1) Aerial ropeways involve transporting materials in buckets suspended from overhead ropes. The first recorded aerial ropeway was built in the 1600s in Poland to transport earth for fort construction.
2) Aerial ropeways can negotiate steep gradients up to 1 in 2 and are well suited for difficult terrain like mountains. They have low operating costs and can work in all weather.
3) Aerial ropeways are classified as monocable or bicable depending on whether they use one or two ropes. Key components include the wire ropes, trestles, loading/unloading stations, and buckets. Monocable systems use a single rope while bicable systems separate the hauling and support functions between two ropes.
This document defines and describes aerial ropeways, which are a form of transport that uses carriers suspended from overhead ropes to convey passengers or materials between stations. It discusses the key components of ropeways, including ropes, towers, carriers, pulleys, and terminals. It also outlines the main types of ropeway systems: monocable and bi-cable. The document provides details on the construction, installation, advantages, and disadvantages of aerial ropeway systems.
The document discusses different types of underground mine transportation systems. It describes belt conveyors, their components, properties of belts, idlers, tensioning arrangements and drive heads. It also discusses scraper chain conveyors, their types, parts, and advantages and disadvantages compared to belt conveyors. Finally, it introduces pipe conveyors as a modern transportation system that can handle steep inclines and curves while preventing spillage.
The document provides information on various underground transport methods used in mines, including:
1) Rope haulage systems like direct rope haulage, main and tail rope haulage, and endless rope haulage.
2) Locomotive haulage using diesel, electric, or compressed air locomotives.
3) Conveyor systems like belt and chain conveyors.
4) Gravity or self-acting haulage which uses the weight of loaded carts to pull empty carts uphill.
TRANSPOTATION SYSTEM
. C o n f i d e n t i a l TRANSPORT SYSTEM The main methods of transport are as follows: A. Rope Haulage 1. Direct rope haulage
. C o n f i d e n t i a l ROPE HAULAGE
. C o n f i d e n t i a l Direct Rope Haulage Simplest system
This document discusses various underground mine transportation systems, including:
1. Rope haulage systems like direct rope haulage, endless rope haulage, and main and tail rope haulage.
2. Conveyor systems for haulage including belt conveyors and chain conveyors.
3. Locomotive haulage using diesel, electric, or compressed air locomotives.
4. Gravity or self-acting haulage which uses the force of gravity down an inclined plane without an external power source.
Safety devices for haulage systems are also covered, such as stop-blocks and buffers to prevent runaway tubs.
Mining Machinery Learning Material for DEegree and DiplomaBhaskar Naidu
This document provides curriculum information for a mining and mine surveying course. It includes chapter summaries on topics like transport of ore, winding in shafts, wire ropes, mine pumps, coal cutting machines, and electric power supply in mines. Sample questions are provided for each chapter, covering areas like types of rope haulage systems, attachments used for endless rope haulage, power requirements for haulage systems, and safety devices. Diagrams illustrate components like driving pulleys, surge wheels, and rope clips used for haulage. Tensioning arrangements like fixed, mobile, and gradient operated systems are also summarized.
This document defines and describes aerial ropeways, which are a form of transport that uses carriers suspended from overhead ropes to convey passengers or materials between stations. It discusses the key components of ropeways, including ropes, towers, carriers, pulleys, and terminals. It also outlines the main types of ropeway systems: monocable and bi-cable. The document provides details on the construction, installation, advantages, and disadvantages of aerial ropeway systems.
The document discusses different types of underground mine transportation systems. It describes belt conveyors, their components, properties of belts, idlers, tensioning arrangements and drive heads. It also discusses scraper chain conveyors, their types, parts, and advantages and disadvantages compared to belt conveyors. Finally, it introduces pipe conveyors as a modern transportation system that can handle steep inclines and curves while preventing spillage.
The document provides information on various underground transport methods used in mines, including:
1) Rope haulage systems like direct rope haulage, main and tail rope haulage, and endless rope haulage.
2) Locomotive haulage using diesel, electric, or compressed air locomotives.
3) Conveyor systems like belt and chain conveyors.
4) Gravity or self-acting haulage which uses the weight of loaded carts to pull empty carts uphill.
