Geriatrics is a subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on healthcare for elderly people. It aims to promote health and prevent/treat diseases and disabilities in older adults. Some key theories of aging include programmed senescence (cells have a limited number of divisions), endocrine/hormonal changes, immunological changes, wear and tear, and error catastrophe. Geriatric syndromes that commonly affect older adults include disability, dementia, falls, polypharmacy, pressure ulcers, and urinary incontinence. Dementia is a syndrome involving cognitive decline and can be caused by conditions like Alzheimer's, strokes, infections, and substance abuse. Falls are a leading cause of injury for older adults and risk factors include age
The document discusses several theories related to aging and the aging process:
1. The programmed senescence theory states that aging and death are genetically programmed and hormones act as a biological clock controlling the pace of aging.
2. The wear-and-tear theory suggests that aging is caused by damage to cells and body systems over time from factors like radiation, toxins, and general "wear and tear" on the body.
3. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross' stage theory of death and dying proposes five stages - denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance - that terminal patients may progress through when coming to terms with their mortality.
The document discusses several topics related to aging:
1) Aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues over time from both internal and external factors. Antioxidants can help prevent aging by reducing oxidative damage from free radicals.
2) As populations age, it increases demands on healthcare systems. Several strategies can help address this including improving care delivery and supporting informal caregivers.
3) While population aging impacts healthcare costs, it explains only a small portion of overall rising costs which are driven more by new technologies and informational asymmetries between providers and patients.
This document discusses human ageing from several perspectives. It begins by defining ageing as the accumulation of physical, psychological, and social changes that occur over time in humans. Some dimensions expand with age while others decline. Theories of ageing include both biological theories related to wear and tear on cells and tissues, as well as psychosocial theories involving disengagement, activity levels, and social support. Successful ageing consists of low disease, high physical/cognitive function, and engagement with life. The document also examines molecular aspects of ageing including telomere shortening and changes in mitochondria.
Aging is the process of becoming older over time due to the accumulation of damage and wear and tear on the body. It occurs at the cellular level through the entire lifespan and involves physical, psychological, and social changes. The biological basis of aging includes both programmed factors regulated by gene expression and damage-related factors from internal and environmental assaults. Some ways to potentially slow aging include eating a healthy diet, not smoking, exercising regularly, maintaining social relationships, and getting sufficient sleep.
Unit vi ageing process and physiological changes m.sc ii yrsanjalatchi
Normal ageing is characterised by a decrease in bone and muscle mass and an increase in adiposity . A decline in muscle mass and a reduction in muscle strength lead to risk of fractures, frailty, reduction in the quality of life and loss of independence [45]. These changes in musculoskeletal system reflect the ageing process as well as consequences of a reduced physical activity. The muscle wasting in frail older persons is termed ‘sarcopaenia’. This disorder leads to a higher incidence of falls and fractures and a functional decline. Functional sarcopaenia or age-related musculoskeletal changes affect 7% of elderly above the age of 70 years, and the rate of deterioration increases with time, affecting over 20% of the elderly by the age of 80 Strength declines at 1.5% per year, and this accelerates to as much as 3% per year after 60 years of age . These rates were considered high in sedentary individuals and twice as high in men as compared with those in women . However, studies show that on an average, men have larger amounts of muscle mass and a shorter survival than women. This makes sarcopaenia potentially a greater public health concern among women than among men
The document discusses several topics related to late adulthood and aging, including ageism, gerontology, changes in sensory abilities and physical appearance, theories of aging like wear and tear and genetic adaptation, and centenarians who live to be 100 or older. Some key points are that ageism is prejudiced based on age, gerontology studies aging, the brain and muscles change with age, and cellular aging and telomeres may limit lifespan while centenarians attribute long life to diet, attitude and lifestyle factors.
This document discusses the assessment and management of geriatric patients in emergency settings. It covers the demographics of the elderly population, the aging process, common medical problems in the elderly, trauma considerations, and approaches to assessing and managing elderly patients. Special attention is needed due to physiological changes, multiple illnesses, sensory impairments, and other age-related factors that can impact care.
This document discusses physical and cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood, beginning at age 60. It describes age-related declines in various body systems and senses. Diseases like Alzheimer's become more common with age. Late adulthood is a diverse period, with people aged 65-74 generally healthy but those over 85 often needing care. Discrimination against the elderly is also addressed.
The document discusses several theories related to aging and the aging process:
1. The programmed senescence theory states that aging and death are genetically programmed and hormones act as a biological clock controlling the pace of aging.
2. The wear-and-tear theory suggests that aging is caused by damage to cells and body systems over time from factors like radiation, toxins, and general "wear and tear" on the body.
3. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross' stage theory of death and dying proposes five stages - denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance - that terminal patients may progress through when coming to terms with their mortality.
The document discusses several topics related to aging:
1) Aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues over time from both internal and external factors. Antioxidants can help prevent aging by reducing oxidative damage from free radicals.
