Feature pyramid networks for object detection heedaeKwon
This document discusses feature pyramid networks for object detection. It introduces feature pyramid networks which use a bottom-up pathway to generate feature maps at multiple scales from a convolutional neural network and a top-down pathway that combines high-level and low-level semantic information. It then describes applying feature pyramid networks to region proposal networks and Fast/Faster R-CNN models for object detection and presents experimental results on using feature pyramid networks for region proposal and object detection.
The document discusses several methods for aerial object detection:
1. ClusDet proposes a cluster proposal sub-network and scale network to detect sparse and clustered objects.
2. RoI Transformer introduces an RRoI learner and rotated ROI pooling to efficiently detect oriented objects.
3. SCRDet uses a sampling fusion network and multi-dimensional attention network to detect small, cluttered objects of arbitrary orientation.
4. GcGAN employs geometric consistency constraints to perform domain adaptation for aerial images accounting for geometric transformations.
5. CBAM is a convolutional block attention module tested on MS COCO for feature attention.
This document summarizes two papers on text detection in natural images:
1. SegLink detects text by decomposing it into locally detectable segments and links between segments.
2. R2CNN improves on angle stability by setting the target angle as box coordinates and using different ROI pooling sizes and inclined non-maximum suppression. It achieves state-of-the-art results on standard datasets.
Tutorial on Object Detection (Faster R-CNN)Hwa Pyung Kim
The document describes Faster R-CNN, an object detection method that uses a Region Proposal Network (RPN) to generate region proposals from feature maps, pools features from each proposal into a fixed size using RoI pooling, and then classifies and regresses bounding boxes for each proposal using a convolutional network. The RPN outputs objectness scores and bounding box adjustments for anchor boxes sliding over the feature map, and non-maximum suppression is applied to reduce redundant proposals.
Fast R-CNN is a method that improves object detection speed and accuracy over previous methods like R-CNN and SPPnet. It uses a region of interest pooling layer and multi-task loss to jointly train a convolutional neural network for classification and bounding box regression in a single stage of training. This allows the entire network to be fine-tuned end-to-end for object detection, resulting in faster training and testing compared to previous methods while achieving state-of-the-art accuracy on standard datasets. Specifically, Fast R-CNN trains 9x faster than R-CNN and runs 200x faster at test time.
Convolutional Patch Representations for Image Retrieval An unsupervised approachUniversitat de Barcelona
1. The document presents an unsupervised approach using convolutional neural networks to generate patch-level descriptors for image retrieval.
2. It trains a convolutional kernel network on unlabeled image patches to learn feature representations in a kernel space without requiring manual labels.
3. Experiments show the convolutional kernel descriptors achieve similar or better performance than supervised convolutional neural networks on standard patch and image retrieval datasets while requiring less training time.
Deep image retrieval - learning global representations for image search - ub ...Universitat de Barcelona
This document summarizes a research paper on deep image retrieval using global image representations. It presents three key ideas: 1) A siamese network trained with a triplet loss to learn image representations optimized for retrieval. 2) Replacing rigid region grids with a region proposal network to localize regions of interest. 3) Experiments showing their method outperforms classification features and achieves state-of-the-art results on standard retrieval datasets. Their work demonstrates an effective and scalable approach to image retrieval based on learning compact global image signatures.
Visual odometry & slam utilizing indoor structured environmentsNAVER Engineering
Visual odometry (VO) and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) are fundamental building blocks for various applications from autonomous vehicles to virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR).
To improve the accuracy and robustness of the VO & SLAM approaches, we exploit multiple lines and orthogonal planar features, such as walls, floors, and ceilings, common in man-made indoor environments.
We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VO & SLAM algorithms through an extensive evaluation on a variety of RGB-D datasets and compare with other state-of-the-art methods.
Feature pyramid networks for object detection heedaeKwon
This document discusses feature pyramid networks for object detection. It introduces feature pyramid networks which use a bottom-up pathway to generate feature maps at multiple scales from a convolutional neural network and a top-down pathway that combines high-level and low-level semantic information. It then describes applying feature pyramid networks to region proposal networks and Fast/Faster R-CNN models for object detection and presents experimental results on using feature pyramid networks for region proposal and object detection.