TRANSPOTATION SYSTEM
. C o n f i d e n t i a l TRANSPORT SYSTEM The main methods of transport are as follows: A. Rope Haulage 1. Direct rope haulage
. C o n f i d e n t i a l ROPE HAULAGE
. C o n f i d e n t i a l Direct Rope Haulage Simplest system
This document discusses various underground mine transportation systems, including:
1. Rope haulage systems like direct rope haulage, endless rope haulage, and main and tail rope haulage.
2. Conveyor systems for haulage including belt conveyors and chain conveyors.
3. Locomotive haulage using diesel, electric, or compressed air locomotives.
4. Gravity or self-acting haulage which uses the force of gravity down an inclined plane without an external power source.
Safety devices for haulage systems are also covered, such as stop-blocks and buffers to prevent runaway tubs.
Mining Machinery Learning Material for DEegree and DiplomaBhaskar Naidu
This document provides curriculum information for a mining and mine surveying course. It includes chapter summaries on topics like transport of ore, winding in shafts, wire ropes, mine pumps, coal cutting machines, and electric power supply in mines. Sample questions are provided for each chapter, covering areas like types of rope haulage systems, attachments used for endless rope haulage, power requirements for haulage systems, and safety devices. Diagrams illustrate components like driving pulleys, surge wheels, and rope clips used for haulage. Tensioning arrangements like fixed, mobile, and gradient operated systems are also summarized.
This document discusses different methods of transportation used in underground mines. It describes various systems used for ore transportation including rope haulages, conveyor belts, shuttle cars and locomotives. Rope haulages can be direct, endless or use a main and tail configuration. Conveyor belts include standard belt conveyors as well as scraper and rigid chain variants. The document also covers different means of transporting miners, specifically man riding chair lifts and car systems, providing examples of specifications from mines in India.
1. Wire rope is used for lifting, holding, and pulling loads in mining and other industries. It is made of steel wires twisted together.
2. A wire rope consists of wires twisted together to form strands, which are then twisted together to form the rope. The core provides flexibility and lubrication.
3. Wire ropes are selected based on factors like flexibility, resistance to wear, crushing strength, and whether the rope needs to be stationary or rotating. Fiber cores provide more flexibility while steel cores provide more strength.
In this pdf one can get the different types of equipment used in surface mines which is very important from the examination point of view. important regulations are also included in this .
The document describes two types of bi-cable aerial ropeway systems - continuous and reversible. The continuous system uses two fixed track ropes and a traction rope to haul carriers along the ropes. Carriers are clipped onto the traction rope and run on wheels along the track ropes. The reversible system uses one or two track ropes to haul carriers from the loading station and return them on the same rope. Continuous systems can transport carriers over long distances while reversible systems are shorter and have lower capacities.
The document discusses armoured face conveyors used in longwall coal mining. It describes how the conveyors transport cut coal across the mining face to a transfer point. Key components of the conveyors include drive heads, pans, link chains, scraper bars, and tail ends. The conveyors can transport coal at speeds over 1 meter per second. Surveys found varying motor sizes, pan widths, and chain sizes depending on the power and capacity needs of each conveyor.
Development and depillaring with continuous minerSafdar Ali
This document provides information about online test series, study materials and video lectures for various mining exams conducted in India. It also provides contact details for ordering mining books and for queries. The document discusses various continuous mining systems like longwall mining and room and pillar mining. It provides details about first workings, typical development layout, pillar extraction methods like split and fender mining and lift mining using breaker line supports. Equipment used in continuous miner panels like continuous miners, shuttle cars, feeder breakers and their specifications are also summarized.
In this ppt you will get all information regarding shaft sinking. Like what is permanent lining and temporary lining. How to decide shape of shaft, drilling blasting, support, lighting in shaft. Use of shaft and skips.
The document summarizes key details about Load Haul Dump (LHD) machines used in underground mining. LHDs are specialized loading machines that transport rock and ore long distances underground. They are available with either diesel or electric power sources. The internal components of LHDs include a diesel or electric motor, hydraulic systems, and safety features like fire suppression. External components are buckets for loading rock, mechanisms for dumping loads, and heavy duty tires. LHDs transport rock long distances underground in a cycle of loading, hauling, and dumping to remove ore efficiently from mines.