2) As populations age, it increases demands on healthcare systems. Several strategies can help address this including improving care delivery and supporting informal caregivers.
3) While population aging impacts healthcare costs, it explains only a small portion of overall rising costs which are driven more by new technologies and informational asymmetries between providers and patients.
This document discusses human ageing from several perspectives. It begins by defining ageing as the accumulation of physical, psychological, and social changes that occur over time in humans. Some dimensions expand with age while others decline. Theories of ageing include both biological theories related to wear and tear on cells and tissues, as well as psychosocial theories involving disengagement, activity levels, and social support. Successful ageing consists of low disease, high physical/cognitive function, and engagement with life. The document also examines molecular aspects of ageing including telomere shortening and changes in mitochondria.
Aging is the process of becoming older over time due to the accumulation of damage and wear and tear on the body. It occurs at the cellular level through the entire lifespan and involves physical, psychological, and social changes. The biological basis of aging includes both programmed factors regulated by gene expression and damage-related factors from internal and environmental assaults. Some ways to potentially slow aging include eating a healthy diet, not smoking, exercising regularly, maintaining social relationships, and getting sufficient sleep.
Unit vi ageing process and physiological changes m.sc ii yrsanjalatchi
Normal ageing is characterised by a decrease in bone and muscle mass and an increase in adiposity . A decline in muscle mass and a reduction in muscle strength lead to risk of fractures, frailty, reduction in the quality of life and loss of independence [45]. These changes in musculoskeletal system reflect the ageing process as well as consequences of a reduced physical activity. The muscle wasting in frail older persons is termed ‘sarcopaenia’. This disorder leads to a higher incidence of falls and fractures and a functional decline. Functional sarcopaenia or age-related musculoskeletal changes affect 7% of elderly above the age of 70 years, and the rate of deterioration increases with time, affecting over 20% of the elderly by the age of 80 Strength declines at 1.5% per year, and this accelerates to as much as 3% per year after 60 years of age . These rates were considered high in sedentary individuals and twice as high in men as compared with those in women . However, studies show that on an average, men have larger amounts of muscle mass and a shorter survival than women. This makes sarcopaenia potentially a greater public health concern among women than among men
The document discusses several topics related to late adulthood and aging, including ageism, gerontology, changes in sensory abilities and physical appearance, theories of aging like wear and tear and genetic adaptation, and centenarians who live to be 100 or older. Some key points are that ageism is prejudiced based on age, gerontology studies aging, the brain and muscles change with age, and cellular aging and telomeres may limit lifespan while centenarians attribute long life to diet, attitude and lifestyle factors.
This document discusses the assessment and management of geriatric patients in emergency settings. It covers the demographics of the elderly population, the aging process, common medical problems in the elderly, trauma considerations, and approaches to assessing and managing elderly patients. Special attention is needed due to physiological changes, multiple illnesses, sensory impairments, and other age-related factors that can impact care.
This document discusses physical and cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood, beginning at age 60. It describes age-related declines in various body systems and senses. Diseases like Alzheimer's become more common with age. Late adulthood is a diverse period, with people aged 65-74 generally healthy but those over 85 often needing care. Discrimination against the elderly is also addressed.
Dr Aubrey de Grey, né le 20 avril 1963, à Londres, est un scientifique anglais, ancien informaticien à l’université de Cambridge et autodidacte en biogérontologie. Il vit actuellement à San Francisco. Lors de la conférence FUTUR DE LA SANTÉ tenue le 10 octobre 2017, il a présenté les avancées de la technologie combinées à la génomique permettant de développer un moyen de régénérer les tissus cellulaires pour rajeunir et allonger l’espérance de vie humaine.
The document discusses several topics related to aging, death, and dying:
1) Life expectancy in the US has increased dramatically over the past century to an average of 77.6 years, and women tend to outlive men by about 5 years.
2) Common biological theories of aging include the cellular clock theory, free radical theory, and hormonal stress theory which attempt to explain the aging process on a cellular level.
3) As people age, sensory abilities and physical health often decline as seen in conditions like vision loss, hearing loss, arthritis, and increased risk of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
4) Psychological theories of aging focus on maintaining independence and cognitive abilities through activities, social
Late adulthood brings physical and cognitive changes. Life expectancy in the US is 75 years for women and 85 for men, though maximum lifespan is around 115 years. Physical changes include declines in vision, bone density, and sexual functioning. Sleep issues like apnea become more common. Chronic conditions like arthritis, heart disease, cancer and strokes are leading causes of death. Cognitive changes involve some memory loss and increased risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. However, older adults are thought to possess wisdom from considering life's problems in broader context of past experiences.
Ageing is a natural process that involves physical, psychological, and social changes over time in humans. While some abilities decline with age, such as reaction time, other abilities can grow, like knowledge and wisdom. Research shows that development and growth are still possible even late in life. Population ageing is occurring globally as life expectancy increases and birth rates decrease. Successful ageing involves maintaining good physical and cognitive health and an active lifestyle. The causes of ageing include a decline in immunity, cells, strength, and adaptation over time. Common physical, mental, emotional, social, and economic changes that occur with ageing are also described.