The document discusses several methods for aerial object detection:
1. ClusDet proposes a cluster proposal sub-network and scale network to detect sparse and clustered objects.
2. RoI Transformer introduces an RRoI learner and rotated ROI pooling to efficiently detect oriented objects.
3. SCRDet uses a sampling fusion network and multi-dimensional attention network to detect small, cluttered objects of arbitrary orientation.
4. GcGAN employs geometric consistency constraints to perform domain adaptation for aerial images accounting for geometric transformations.
5. CBAM is a convolutional block attention module tested on MS COCO for feature attention.
This document summarizes two papers on text detection in natural images:
1. SegLink detects text by decomposing it into locally detectable segments and links between segments.
2. R2CNN improves on angle stability by setting the target angle as box coordinates and using different ROI pooling sizes and inclined non-maximum suppression. It achieves state-of-the-art results on standard datasets.
Tutorial on Object Detection (Faster R-CNN)Hwa Pyung Kim
The document describes Faster R-CNN, an object detection method that uses a Region Proposal Network (RPN) to generate region proposals from feature maps, pools features from each proposal into a fixed size using RoI pooling, and then classifies and regresses bounding boxes for each proposal using a convolutional network. The RPN outputs objectness scores and bounding box adjustments for anchor boxes sliding over the feature map, and non-maximum suppression is applied to reduce redundant proposals.
Fast R-CNN is a method that improves object detection speed and accuracy over previous methods like R-CNN and SPPnet. It uses a region of interest pooling layer and multi-task loss to jointly train a convolutional neural network for classification and bounding box regression in a single stage of training. This allows the entire network to be fine-tuned end-to-end for object detection, resulting in faster training and testing compared to previous methods while achieving state-of-the-art accuracy on standard datasets. Specifically, Fast R-CNN trains 9x faster than R-CNN and runs 200x faster at test time.
Convolutional Patch Representations for Image Retrieval An unsupervised approachUniversitat de Barcelona
1. The document presents an unsupervised approach using convolutional neural networks to generate patch-level descriptors for image retrieval.
2. It trains a convolutional kernel network on unlabeled image patches to learn feature representations in a kernel space without requiring manual labels.
3. Experiments show the convolutional kernel descriptors achieve similar or better performance than supervised convolutional neural networks on standard patch and image retrieval datasets while requiring less training time.
Deep image retrieval - learning global representations for image search - ub ...Universitat de Barcelona
This document summarizes a research paper on deep image retrieval using global image representations. It presents three key ideas: 1) A siamese network trained with a triplet loss to learn image representations optimized for retrieval. 2) Replacing rigid region grids with a region proposal network to localize regions of interest. 3) Experiments showing their method outperforms classification features and achieves state-of-the-art results on standard retrieval datasets. Their work demonstrates an effective and scalable approach to image retrieval based on learning compact global image signatures.
Visual odometry & slam utilizing indoor structured environmentsNAVER Engineering
Visual odometry (VO) and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) are fundamental building blocks for various applications from autonomous vehicles to virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR).
To improve the accuracy and robustness of the VO & SLAM approaches, we exploit multiple lines and orthogonal planar features, such as walls, floors, and ceilings, common in man-made indoor environments.
We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VO & SLAM algorithms through an extensive evaluation on a variety of RGB-D datasets and compare with other state-of-the-art methods.
Objects as points (CenterNet) review [CDM]Dongmin Choi
The document proposes representing objects as single center points rather than bounding boxes. This allows detecting objects through keypoint estimation using a single neural network without post-processing. The method, called CenterNet, predicts center points along with object properties like size in one forward pass. Experiments show CenterNet runs in real-time and is simpler, faster and more accurate than two-stage detectors that require additional pre and post-processing steps. It provides a new direction for real-time object recognition.
http://imatge-upc.github.io/retrieval-2017-cam/
Image retrieval in realistic scenarios targets large dynamic datasets of unlabeled images. In these cases, training or fine-tuning a model every time new images are added to the database is neither efficient nor scalable.
Convolutional neural networks trained for image classification over large datasets have been proven effective feature extractors when transferred to the task of image retrieval. The most successful approaches are based on encoding the activations of convolutional layers as they convey the image spatial information. Our proposal goes beyond and aims at a local-aware encoding of these features depending on the predicted image semantics, with the advantage of using only of the knowledge contained inside the network.
In particular, we employ Class Activation Maps (CAMs) to obtain the most discriminative regions from a semantic perspective. Additionally, CAMs are also used to generate object proposals during an unsupervised re-ranking stage after a first fast search.