Method of working of continuous miner in underground coalSafdar Ali
The document discusses the method of working of a continuous miner in underground coal mining. It describes how a continuous miner continuously extracts coal from the working face using a cutting drum and conveyor system. It then discusses the different types of continuous miners and their main components. The summary is:
The document discusses the use of continuous miners for underground coal extraction. It describes how continuous miners use a rotating cutting drum and conveyor system to continuously extract coal from the working face. Different types of continuous miners are discussed along with their main components like the cutting head, loading mechanism, and conveyor system. Problems encountered and solutions implemented at various mining panels are also summarized.
development of main headings and gate roads with the use of road heading and bolter miners has paramount importance for effective production from a Longwall mine
The document discusses different types of prime movers and power transmission systems used in mining. It begins by defining a prime mover as a machine that converts energy from an energy source into motive power. Common prime movers in mining include internal combustion engines in vehicles and electrical motors. The document then covers the workings of internal combustion engines. It moves on to discuss pneumatic, hydraulic, and mechanical power transmission systems - covering their components, advantages, and disadvantages. Specific mechanical power transmission elements covered in detail include couplings, clutches, gears, belts/pulleys, and chains. The document provides illustrations and explanations of how each of these systems and elements function to transmit power for mining equipment and machinery.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a shuttle car used in underground coal mining. The shuttle car collects coal from continuous miners at the mining face and transports it to conveyors or other loading equipment. It has four-wheel drive and hydraulic steering for maneuverability. Hydraulic and electric systems power functions like steering, braking, cable reeling and conveyor operation. Traction motors provide power to wheels via gearboxes. The shuttle car has controls and instrumentation to monitor operations.
Friedrich Koepe invented the Koepe winder, or friction winder, in 1873 as an alternative to traditional winding drums. A Koepe winder replaces the winding drum with a large wheel or sheave that the cages are connected to by rope. The rope passes around approximately 200 degrees of the sheave, which provides friction to drive the rope instead of a drum. Koepe winders can be ground-mounted or tower-mounted. They are often used for hoisting heavy loads from deep shafts due to avoiding the large inertia of a winding drum. Power calculations consider static torque from unbalanced loads, dynamic torque from acceleration/deceleration, and torque to overcome friction between the rope and she
rock excavation, different open cast or open pit excavation machinery, application, limitations, highwall miner, bucket wheel excavatorr, bucket chain excavator, shovels
Side Discharge Loader (SDL) / Layout of SDLJãyësh Kùmär
The document outlines the key steps and requirements to apply for a passport in the United States, including completing an application, providing identification documents, paying applicable fees, and submitting materials in person or by mail. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or nationals and passports are generally processed within 6-8 weeks though expedited service is available for urgent travel. The passport serves as proof of U.S. citizenship when traveling internationally.
This document discusses lighting in mines and light physics concepts. It provides details on various types of lamps used in mines including acetylene lamps, flameproof safety torches, and electric cap lamps. It describes the layout of a lamp room and issues that may occur with cap lamps. Lighting arrangements and illumination levels for mines are also covered. Discharge lamps and fluorescent tubes for mine lighting are discussed. Testing for gas accumulation and percentage in mines using safety lamps is summarized.
Bucket wheel excavators are large continuous mining machines used for soft to semi-hard materials like clay, sand, gravel, and coal. They have a large wheel with buckets that removes material in a continuous process. The largest bucket wheel excavators can be over 90 meters tall and 240 meters long, with a 21-meter diameter wheel. They are commonly used in strip mining and lignite mining to continuously remove overburden and deliver large volumes of material.
The document discusses various considerations for designing haul roads in surface mines. It covers types of haul road systems, factors that influence haul road width like vehicle size and capacity, alignment best practices for grades, curves and sight distances, cross section elements, and safety provisions. Proper haul road design requires balancing factors like construction costs, vehicle performance, and safety.