Theories of Aging - Part 1 in medicine and health sciencesJackTan88
This document provides an overview of theories of aging. It discusses both biological/physiological and psychological perspectives on aging. From a biological standpoint, it describes programmed aging theories like the telomere theory, which proposes that cells can only divide a finite number of times due to shortening telomeres. It also discusses error theories of aging, like the free radical theory, which suggests aging results from cellular damage over time. The document aims to explain the aging process and major theories about what causes aging.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
The document discusses various aspects of the aging process, including physical, cognitive, and reproductive changes that occur with age. It also examines factors that can impact health in aging, such as lifestyle habits like smoking, diet, exercise and obesity. Health is measured in terms of mortality, morbidity, disability, vitality and quality-adjusted life years. The rate of aging can vary depending on gender, genes, socioeconomic status and other demographic factors.
This document summarizes stem cell anti-aging therapy and rejuvenation. It discusses how aging occurs due to a decrease in stem cells over time, and how increasing stem cell reserves can help rejuvenate the body's systems and tissues. The document proposes a stem cell therapy program using fetal stem cells ("Golden Vial") to restore youthfulness by replenishing 240 types of stem cells to renew all functional systems of the body. It also discusses quantitative measures of biological age and frailty to objectively evaluate the effects of anti-aging treatments.
The document discusses confusion and dementia. It defines confusion and distinguishes it from dementia. Dementia is a decline in functioning that affects areas like memory, decision-making, and language. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. The document outlines signs and symptoms of dementia and how it progresses from mild to moderate stages. Potential causes of confusion are also discussed, including physiological factors like brain changes due to aging as well as situational factors like moving to a new environment.
The document discusses normal aging and provides definitions and theories related to the aging process. It addresses topics like the mechanisms of aging, theories of aging, hallmarks of aging, and changes that occur in the brain with aging. It also discusses mental health and personality in older adults, coping strategies, and factors involved in successful aging. The document provides an overview of many aspects of the normal aging process from a biological, psychological, and social perspective.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
The document summarizes key facts about aging and health from the World Health Organization. It notes that the proportion of the world's population over 60 years of age will nearly double from 2015 to 2050. It also discusses the challenges of population aging for social and economic systems. Finally, it outlines some of the major health conditions associated with aging like diabetes, atherosclerosis, and certain cancers.
This document discusses different types and classifications of disabilities. It defines disability and outlines three dimensions recognized by the ICF: body structure/function, activities, and participation. It then describes common types of disabilities including physical, intellectual, sensory, and mental illnesses. Specific conditions are explained for each type. The document also discusses differences between impairments, disabilities, and handicaps.
The document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are passed primarily through sexual contact. Some STIs cause no symptoms but can still be transmitted to partners. Untreated STIs can lead to serious health problems. Those most at risk are those who have unprotected sex, multiple partners, or partners who use intravenous drugs. STIs are caused by microbes that thrive in warm, moist areas of the body. They are transmitted through sexual acts but some can also spread through blood or from mother to child. Common STIs in the US include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, AIDS, hepatitis, genital warts, and trichomoniasis.
Geriatric health deals with the health of the aged. It focuses on promoting health and preventing/treating diseases in older adults. Key points covered include:
- Defining geriatrics, aging, and related terms
- Statistics on the aging population worldwide and in Bangladesh
- Common health problems faced by the elderly like chronic diseases, disabilities, and psychological issues
- The importance of lifestyle, family/community/national support, and integrated care approaches for healthy aging
- Challenges providing care for the elderly from health, economic, social, and ethical perspectives.
Physical disabilities and health impairments can affect children's ability to move, feel, and function. They include conditions like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and asthma. In the 2003-2004 school year, over 67,000 students received special education services under the orthopedic impairment category and over 449,000 under the other health impairments category. Physical disabilities are caused by various genetic and acquired factors and can range from mild to severe.
Geriatric neurology focuses on neurological disorders common in older adults aged 60 and over. Diagnosis can be difficult as signs may mimic normal aging. Common disorders include dementia, epilepsy, headaches, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by plaques and tangles that damage the brain over time. Parkinson's disease results from the death of dopamine-producing cells in the brain and causes movement-related symptoms. Epilepsy is also more common in the elderly, with stroke being a leading cause of new-onset epilepsy in older people.
This document discusses nutrition for critically ill patients. It outlines nutritional risk assessment tools, energy and protein needs, and enteral feeding protocols. For the case, it recommends starting enteral nutrition as soon as hemodynamically stable, with a calorie target of 25-30 kcal/kg ideal body weight per day, or 1250-1500 kcal for a 50kg man. Locally available formulas like Plumpy'Nut and Mumbai formula are options for enteral feeding in the ICU.