Our experiments on two public available datasets for instance retrieval, Oxford5k and Paris6k, demonstrate that our system is competitive and even outperforms the current state-of-the-art when using off-the-shelf models trained on the object classes of ImageNet.
[unofficial] Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (CVPR 2017)Shunta Saito
Pyramid Scene Parsing Network introduces the Pyramid Pooling Module to improve semantic segmentation. The module captures context at different regions and scales by performing average pooling at different pyramid levels on the final convolutional feature map. Experiments on ADE20K and PASCAL VOC datasets show the Pyramid Pooling Module improves mean Intersection-over-Union by over 4% compared to global average pooling, achieving state-of-the-art performance.
Building and road detection from large aerial imageryShunta Saito
This document presents a convolutional neural network approach for simultaneously detecting buildings and roads from aerial imagery in 3 channels. The CNN is trained on image patches from a dataset of 147 aerial images and corresponding 3-channel label maps containing buildings, roads, and other labels. Several CNN architectures are tested on 10 held-out images, with the basic architecture achieving the best precision of 0.8905 and 0.9241 for roads and buildings, respectively, outperforming a previous approach. The proposed method requires no pre-processing or hand-designed image features as the CNN is able to learn good feature extractors automatically through training.
Camera-based road Lane detection by deep learning IIIYu Huang
lane detection, deep learning, autonomous driving, CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, lane localization, lane fitting, ego lane, end-to-end, vanishing point, segmentation, FCN, regression, classification
[PaperReview] LightGCN: Simplifying and Powering Graph Convolution Network fo...Zimin Park
This document summarizes the LightGCN recommendation model. It first reviews graph convolutional networks (GCNs) and the NGCF model. It then introduces the key components of LightGCN, including self-connection normalization and removing non-linear activations and feature transformations. LightGCN simplifies GCNs for recommendation by focusing on essential components. It provides ablation studies and comparisons to NGCF and other models to demonstrate LightGCN's effectiveness with less complexity.
Locating objects in images (“detection”) quickly and efficiently enables object tracking and counting applications on embedded visual sensors (fixed and mobile). By 2012, progress on techniques for detecting objects in images – a topic of perennial interest in computer vision – had plateaued, and techniques based on histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) were state of the art. Soon, though, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), in addition to classifying objects, were also beginning to become effective at simultaneously detecting objects. Research in CNN-based object detection was jump-started by the groundbreaking region-based CNN (R-CNN). We’ll follow the evolution of neural network algorithms for object detection, starting with R-CNN and proceeding to Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, “You Only Look Once” (YOLO), and up to the latest Single Shot Multibox detector. In this talk, we’ll examine the successive innovations in performance and accuracy embodied in these algorithms – which is a good way to understand the insights behind effective neural-network-based object localization. We’ll also contrast bounding-box approaches with pixel-level segmentation approaches and present pros and cons.
This document summarizes a method for hyperspectral target detection using local background suppression. It presents a new algorithm called Local Background Subspace Estimation (LBSE) that estimates the local background subspace in an adaptive, automatic way tailored to spatial variability in backgrounds. LBSE is shown to outperform existing global and local background suppression methods on both simulated and real hyperspectral data, with its local approach properly detecting targets with low residual energy and adapting to spatially varying background complexity within scenes.
This document proposes using a deep belief network (DBN) to learn depth perception from optical flow information. It describes:
1) Using motion parallax and optical flow cues to perceive depth in humans and insects.
2) Generating labeled training data from 3D graphics scenes to teach the DBN the mapping from motion to depth.
3) The DBN architecture, which takes motion energy maps as input and uses multiple hidden layers and backpropagation to predict depth maps.
4) Test results showing the DBN achieves a higher R^2 score for depth prediction than other models like linear regression.
RegNet: Multimodal Sensor Registration Using Deep Neural Networks
CalibNet: Self-Supervised Extrinsic Calibration using 3D Spatial Transformer Networks
RGGNet: Tolerance Aware LiDAR-Camera Online Calibration with Geometric Deep Learning and Generative Model
CalibRCNN: Calibrating Camera and LiDAR by Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraints
LCCNet: LiDAR and Camera Self-Calibration using Cost Volume Network
CFNet: LiDAR-Camera Registration Using Calibration Flow Network
Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection proposes a novel focal loss function to address the extreme foreground-background class imbalance encountered in training dense object detectors. The focal loss focuses training on hard examples and prevents easy negatives from overwhelming the detector. RetinaNet, a simple dense detector designed with a ResNet-FPN backbone and focal loss, achieves state-of-the-art accuracy while running faster than existing two-stage detectors. Extensive experiments demonstrate the focal loss enables training highly accurate dense detectors on datasets with vast numbers of background examples like COCO.