This document summarizes different types of wire ropes used in mining. It discusses the materials, construction, and properties of various wire ropes including stranded ropes, non-stranded locked coil ropes, and flat ropes. The key types are distinguished by their core, wire thickness, number of wires, and lay pattern. Appropriate wire rope selection depends on factors like flexibility, strength, and whether it will be used for standing or running applications.
This document discusses various types of earthmoving equipment used in construction projects including their uses and basic parts. It describes excavating equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, and trenchers. It also covers earthmoving equipment like scrapers, bulldozers, dumpers, graders, and loaders. For each type of equipment, it provides details on their applications and functions in excavating, transporting, and grading earth.
A dragline excavator is a large piece of heavy equipment used in surface mining and civil engineering projects. It consists of a large bucket suspended from a boom by wire ropes. The bucket is maneuvered using hoist and drag ropes powered by large diesel or electric motors to perform excavation cycles of lowering the bucket, dragging it along the surface to collect material, lifting it, and dumping the collected material. The largest draglines are among the largest mobile machines ever built, weighing over 13,000 tons. While expensive, draglines are effective at removing large volumes of overburden material with each cycle in open pit mining operations.
This document discusses different methods of transportation used in underground mines. It describes various systems used for ore transportation including rope haulages, conveyor belts, shuttle cars and locomotives. Rope haulages can be direct, endless or use a main and tail configuration. Conveyor belts include standard belt conveyors as well as scraper and rigid chain variants. The document also covers different means of transporting miners, specifically man riding chair lifts and car systems, providing examples of specifications from mines in India.
1. Wire rope is used for lifting, holding, and pulling loads in mining and other industries. It is made of steel wires twisted together.
2. A wire rope consists of wires twisted together to form strands, which are then twisted together to form the rope. The core provides flexibility and lubrication.
3. Wire ropes are selected based on factors like flexibility, resistance to wear, crushing strength, and whether the rope needs to be stationary or rotating. Fiber cores provide more flexibility while steel cores provide more strength.
In this pdf one can get the different types of equipment used in surface mines which is very important from the examination point of view. important regulations are also included in this .
The document describes two types of bi-cable aerial ropeway systems - continuous and reversible. The continuous system uses two fixed track ropes and a traction rope to haul carriers along the ropes. Carriers are clipped onto the traction rope and run on wheels along the track ropes. The reversible system uses one or two track ropes to haul carriers from the loading station and return them on the same rope. Continuous systems can transport carriers over long distances while reversible systems are shorter and have lower capacities.
The document discusses armoured face conveyors used in longwall coal mining. It describes how the conveyors transport cut coal across the mining face to a transfer point. Key components of the conveyors include drive heads, pans, link chains, scraper bars, and tail ends. The conveyors can transport coal at speeds over 1 meter per second. Surveys found varying motor sizes, pan widths, and chain sizes depending on the power and capacity needs of each conveyor.
Development and depillaring with continuous minerSafdar Ali
This document provides information about online test series, study materials and video lectures for various mining exams conducted in India. It also provides contact details for ordering mining books and for queries. The document discusses various continuous mining systems like longwall mining and room and pillar mining. It provides details about first workings, typical development layout, pillar extraction methods like split and fender mining and lift mining using breaker line supports. Equipment used in continuous miner panels like continuous miners, shuttle cars, feeder breakers and their specifications are also summarized.
In this ppt you will get all information regarding shaft sinking. Like what is permanent lining and temporary lining. How to decide shape of shaft, drilling blasting, support, lighting in shaft. Use of shaft and skips.
The document summarizes key details about Load Haul Dump (LHD) machines used in underground mining. LHDs are specialized loading machines that transport rock and ore long distances underground. They are available with either diesel or electric power sources. The internal components of LHDs include a diesel or electric motor, hydraulic systems, and safety features like fire suppression. External components are buckets for loading rock, mechanisms for dumping loads, and heavy duty tires. LHDs transport rock long distances underground in a cycle of loading, hauling, and dumping to remove ore efficiently from mines.