This document provides an overview of sedation, analgesia, and delirium management in the intensive care unit (ICU). It discusses pain in critically ill patients, common painful procedures, and tools for pain assessment. It covers pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, including regional analgesia, opioid analgesics like fentanyl and morphine, and non-opioid options. The document also addresses goals of sedation in the ICU, scales for sedation monitoring, benzodiazepines, dexmedetomidine, propofol and their properties and adverse effects. Finally, it briefly discusses delirium and its management.
This document discusses vasoactive agents used to treat shock. It outlines different types of shock including septic, cardiogenic, and hypovolemic shock. It describes the autonomic nervous system and types of adrenergic receptors. Various vasopressors and inotropes are presented including norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, vasopressin, and phenylephrine. Their mechanisms, dosages, and indications for treating shock are provided. Maintaining adequate perfusion and tissue oxygen delivery is critical for treatment.
Dr Aubrey de Grey, né le 20 avril 1963, à Londres, est un scientifique anglais, ancien informaticien à l’université de Cambridge et autodidacte en biogérontologie. Il vit actuellement à San Francisco. Lors de la conférence FUTUR DE LA SANTÉ tenue le 10 octobre 2017, il a présenté les avancées de la technologie combinées à la génomique permettant de développer un moyen de régénérer les tissus cellulaires pour rajeunir et allonger l’espérance de vie humaine.
The document discusses several topics related to aging, death, and dying:
1) Life expectancy in the US has increased dramatically over the past century to an average of 77.6 years, and women tend to outlive men by about 5 years.
2) Common biological theories of aging include the cellular clock theory, free radical theory, and hormonal stress theory which attempt to explain the aging process on a cellular level.
3) As people age, sensory abilities and physical health often decline as seen in conditions like vision loss, hearing loss, arthritis, and increased risk of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
4) Psychological theories of aging focus on maintaining independence and cognitive abilities through activities, social
Late adulthood brings physical and cognitive changes. Life expectancy in the US is 75 years for women and 85 for men, though maximum lifespan is around 115 years. Physical changes include declines in vision, bone density, and sexual functioning. Sleep issues like apnea become more common. Chronic conditions like arthritis, heart disease, cancer and strokes are leading causes of death. Cognitive changes involve some memory loss and increased risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. However, older adults are thought to possess wisdom from considering life's problems in broader context of past experiences.
Ageing is a natural process that involves physical, psychological, and social changes over time in humans. While some abilities decline with age, such as reaction time, other abilities can grow, like knowledge and wisdom. Research shows that development and growth are still possible even late in life. Population ageing is occurring globally as life expectancy increases and birth rates decrease. Successful ageing involves maintaining good physical and cognitive health and an active lifestyle. The causes of ageing include a decline in immunity, cells, strength, and adaptation over time. Common physical, mental, emotional, social, and economic changes that occur with ageing are also described.
Theories of Aging - Part 1 in medicine and health sciencesJackTan88
This document provides an overview of theories of aging. It discusses both biological/physiological and psychological perspectives on aging. From a biological standpoint, it describes programmed aging theories like the telomere theory, which proposes that cells can only divide a finite number of times due to shortening telomeres. It also discusses error theories of aging, like the free radical theory, which suggests aging results from cellular damage over time. The document aims to explain the aging process and major theories about what causes aging.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
The document discusses various aspects of the aging process, including physical, cognitive, and reproductive changes that occur with age. It also examines factors that can impact health in aging, such as lifestyle habits like smoking, diet, exercise and obesity. Health is measured in terms of mortality, morbidity, disability, vitality and quality-adjusted life years. The rate of aging can vary depending on gender, genes, socioeconomic status and other demographic factors.
This document summarizes stem cell anti-aging therapy and rejuvenation. It discusses how aging occurs due to a decrease in stem cells over time, and how increasing stem cell reserves can help rejuvenate the body's systems and tissues. The document proposes a stem cell therapy program using fetal stem cells ("Golden Vial") to restore youthfulness by replenishing 240 types of stem cells to renew all functional systems of the body. It also discusses quantitative measures of biological age and frailty to objectively evaluate the effects of anti-aging treatments.
The document discusses confusion and dementia. It defines confusion and distinguishes it from dementia. Dementia is a decline in functioning that affects areas like memory, decision-making, and language. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. The document outlines signs and symptoms of dementia and how it progresses from mild to moderate stages. Potential causes of confusion are also discussed, including physiological factors like brain changes due to aging as well as situational factors like moving to a new environment.
The document discusses normal aging and provides definitions and theories related to the aging process. It addresses topics like the mechanisms of aging, theories of aging, hallmarks of aging, and changes that occur in the brain with aging. It also discusses mental health and personality in older adults, coping strategies, and factors involved in successful aging. The document provides an overview of many aspects of the normal aging process from a biological, psychological, and social perspective.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
The document summarizes key facts about aging and health from the World Health Organization. It notes that the proportion of the world's population over 60 years of age will nearly double from 2015 to 2050. It also discusses the challenges of population aging for social and economic systems. Finally, it outlines some of the major health conditions associated with aging like diabetes, atherosclerosis, and certain cancers.