Urban 3D Semantic Modelling Using Stereo Vision, ICRA 2013Sunando Sengupta
1) Given a sequence of stereo images, the pipeline generates a dense 3D semantic model of the urban environment.
2) Depth maps are generated from stereo images and fused into a volumetric representation using camera poses from feature tracking.
3) Semantic segmentation of street view images is done using a CRF model, and labels are projected onto the 3D model faces to generate the semantic model.
4) The semantic model is evaluated by projecting it back to the input images and calculating metrics like recall and intersection over union. Future work includes real-time implementation and combining image and geometric context.
This document provides information on several remote sensing projects from IEEE 2015. It lists the titles, languages, and abstracts for 8 projects related to classification and analysis of hyperspectral and multispectral images. The projects focus on techniques such as sparse representation in tangent space, Gabor feature-based collaborative representation, level set evolutions for object extraction, and dimension reduction using spatial and spectral regularization.
This document provides an overview of graph representation learning and various methods for learning embeddings of nodes in graph-structured data. It introduces shallow methods like DeepWalk and Node2Vec that learn embeddings by generating random walks. It then discusses deep methods like graph convolutional networks (GCN) and GraphSAGE that learn embeddings through neural network aggregation of node neighborhoods. Graph attention networks are also introduced as a learnable aggregator for GCN. Finally, applications of these methods at Pinterest for pin recommendation and at Uber Eats for dish recommendation are briefly described.
Comparative Study of Object Detection AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document compares different object detection algorithms that use convolutional neural networks: Single Shot Detector (SSD), Faster R-CNN, and R-FCN. These algorithms are evaluated based on their speed and accuracy when combined with different feature extractors like VGG-16, ResNet-101, Inception ResNet, and MobileNet. The algorithms are trained on the COCO dataset and their performance is measured using mean average precision (mAP). SSD is found to be the fastest since it performs all computations in one network without needing region proposals. However, Faster R-CNN and R-FCN achieve higher accuracy. The best combinations are found to be Faster R-CNN with ResNet-101 and R-FCN with ResNet
The document discusses content-based image retrieval. It begins with an overview of the problem of using a query image to retrieve similar images from a large dataset. Common techniques discussed include using SIFT features with bag-of-words models or convolutional neural network (CNN) features. The document outlines the classic SIFT retrieval pipeline and techniques for using features from pre-trained CNNs, such as max-pooling features from convolutional layers or encoding them with VLAD. It also discusses learning image representations specifically for retrieval using methods like the triplet loss to learn an embedding space that clusters similar images. The state-of-the-art methods achieve the best performance by learning global or regional image representations from CNNs trained on large, generated datasets
Objects as points (CenterNet) review [CDM]Dongmin Choi
The document proposes representing objects as single center points rather than bounding boxes. This allows detecting objects through keypoint estimation using a single neural network without post-processing. The method, called CenterNet, predicts center points along with object properties like size in one forward pass. Experiments show CenterNet runs in real-time and is simpler, faster and more accurate than two-stage detectors that require additional pre and post-processing steps. It provides a new direction for real-time object recognition.
http://imatge-upc.github.io/retrieval-2017-cam/
Image retrieval in realistic scenarios targets large dynamic datasets of unlabeled images. In these cases, training or fine-tuning a model every time new images are added to the database is neither efficient nor scalable.
Convolutional neural networks trained for image classification over large datasets have been proven effective feature extractors when transferred to the task of image retrieval. The most successful approaches are based on encoding the activations of convolutional layers as they convey the image spatial information. Our proposal goes beyond and aims at a local-aware encoding of these features depending on the predicted image semantics, with the advantage of using only of the knowledge contained inside the network.
In particular, we employ Class Activation Maps (CAMs) to obtain the most discriminative regions from a semantic perspective. Additionally, CAMs are also used to generate object proposals during an unsupervised re-ranking stage after a first fast search.
