The document discusses various types of word relationships and vocabulary concepts. It defines terms like collocations, clines, clusters, configuration, creativity, context, clipping, and relationships between words through similarity, contrast, cause and effect, part to whole, classification, predication, derivation, sound, modification, completion, and association. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept. The purpose is to analyze different ways words can be related or grouped together through meaning, sound, structure, or association.

2. The term
vocabulary comes
from the old Latin
word vocabulum,
meaning
“designation or
name.”

4. A. Collocations
to group or to
place together in
some order.

5. Example : Sweet
sugar is sweet
sweet potato
sweet face
sweet voice
boiled sweets
sweet talk
sweet tooth
sweet smell
sweet milk
sweetheart
sweet music
sweet child

6. B. Clines
• A graded sequence of difference within
a species
• Comes from the Greek klino meaning
“to slope”
• Words in a cline fit into the same
statement, but each would have a
different meaning.

7. Example:
The water is ________________________.
Words that would fit into the sentence
are: hot, cold, warm which temperatures of
varying degrees.
HOT
WARM
COLD

8. C. Cluster
Group of similar or related things.
Such words may not be clined
because it is not easy to show a
sequential degree of meaning. Thus
they may be written around a word
which serves as a cover term.

9. Examples:
attractive, lovely, beautiful,
charming (synonyms)
fly, mosquito, ant, locust (insect –
same group)
operating room, syringe, doctor,
emergency room ( word that are
evoked when you say hospital)

11. D. Configuration
It is the arrangement of the parts
of something.
It refers to the information given
through the size and shape of
the letter as well as through the
length or the number of letters
there are in the word.

12. It’s a Cheer !

13. Answer :
Hip Hip Hooray !

14. E. Creativity
To cause or to come into
existence.
This study technique is
characterized by originality of
thought or by the use of the
imagination.

15. This includes:
1.Neologism
2.Loan Words
3.Names of person or places
4.Words from literature

16. F. Context
Words and sentences which
surround the unfamiliar term
are used as clues in getting its
meaning as well as the way
which it should be
pronounced.

17. Example:
He is gregarious character,
always reaching out to others
and enjoying their company.
a. mature c. ignorant
b. sociable d. happy

18. Clipping
This is the process of
shortening a word in which
only part of it represents the
whole word.
Example: phone from the
world telephone

19. These processes are:
1. Acronym
This is the process by which the
beginning letters are used to
stand for the whole term which
is composed of several words.
Example: DECS stands of
Department of Culture and
Sports .

20. 2. Blending
This is a process of getting
only a part of each word in
the phrase to form a new
word.
Example: smog –smoke – fog

21. Understanding the
relationship between
words or ideas in a
structure paves for a
better understanding
of those words or
ideas.

22. Word
relationships may
be classified as
follows:

23. Words have the same
meaning or a meaning about
the same.
Synonyms fall under this class
Example: talk – chat, speech, address, oration
unmarried – spinster, bachelorette,
old maid
1. Similarity

24. 2. Contrast
 Words are opposite in meaning.
 Maybe referred to as antonyms.
Example:
volatile – calm
indigent – wealthy

25. 3. Cause and Effect
Example:
Because of the jeepney and
bus strike, many people were
stranded, and some walked
many kilometres just to get
home.

26. 4. Part - whole
 A part of something may stand for the
whole, or vice versa.
 In figurative language this would be
called synecdoche.
Example:
The sail was like a dot in the open sea.
(sail stands for the whole ship)

27. 5. Classification
 Words belonging to the same genus may
also be called grouping because the
relationship between the words is one of
the similarity of certain characteristics.
Example:
animal – (four-legged beast), lion, elephant,
horse
stringed musical instruments – guitar, violin,
base

28. 6. Predication
 This is the relationship between a
noun and its verb, a doer and its
action and the action and its
receiver.
Example:
Birds – fly; build-nest
Horse-neighs; gallops- across field

29. 7. Derivation
 This refers to words that grow out
of other words.
Example:
friend-befriend, friendly,
friendliness, boyfriend, girl friend

30. 8. Sound
 Words have exactly the same
sound or are similar in
pronunciation.
Example:
write- rite, right, wright
( homonyms)
read/ riyd/ – read/red/ heteronyms
cite- scythe (similarity, not
sameness)

31. 9. Modification
 The relationship between the word
and its modifier.
Example: An anonymous letter
(adjective)
Helped arrive immediately, (adverb)
A most welcome aid (intensifier –
adjective)

32. 10. Completion
 The relationship between the
words in a compound word.
Example:
back + ground = background

33. 11. Association
 Includes the relationship between
words and ideas that are brought to
mind with a given word.
Example: Words like referee, court,
blocking, PBA, import, cager, 3-
point shot, fast ball, etc. are
associated with basketball game.

34. Thank you
for listening!