This document discusses various grammatical concepts related to discourse analysis and cohesion between clauses. It defines key terms like theme, rheme, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. It provides examples and explanations of different types of reference like anaphoric, cataphoric, exophoric, and homophoric reference. It also distinguishes between substitution, ellipsis, and the different types of conjunctions like additive, adversative, temporal, and causal conjunctions. The document serves to link grammar concepts to discourse analysis and explain how grammar creates cohesion and textuality in both spoken and written language.