Method of working of continuous miner in underground coalSafdar Ali
The document discusses the method of working of a continuous miner in underground coal mining. It describes how a continuous miner continuously extracts coal from the working face using a cutting drum and conveyor system. It then discusses the different types of continuous miners and their main components. The summary is:
The document discusses the use of continuous miners for underground coal extraction. It describes how continuous miners use a rotating cutting drum and conveyor system to continuously extract coal from the working face. Different types of continuous miners are discussed along with their main components like the cutting head, loading mechanism, and conveyor system. Problems encountered and solutions implemented at various mining panels are also summarized.
development of main headings and gate roads with the use of road heading and bolter miners has paramount importance for effective production from a Longwall mine
The document discusses different types of prime movers and power transmission systems used in mining. It begins by defining a prime mover as a machine that converts energy from an energy source into motive power. Common prime movers in mining include internal combustion engines in vehicles and electrical motors. The document then covers the workings of internal combustion engines. It moves on to discuss pneumatic, hydraulic, and mechanical power transmission systems - covering their components, advantages, and disadvantages. Specific mechanical power transmission elements covered in detail include couplings, clutches, gears, belts/pulleys, and chains. The document provides illustrations and explanations of how each of these systems and elements function to transmit power for mining equipment and machinery.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a shuttle car used in underground coal mining. The shuttle car collects coal from continuous miners at the mining face and transports it to conveyors or other loading equipment. It has four-wheel drive and hydraulic steering for maneuverability. Hydraulic and electric systems power functions like steering, braking, cable reeling and conveyor operation. Traction motors provide power to wheels via gearboxes. The shuttle car has controls and instrumentation to monitor operations.
Friedrich Koepe invented the Koepe winder, or friction winder, in 1873 as an alternative to traditional winding drums. A Koepe winder replaces the winding drum with a large wheel or sheave that the cages are connected to by rope. The rope passes around approximately 200 degrees of the sheave, which provides friction to drive the rope instead of a drum. Koepe winders can be ground-mounted or tower-mounted. They are often used for hoisting heavy loads from deep shafts due to avoiding the large inertia of a winding drum. Power calculations consider static torque from unbalanced loads, dynamic torque from acceleration/deceleration, and torque to overcome friction between the rope and she
rock excavation, different open cast or open pit excavation machinery, application, limitations, highwall miner, bucket wheel excavatorr, bucket chain excavator, shovels
Side Discharge Loader (SDL) / Layout of SDLJãyësh Kùmär
The document outlines the key steps and requirements to apply for a passport in the United States, including completing an application, providing identification documents, paying applicable fees, and submitting materials in person or by mail. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or nationals and passports are generally processed within 6-8 weeks though expedited service is available for urgent travel. The passport serves as proof of U.S. citizenship when traveling internationally.
This document discusses lighting in mines and light physics concepts. It provides details on various types of lamps used in mines including acetylene lamps, flameproof safety torches, and electric cap lamps. It describes the layout of a lamp room and issues that may occur with cap lamps. Lighting arrangements and illumination levels for mines are also covered. Discharge lamps and fluorescent tubes for mine lighting are discussed. Testing for gas accumulation and percentage in mines using safety lamps is summarized.
Bucket wheel excavators are large continuous mining machines used for soft to semi-hard materials like clay, sand, gravel, and coal. They have a large wheel with buckets that removes material in a continuous process. The largest bucket wheel excavators can be over 90 meters tall and 240 meters long, with a 21-meter diameter wheel. They are commonly used in strip mining and lignite mining to continuously remove overburden and deliver large volumes of material.
The document discusses various considerations for designing haul roads in surface mines. It covers types of haul road systems, factors that influence haul road width like vehicle size and capacity, alignment best practices for grades, curves and sight distances, cross section elements, and safety provisions. Proper haul road design requires balancing factors like construction costs, vehicle performance, and safety.
This document summarizes different types of wire ropes used in mining. It discusses the materials, construction, and properties of various wire ropes including stranded ropes, non-stranded locked coil ropes, and flat ropes. The key types are distinguished by their core, wire thickness, number of wires, and lay pattern. Appropriate wire rope selection depends on factors like flexibility, strength, and whether it will be used for standing or running applications.
This document discusses various types of earthmoving equipment used in construction projects including their uses and basic parts. It describes excavating equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, and trenchers. It also covers earthmoving equipment like scrapers, bulldozers, dumpers, graders, and loaders. For each type of equipment, it provides details on their applications and functions in excavating, transporting, and grading earth.