This document discusses different types and classifications of disabilities. It defines disability and outlines three dimensions recognized by the ICF: body structure/function, activities, and participation. It then describes common types of disabilities including physical, intellectual, sensory, and mental illnesses. Specific conditions are explained for each type. The document also discusses differences between impairments, disabilities, and handicaps.
The document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are passed primarily through sexual contact. Some STIs cause no symptoms but can still be transmitted to partners. Untreated STIs can lead to serious health problems. Those most at risk are those who have unprotected sex, multiple partners, or partners who use intravenous drugs. STIs are caused by microbes that thrive in warm, moist areas of the body. They are transmitted through sexual acts but some can also spread through blood or from mother to child. Common STIs in the US include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, AIDS, hepatitis, genital warts, and trichomoniasis.
Geriatric health deals with the health of the aged. It focuses on promoting health and preventing/treating diseases in older adults. Key points covered include:
- Defining geriatrics, aging, and related terms
- Statistics on the aging population worldwide and in Bangladesh
- Common health problems faced by the elderly like chronic diseases, disabilities, and psychological issues
- The importance of lifestyle, family/community/national support, and integrated care approaches for healthy aging
- Challenges providing care for the elderly from health, economic, social, and ethical perspectives.
Physical disabilities and health impairments can affect children's ability to move, feel, and function. They include conditions like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and asthma. In the 2003-2004 school year, over 67,000 students received special education services under the orthopedic impairment category and over 449,000 under the other health impairments category. Physical disabilities are caused by various genetic and acquired factors and can range from mild to severe.
Geriatric neurology focuses on neurological disorders common in older adults aged 60 and over. Diagnosis can be difficult as signs may mimic normal aging. Common disorders include dementia, epilepsy, headaches, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by plaques and tangles that damage the brain over time. Parkinson's disease results from the death of dopamine-producing cells in the brain and causes movement-related symptoms. Epilepsy is also more common in the elderly, with stroke being a leading cause of new-onset epilepsy in older people.
This document discusses nutrition for critically ill patients. It outlines nutritional risk assessment tools, energy and protein needs, and enteral feeding protocols. For the case, it recommends starting enteral nutrition as soon as hemodynamically stable, with a calorie target of 25-30 kcal/kg ideal body weight per day, or 1250-1500 kcal for a 50kg man. Locally available formulas like Plumpy'Nut and Mumbai formula are options for enteral feeding in the ICU.
This document provides an overview of sedation, analgesia, and delirium management in the intensive care unit (ICU). It discusses pain in critically ill patients, common painful procedures, and tools for pain assessment. It covers pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, including regional analgesia, opioid analgesics like fentanyl and morphine, and non-opioid options. The document also addresses goals of sedation in the ICU, scales for sedation monitoring, benzodiazepines, dexmedetomidine, propofol and their properties and adverse effects. Finally, it briefly discusses delirium and its management.
This document discusses vasoactive agents used to treat shock. It outlines different types of shock including septic, cardiogenic, and hypovolemic shock. It describes the autonomic nervous system and types of adrenergic receptors. Various vasopressors and inotropes are presented including norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, vasopressin, and phenylephrine. Their mechanisms, dosages, and indications for treating shock are provided. Maintaining adequate perfusion and tissue oxygen delivery is critical for treatment.
This document provides an overview of fluid management for a patient admitted to the ICU. It discusses fluid types, their components and uses. It describes how to assess a patient's fluid status and calculate fluid requirements. The document outlines fluid monitoring, electrolyte disorders like hyponatremia and hypernatremia, and their management. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining fluid balance and addressing imbalances to support organ function.
A 29-year old male with no previous medical history was admitted to the ICU after a car crash with multiple trauma requiring laparotomy. He is intubated, sedated and on noradrenaline with low blood pressure and heart rate. A feeding tube was inserted into his jejunum. The discussion points are about when to start nutrition, what the energy target should be, and how to manage hypoglycemia. The document discusses the risks and benefits of early enteral nutrition in the ICU, optimal routes, timing and formulations of feeding as well as monitoring for complications. It also covers indications for parenteral nutrition and management of hypoglycemia.
Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are important minerals in the body that regulate functions like nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. Sodium is the main cation in extracellular fluid and helps maintain fluid balance and nerve transmission. Potassium is mainly intracellular and regulates muscle contraction and acid-base balance. Common electrolyte imbalances include hyponatremia (low sodium), hypernatremia (high sodium), hypokalemia (low potassium), and hyperkalemia (high potassium). Their causes, clinical effects, and management strategies are discussed.
Critically ill patients are susceptible to short- and long-term complications. Implementing proven best practices through checklists, bundles, and interdisciplinary rounds can help prevent these complications. A bundle is a set of evidence-based interventions that improve patient outcomes more than any single intervention alone, such as the ABCDEF bundle which is shown to reduce ICU length of stay, delirium, and mortality.
