getting sick to large extent.
 Lack of adjustment and adaptation.
 Overwork which leads to tear of the body.

14. Changes Seen in Ageing Period
Many Changes take place during the old age. Some changes
occur fast while some take place slowly. The changes seen in
ageing are described below:
 Physical Changes
 Mental Changes
 Emotional Changes
 Social Changes
 Economic Changes

15. Physical Changes:
o Weak ness of immune system.
o Decrease in vision, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, hearing power and
so on.
o Wrinkling Of Face.
o Backbone is weak and bending occurs.
o Leading to fatigue.
o Flexibility and alertness decrease.
o General dryness and easily susceptible to diseases.
o Decrease in reproduction hormones, leading to menopause and sexual
disability.
o Digestion takes long time.
o Taste buds become ineffective.
o Diminishing touch sensation.
Changes Seen in Ageing Period

16. Mental Changes:
• Loss of memory power.
• Always anxious towards the dark future and
altered young generation.
• Creativity level decreases in them.
• Decrease in decision making capacity.
• Inclined more to religiosity and superstition.
Changes Seen in Ageing Period

17. Emotional Changes:
 Easily irritative.
 Sense of apathy increases. They feel neglected even
in simple matters.
 Desire more to expose the past the recurring
nostalgia (happiness or longing) makes them sad.
Changes Seen in Ageing Period

18. Social Changes:
 Desire more to mix with the peer of contemporary
era.
 Loss of spouse and friends evokes the sense of
loneliness.
 Hungry of affection and respect from the family and
society.
Changes Seen in Ageing Period

19. Economic changes:
 Dependent upon other.
 Loss of job and the problem of income arise as
they reach the retirement age.
Changes Seen in Ageing Period