A dragline excavator is a large piece of heavy equipment used in surface mining and civil engineering projects. It consists of a large bucket suspended from a boom by wire ropes. The bucket is maneuvered using hoist and drag ropes powered by large diesel or electric motors to perform excavation cycles of lowering the bucket, dragging it along the surface to collect material, lifting it, and dumping the collected material. The largest draglines are among the largest mobile machines ever built, weighing over 13,000 tons. While expensive, draglines are effective at removing large volumes of overburden material with each cycle in open pit mining operations.
Dragline machine at dhudhichua project ,singrauliTauhid Mohammad
A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining.
Draglines fall into two broad categories: those that are based on standard, lifting cranes, and the heavy units which have to be built on-site.
This presentation summarizes the key steps in constructing the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor project in India. The project costs 6700 crore rupees. Construction involves preparing the track bed, laying sleepers, joining rail sections using thermite welding, adding ballast beneath and around the sleepers, and finishing the second track by unloading materials directly onto the completed first track. Piles are used to transfer structural loads to soils at depth, when the near-surface soil cannot support loads. Ballast, made of stone or gravel, is packed around and beneath sleepers to transmit loads. Common sleeper materials include wood, metal, and concrete. Rails can be double headed, flat footed, or
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large projects. It begins by explaining the importance of proper equipment use for economy, quality, safety and timely project completion. It then classifies common equipment into earth-moving, hauling, hoisting, conveying, aggregate/concrete production, pile-driving, tunneling and dewatering. Specific earth-moving equipment discussed in detail include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers. Their applications and factors affecting output are also summarized. The document concludes by briefly describing hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers.
A rope drive is a type of belt drive, used for mechanical power transmission. Rope drives use several circular section ropes, rather than a single flat or vee belt.
This document summarizes various types of construction equipment used in large projects. It describes excavating equipment like power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clamshell buckets used to excavate earth and load trucks. Other equipment discussed include scrapers for excavating and hauling material, bulldozers for grading and pushing material, tractors for pulling and moving equipment, and rollers for compacting earth. The document also outlines hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers used to transport materials. Hoisting equipment including cranes and conveyor belts used to lift and move heavy loads are summarized as well.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
2. Some Interesting Facts
• HAULAGE by rope and pulley has been known since
the earliest days, and although no graphic record is
available, the evidence has been furnished by
wooden pulleys found during excavations in Egypt.
These pulleys date from about 2600 B.C.
• The first practical aerial ropeway of which there is
any definite evidence was devised by Adam Wybe, a
Dutch engineer. During the construction of a fort at
Danzig he used an aerial ropeway for the
conveyance of earth from a hill outside the
fortifications to the fort under construction.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
3. • An endless rope, attached to which was a number of small
buckets, ran between the two terminal points and was
supported by intermediate standards. The buckets were
filled at the hill and travelled on one side to the fort,
where they were emptied and returned on the other side
back to the hill. The rope ran round pulleys at both
terminals and was driven by hand
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
4. Definition: An aerial ropeway is defined as a transport
system in which transit material is carried in purpose
made cars suspended from over head ropes.
Advantages:
• It can negotiate steep gradients upto 1 in 2 as there is
independence of adhesion between rail and wheel.
• It can have shortest routes. In other transport systems,
such luxury may not be possible because of terrain
difficulties.
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5. • It has an ability to cross the land used by the owner for
other purpose.
• It can work in fog, rain etc. without any difficulty.
• The power cost is estimated to be the least than any other
alternative system for handling equivalent quantities on
the same route.
• It can negotiate adverse terrain like mountainous regions,
dense forests etc.
• Automation is easy.
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6. Disadvantages:
• Difficult for supervision in case the infrastructural facilities
are located in remote areas.
• Degradation of mineral takes place if the requirement is
that of the coarse and impurities may get attached to the
mineral fragments.
• Generation of dust can also be a menace.