This document discusses various clinical syndromes related to COVID-19 including:
- Mild to severe pneumonia characterized by cough and respiratory symptoms. Severe pneumonia can progress to ARDS.
- ARDS is identified by acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, bilateral lung opacities, and onset within one week of a known clinical insult or infection.
- Sepsis is defined as a dysregulated immune response to infection leading to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Septic shock involves circulatory and metabolic abnormalities requiring vasopressors.
This document describes the case of a 35-year-old obese woman presenting with fever, myalgia, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and respiratory distress who is suspected of having COVID-19 or another respiratory infection. Upon initial examination, she requires high-flow oxygen and has diffuse crackles on lung exam and bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray. She deteriorates clinically and requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. Over the following days, her condition gradually improves with treatment but she initially fails attempts at breathing trials due to anxiety and high respiratory rate and volume. After diuresis to correct fluid balance and a subsequent successful breathing trial, she demonstrates readiness for extubation.
This document discusses the principles of documentation in the ICU. It outlines what should be documented, including assessments, clinical problems, communications, medications, plans of care, and special considerations. Documentation is important for communication among healthcare professionals, and has several uses like ensuring quality care, credentialing, addressing legal issues, and supporting research. The principles of documentation include producing high quality, accurate records in a timely manner according to policies and protecting patient privacy and confidentiality. Entries should be authenticated, dated, and use standard terminology. Documentation provides evidence for appropriate decision making and care.
7-Dead body management in a covid patient.pptxMesfinShifara
Dead body management of COVID-19 patients should follow standard infection prevention and control practices. The major steps are: 1) preparing the body in the patient room while preventing exposure to fluids, 2) transferring the body wrapped in cloth to the morgue, 3) cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, 4) burial following physical distancing with PPE-wearing burial teams, and 5) cleaning equipment and practicing hand hygiene before returning home. Proper cleaning, disinfection, PPE use, and minimizing contact with fluids are essential throughout the process.
This document discusses various oxygen delivery devices and airway management techniques. It describes nasal prongs, simple face masks, and non-rebreather masks, and how they can provide different fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO2). It also outlines techniques for using face masks, as well as other simple airway maneuvers like positioning and oral/nasal airways. Finally, it discusses criteria for considering intubation in a patient, including objective criteria based on blood gases and ventilation, as well as subjective criteria like decreasing mental status or signs of respiratory failure.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation, including its definition, indications, goals, settings, modes, parameters, monitoring, and criteria for extubation. Mechanical ventilation uses machines to assist or replace spontaneous breathing. Common indications include inadequate ventilation or oxygenation. Goals are to achieve adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal while solving ventilatory problems. Ventilator settings include variables like trigger, control, and cycling that determine breath initiation and delivery. Common modes described are A/C, SIMV, PCV, and PSV. Parameters like tidal volume, respiratory rate, and pressures are adjusted based on patient factors. Monitoring involves vital signs, ventilation assessment, and equipment checks. Extubation criteria focus on spontaneous breathing trials and respiratory parameters
This document discusses Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). It defines GERD as a condition that occurs when stomach contents reflux into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms. Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, indigestion, belching, hiccups, and regurgitation of bitter acid into the mouth. The document then discusses treatments for GERD, including lifestyle modifications, medications like H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and prokinetics, as well as surgical options. It provides details on the mechanisms of different drug classes used to treat GERD and manage its symptoms.
This document provides information on chemotherapeutic drugs and antimicrobial mechanisms of action and resistance. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to describe the principles of chemotherapy, mechanisms of antimicrobial drug action and resistance, specific drug classes and their effects. It then discusses the basic principles of chemotherapy and antimicrobials before explaining various mechanisms of antimicrobial action and how selective toxicity is achieved. The document closes by discussing antimicrobial resistance and complications of drug therapy.
This document discusses various diseases of the liver including hepatic failure, cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors, and inborn errors. It describes the clinical features and morphological alterations that can cause liver failure such as massive hepatic necrosis from viruses, drugs, or chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis is characterized by fibrosis and regeneration of hepatocytes into parenchymal nodules. Portal hypertension is a consequence of cirrhosis and can result in ascites, portosystemic shunts, splenomegaly, and hepatic encephalopathy. Viral hepatitis includes hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E which are transmitted through various routes and can cause acute or chronic disease. Alcoholic liver disease encompasses hepatic ste
This document discusses diarrhea, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It notes that diarrhea is caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and other factors. The most common infectious causes in children are rotavirus and Giardia. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and other complications if not properly treated. Treatment involves oral rehydration with fluids like ORS, continued feeding and monitoring for dehydration. Preventive measures include breastfeeding, safe water/sanitation, handwashing and vaccination.
This document discusses neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) in newborns. It begins by explaining that jaundice is caused by elevated bilirubin levels, which is a normal occurrence in many newborns due to immature liver function and the breakdown of red blood cells. The document then covers the assessment, types (physiological vs pathological), risk factors, causes, investigations and management of neonatal jaundice. Key points include that physiological jaundice is common in the first week of life but requires treatment if bilirubin levels rise too quickly or become too high. Treatment options discussed are phototherapy and exchange transfusion.