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7. Classification and Parts of aerial ropeways
In general the ropeways can be classified as:
• Monocable aerial ropeways
• Bicable ropeways
The parts of ropeway:
Wire rope (s)
Trestles
Loading and unloading stations
Angle stations
Buckets
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8. The Monocable aerial ropeway
The monocable aerial ropeway employs a single endless
wire rope for both supporting and transporting loaded and
unloaded buckets.
Each bucket is suspended by a hanger from a box head
equipped with two clips at 430 mm centres from driving
contact with the rope.
Two 200 mm diameter wheels mounted on the box head are
used for traversing on the rails.
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9. Bucket and Hanger on a Monocable Aerial Ropeway
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10. Salient Features of Monocable Aerial Ropeway
• It is used for relatively small capacities
• Lower capital cost as compared to Bicable aerial
ropeway.
• The ropeway is not used on a gradient in excess of 1
in 5 because the box head clips cannot provide
adequate driving force.
Note: Capital cost of ropeway depends upon weight of
individual buckets as the rope strength is controlled
by the same. It has been observed that the reduction
in the loading time can increase the capacity
substantially without requiring increase in the rope
speed and bucket capacity.
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11. Wire Rope (s)
Ropes for monocable ropeways
• The rope supports both the buckets (track) and carries
them in the required direction (haulage).
• The selection of the rope is governed by:
Bending stress: It is induced in the rope by the mass of
the bucket. The mass depends upon the ropeway
capacity and its speed.
Tension: It is developed because of ropeway capacity
and the route profile.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
12. The approximate tension will vary from 30 kN to 100 kN.
Round strand ropes of size 6 × 7 are used.
The factor of safety is normally 5.
In general the diameter of the ropes is either 16 mm or 32
mm.
The diameter of the sheaves is 100 to 120 times the
diameter of the rope to avoid the bending stress.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
13. The Bicable aerial ropeway
• The bicable aerial ropeway employs two separate track
ropes with which buckets are suspended. There is an
endless haulage rope.
• Each of the track rope is anchored at one end and
tensioned at other end.
• The haulage rope is of flexible construction. A 6 × 7 Lang’s
lay rope with fibre core can be used as haulage rope.
• Spliced rope can be used as haulage rope.
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14. Ropes for bicable ropeways
• It has two ropes one is track and other one is a haulage
rope.
• The track rope is a locked coil rope.
The tension in the rope is 60 to 70 × the individual
wheel load.
Wheel load is the mass of loaded bucket divided by the
number of wheels. Usually the number is 2 or 4.
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15. • The track rope is a triangular strand or round strand rope.
• The determination of haulage rope diameter depends
upon the capacity of the ropeway.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
17. Trestles
• They are usually fabricated from steel sections.
• The trestles are 6 to 10 m high.
• The maximum height of a trestle depends maximum sag.
• It is advantageous to have a trestle as low as practicable.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
18. Monocable Trestles
• The top arms support 350 – 700 mm diameter rope
carrying sheaves.
• The sheaves are so placed at a distance of 450 – 900 mm
centre to centre.
• The figure shows the trestles used in Monocable aerial
ropeways
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
20. Trestles for Bicable Aerial Ropeways
• They do not need sheaves fixed to the trestles fitted to
the upper works.
• In the upper part the telephone and signal wires are
attached.
• Flying stays are provided for the rollers over which the
rope can slide.
• The trestles are used on both sides of a bridge which is
used when the aerial ropeway crosses a road.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
22. Angle Stations
• When the direction of the aerial ropeway is to be
changed, the same has to be done at the terminal station.
• Sometimes we have to install angle stations for the
purpose.
• Pulleys are mounted on vertical shafts.
• The vertical and horizontal deflection is achieved by
suitably arranging the rope to pass over the pulleys.
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24. Loading Station
• It consists of structure made up of steel.
• It supports the return sheave for the rope.
• The buckets get disengaged from the rope and run on the
rail.
• The power for the movement is either by manual means
(now obsolete) or by a chain haulage.
• When the bucket arrives at the selected feeder, it is
placed on a weighment bridge.
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25. • The feeder loads a pre-set quantity in the bucket.
• After loading, the bucket is pulled by the haulage.
• The bucket later on catches on the rail.
• For high capacity, a rotary loader is used. The loader
ensures continuous loading without any interruption.
• For small capacity, a hopper and chute arrangement is
used.
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28. Carriers/Buckets
• Three types of buckets are used
Simple rotating buckets.
Bottom discharge buckets.
Totally enclosed buckets.
• Simple rotating buckets: The bucket is locked in position
by a simple catch gear. The catch is released at the
unloading station. The bucket overturns its content and
returns to the loading station in inverted position. They
are unsuitable for the transportation of sticky materials.
Used on Monocable ropeway.
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
29. • Bottom discharge buckets
They are widely used on bicable aerial ropeways. Suitable
for the transportation of wet and sticky material. At
discharge end the bottom door is opened and the material
is discharged cleanly. The lids close automatically due to
their weight.
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31. • Totally enclosed buckets
These buckets are used when
When minerals reactive towards water are to be
transported e.g. pyritic ores.
Very fine materials are to be transported.
The buckets are bottom discharge type
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AERIAL ROPEWAYS
32. The Drive Terminal
• The drive terminal incorporates a discharge arrangements
before the terminal.
• The drive arrangement consists of an arrangement similar
to that of the endless haulage.
• The wheel has a brake path.
• Thruster brakes are provided to apply the brakes in case
the motor rotates in opposite direction.
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35. Discharge Stations
• There are basically three methods for consideration:
Depositing between trestles:
The trestles are 30-40 m high and are spaced at 90-100
m. Means are provided for the tipping the buckets. The
material is deposited at its normal angle of repose
along a convenient width. The disadvantage is that the
trestles progressively get buried.
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36. Tipping by means of a self advancing station:
The buckets leave the ropeway. They travel on a
rail arranged at right angles. The buckets move along a
rail by a chain haulage system. The tipping can be
arranged at any point along the rail. The entire station
is mounted on a caterpillar. After the station has
advanced a distance of 100 m; a new set of trestles is
installed. The height of the muckpile that is obtained is
6-9 m.
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38. Extending frame ropeway:
The system has the least cost amongst the all the three
methods. The bucket coming from the ropeway
discharges its content while passing round a sheave. The
normal climbing angle is 200 . The last
Tresle is lost as loading trestle.
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39. ARERIAL ROPEWAYS CALCULATIONS
• Monocable aerial ropeway
a) Static friction : 1.5 kW to 4 kW
b) Effort to raise to load: CD/400 kW
c) Line friction: CL/20000 kW
d) Gearing losses: 80%
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40. ARERIAL ROPEWAYS CALCULATIONS (Contd.)
• Bicable aerial ropeway
a) Static friction : 1.5 kW to 4 kW
b) Effort to raise to load: CD/300 kW
c) Line friction: CL/13000 kW
d) Gearing losses: 80%
• Where ‘C’ is ropeway capacity, teph
• ‘L’ is the total line length, m
• ‘D’ is the level difference between the loading and
unloading station, m
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41. For transporting uphill
Power = 1.2 (a + b + c)
For transporting downhill
Power = 0.8 (a - b + c)
• Rope sag = w × S2/(0.7 × T)
• Load sag = W × S/(0.4 × T )
• Distributed sag = R × S2/(0.7 × T)
Where S is the horizontal distance between the trestles; T
is the rope tension (N); w is rope weight (kg/m); W is the
weight of loaded bucket (kg); R is the Bucket weight rate =
loaded mass of the bucket/ bucket spacing
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42. • An aerial ropeway transports the mineral over a length of
6700 m. The delivery point is 58 m above the loading
point. The ropeway capacity is 450 te/h and the speed is
245 m/min. The bucket capacity can be assumed to be
1650 kg.
Solution =
The bucket/h = 450/1.65 = 272.73
Allowable time per bucket = 3600/272.73 = 13.2 s
Rope speed = 245 m/min = 4.08 m/s
Load spacing = 4.08 × 13.2 = 53.9 m
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43. • Number of full buckets = 6700 / 53.9 = 125 (say)
• Power = 1.2 (4 + 87 + 232) = 1.2 (293) = 352 kW
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Editor's Notes
Tell that wet and sticky minerals are loaded by the rotary loader. Because it ensures continuous movement of the minerals and does not give any chance to remain stationary.