Disorder of fluid and electrolytes.pptxMesfinShifara
This document provides guidelines for initial electrolyte management in infants receiving intravenous fluids, with a focus on sodium, potassium, calcium, and disorders related to abnormalities in these electrolytes. It recommends:
- Daily electrolyte measurements for infants receiving only IV fluids, especially very preterm infants under 750g.
- Starting calcium supplementation on the first day for high-risk infants.
- Not adding sodium or potassium to IV fluids for the first few days until levels begin to fall.
- Maintaining sodium at 2-4 mEq/kg/day and potassium at 1-3 mEq/kg/day once supplementation begins.
- Carefully managing abnormalities like hyponatremia, hypernatremia
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Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
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3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
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Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
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Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
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Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
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Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
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2. Geriatrics
It is a sub specialty of internal medicine that
focuses on health care of elderly people.
It aims to promote health by preventing and
treating disease and disabilities in older adults.
The term Geriatrics Came from the Greek word
“geron” meaning “old man” and “iatros”
meaning “healer”.
However , geriatrics is sometimes called medical
gerontology.
2
4. Programmed Senescence / HayflickLimit Theory/
In 1950’s Hayflick Suggested that the human cell is limited in
number of times it can divide, he theorized that it can divide
50 times, after which they simply stop dividing ( and hence
die).
He showed that nutrition has an effect on cells, with overfed
cells dividing much faster than underfed cells, as cells divide
to help repair and regenerate themselves.
The Hayflick Limit indicates that there is a need to slow down
the rate of cell division if we want to live long lives.
Cell division can be slowed down by diet and lifestyles etc..
4
5. Endocrine / Neuro-endocrine/ Theory
First proposed by Prof. Vladimir Dilman & Ward
Dean MD.
The Endocrine theory states that , as we age , the
endocrine system becomes less efficient and
eventually leads to the effects of aging.
Hormones level are affected by factors such as
stress and infection.
5
6. Immunologic Theory
According to this theory , the rate of aging is
controlled by the immune system .
This theory states that , as we age the number
of cells start to decrease becoming less
functional.
6
7. Wear & Tear Theory
Early Theory on aging proposed that there is a fixed
storage of energy available to the body .
As time passes , the energy is depleted and because it
can not be restored , the person dies.
Later, other theories emerged. The wear & tear theory
stated that the body is like a machine that wears out its
parts with repeated use.
The effects of aging are caused by progressive damage
to cells and body systems over time.
This was not widely accepted.
7
8. Crossed linked theory
It also referred to as the glycosylation theory of
aging , was proposed by Johan Bjorksten in
1942.
According to this theory , an accumulation of
cross linked proteins damages cells and tissues,
slowing down bodily processes resulting in
aging.
8
9. Error catastrophe theory
Proposed by Leslie Orgel in 1963.
It states that aging is the result of the
accumulation of errors in cellular molecules that
are essential for cellular function and reproduction
that eventually reaches a catastrophic level that is
incompatible with cellular survival.
9
10. Activity Theory
This theory occurs when individuals engage in a
full day of activities and maintain a level of
productivity to age successfully .
It says , the more you do , the better you will
age.
People who remain active and engaged tend to
be happier , healthier , and more in touch with
what is going on around them.
10
12. Biological aspects of aging
Heart rate decreases, Respiration decreases
Systolic BP increases
Valves b/w the chambers of heart thickened /stiffened
Lung becomes stiffer, alveoli capacity decreases
The number of glomeruli decreases
GI motility and absorption decreases
Antibody production decreases
Muscle endurance, size and strength decrease
Wrinkling and thinning of the skin
Decrease in sensory function (ear, eye, nose, tounge)
12
13. Psychological aspects of aging
Memory functioning decreases /short, long/
Intellectual functioning (These abilities of older
people do not decline but do become obsolete
(out of date)).
Learning abilities not diminished with age (but
some aspects do change)
13
16. Disability
Are we living healthier as well as longer lives, or
are our additional years spent in poor health?
Disability is part of the human condition.
Almost everyone will be temporarily or
permanently impaired at some point in life, and
those who survive to old age will experience
increasing difficulties in functioning.
16
17. Disability
Disability is the umbrella term for impairments,
activity limitations and participation restrictions,
referring to the negative aspects of the
interaction between an individual (with a health
condition) and that individual’s contextual
factors (environmental and personal factors).
17
18. Disability
Disability encompasses the child born with a
congenital condition such as cerebral palsy or
the young soldier who loses his leg to sport
trauma, or the middle-aged woman with severe
arthritis, or the older person with dementia,
among many others.
18
19. Disability & Human Rights Issues
People with disabilities experience inequalities
People with disabilities are subject to violations
of dignity
Some people with disability are denied
autonomy
19
20. Disability (causes)
Communicable diseases ..poliomyelitis,..
Non communicable disease ...DM,
Injuries ...
Mental health problems
Some unknown,...
20
22. Dementia
Is a syndrome due to disease of the brain usually of a
chronic or progressive nature in which there is
disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions,
including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension,
calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment.
Consciousness is not clouded.
The impairments of cognitive function are commonly
accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by
deterioration in emotional control, social behavior, or
motivation.
This syndrome occurs in a large number of conditions
primarily or secondarily affecting the brain.
22
23. Dementia
The cause of most dementia is unknown, but the
final stages of this disease usually means a loss of
memory, reasoning, speech, and other cognitive
functions.
The risk of dementia increases sharply with age
and, unless new strategies for prevention and
management are developed, this syndrome is
expected to place growing demands on health and
long term care providers as population ages.
23
24. Dementia
The disease is not easy to diagnose, especially in its
early stages.
The memory problems, misunderstandings, and
behavior common in the early and intermediate
stages are often attributed to normal effects of
aging, accepted as personality traits, or simply
ignored.
24
26. Dementia (burdens)
The total number of people with dementia worldwide in
2010 is estimated at 35.6 million and is projected to
nearly double every 20 years, to 65.7 million in 2030
and 115.4 million in 2050.
The total number of new cases of dementia each year
worldwide is nearly 7.7 million, implying one new case
every four seconds.
The total estimated worldwide costs of dementia were
US$ 604 billion in 2010.
26
27. Dementia
The complexity of the disease and the wide variety
of living arrangements can be difficult for people
and families dealing with dementia, and countries
must cope with the mounting financial and social
impact.
The challenge is even greater in the less developed
world, where an estimated two-thirds or more of
dementia sufferers live but where few coping
resources are available.
27
28. Dementia(possible causes)
Degenerative neurological disorders
Vascular disorders (strokes,...)
Infections (like HIV,...)
Long term drug / alcohol / use
Depression
28
29. Dementia(C/M)
Forgetting recent information /events/
Repeating comments / questions/
Not knowing date / time
Changes in mood / interest/
Talking becomes more difficult
Sleeping pattern changed
Anxiety
Hallucination
29
30. Dementia(Management)
Surgery (if the cause is tumor)
Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine,
galantamine, ...)
NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine,...)
Prevention:
Stop smoking
Exercise
Rely on Mediterranean diets (fruits, vegs, grains,.)
Stay socially active
30
32. Geriatric Falls
Falls are the leading cause of external injuries.
Most common in children less than 5 years old and adults 65
and older.
Trauma is the 5th cause of death in those >65 years
Falls are responsible for 70% of accidental deaths in people
over 75 years old.
1/4 of the elderly people who fracture their hips die within 6
months of the injury.
35%-40% of people 65+ fall each year.
Those who fall are 2-3 times more likely to fall again.
10%-20% of falls cause serious injuries.
32
38. Poly-pharmacy
Polypharmacy is the use of four or more medications
by a patient, generally adults aged over 65 years.
Polypharmacy (ie, the use of multiple medications
and/or the administration of more medications than
are clinically indicated, representing unnecessary drug
use) is common among the elderly, affecting about
40% of older adults living in their own homes.
38
39. Poly-pharmacy
Although polypharmacy can be appropriate, it is
more often inappropriate.
Concerns about polypharmacy include increased
adverse drug reactions, drug interactions,
prescribing cascade, and higher costs.
Polypharmacy is often associated with a decreased
quality of life, decreased mobility and cognition.
39
40. Poly-pharmacy (risky groups)
Elderly,
Psychiatric patients,
Patients taking five or more drugs concurrently,
Those with multiple physicians,
Recently hospitalized patients,
Individuals with concurrent comorbidities,
Low educational level, and
Those with impaired vision
40
41. Poly-pharmacy
Older adults comprise 12% of the U.S. population, but
use 35% of the prescription medications and 50 percent
of the over-the-counter medications.
The average medication usage for persons over 65 is:
2 to 6 prescription drugs, plus …
1 to 3.4 over-the-counter medicines.
In 2011, 58 percent of adults 65 years or older reported
taking 5 or more medications and 18% reported taking
10 or more (Slone Epidemiology Center).
The average American senior spends $870 annually for
pharmaceuticals.
41
42. Poly-pharmacy (causes)
Age
Community elders- 90% > 1med; 40% > 5meds;
12% > 10meds.
Chronic Diseases
Drug Regimen Changes
New meds, different doses…
Providers – Patients Relationship
The more the physician visits, the more the number
of medications patients take
2/3 of all physician visits end with a prescription
42
43. Polypharmacy-complications
More adverse drug reactions.
Decreased adherence to drug regimens.
(Unnecessary) drug expenses.
‘’client distress and poorer quality of life’’
43
44. Solutions To Polypharmacy
Review medication
Anticipate Adverse Drug Events ( ADEs)
Avoid errors- prescribe carefully
Give verbal and written instructions
Simplify
Understand obstacles (cost, memory loss…)
Enlist family/nursing/
Make sure there is good follow up
44