Our experiments on two public available datasets for instance retrieval, Oxford5k and Paris6k, demonstrate that our system is competitive and even outperforms the current state-of-the-art when using off-the-shelf models trained on the object classes of ImageNet.
[unofficial] Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (CVPR 2017)Shunta Saito
Pyramid Scene Parsing Network introduces the Pyramid Pooling Module to improve semantic segmentation. The module captures context at different regions and scales by performing average pooling at different pyramid levels on the final convolutional feature map. Experiments on ADE20K and PASCAL VOC datasets show the Pyramid Pooling Module improves mean Intersection-over-Union by over 4% compared to global average pooling, achieving state-of-the-art performance.
Building and road detection from large aerial imageryShunta Saito
This document presents a convolutional neural network approach for simultaneously detecting buildings and roads from aerial imagery in 3 channels. The CNN is trained on image patches from a dataset of 147 aerial images and corresponding 3-channel label maps containing buildings, roads, and other labels. Several CNN architectures are tested on 10 held-out images, with the basic architecture achieving the best precision of 0.8905 and 0.9241 for roads and buildings, respectively, outperforming a previous approach. The proposed method requires no pre-processing or hand-designed image features as the CNN is able to learn good feature extractors automatically through training.
Camera-based road Lane detection by deep learning IIIYu Huang
lane detection, deep learning, autonomous driving, CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, lane localization, lane fitting, ego lane, end-to-end, vanishing point, segmentation, FCN, regression, classification
[PaperReview] LightGCN: Simplifying and Powering Graph Convolution Network fo...Zimin Park
This document summarizes the LightGCN recommendation model. It first reviews graph convolutional networks (GCNs) and the NGCF model. It then introduces the key components of LightGCN, including self-connection normalization and removing non-linear activations and feature transformations. LightGCN simplifies GCNs for recommendation by focusing on essential components. It provides ablation studies and comparisons to NGCF and other models to demonstrate LightGCN's effectiveness with less complexity.
Locating objects in images (“detection”) quickly and efficiently enables object tracking and counting applications on embedded visual sensors (fixed and mobile). By 2012, progress on techniques for detecting objects in images – a topic of perennial interest in computer vision – had plateaued, and techniques based on histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) were state of the art. Soon, though, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), in addition to classifying objects, were also beginning to become effective at simultaneously detecting objects. Research in CNN-based object detection was jump-started by the groundbreaking region-based CNN (R-CNN). We’ll follow the evolution of neural network algorithms for object detection, starting with R-CNN and proceeding to Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, “You Only Look Once” (YOLO), and up to the latest Single Shot Multibox detector. In this talk, we’ll examine the successive innovations in performance and accuracy embodied in these algorithms – which is a good way to understand the insights behind effective neural-network-based object localization. We’ll also contrast bounding-box approaches with pixel-level segmentation approaches and present pros and cons.
This document summarizes a method for hyperspectral target detection using local background suppression. It presents a new algorithm called Local Background Subspace Estimation (LBSE) that estimates the local background subspace in an adaptive, automatic way tailored to spatial variability in backgrounds. LBSE is shown to outperform existing global and local background suppression methods on both simulated and real hyperspectral data, with its local approach properly detecting targets with low residual energy and adapting to spatially varying background complexity within scenes.
This document proposes using a deep belief network (DBN) to learn depth perception from optical flow information. It describes:
1) Using motion parallax and optical flow cues to perceive depth in humans and insects.
2) Generating labeled training data from 3D graphics scenes to teach the DBN the mapping from motion to depth.
3) The DBN architecture, which takes motion energy maps as input and uses multiple hidden layers and backpropagation to predict depth maps.
4) Test results showing the DBN achieves a higher R^2 score for depth prediction than other models like linear regression.
RegNet: Multimodal Sensor Registration Using Deep Neural Networks
CalibNet: Self-Supervised Extrinsic Calibration using 3D Spatial Transformer Networks
RGGNet: Tolerance Aware LiDAR-Camera Online Calibration with Geometric Deep Learning and Generative Model
CalibRCNN: Calibrating Camera and LiDAR by Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraints
LCCNet: LiDAR and Camera Self-Calibration using Cost Volume Network
CFNet: LiDAR-Camera Registration Using Calibration Flow Network
Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection proposes a novel focal loss function to address the extreme foreground-background class imbalance encountered in training dense object detectors. The focal loss focuses training on hard examples and prevents easy negatives from overwhelming the detector. RetinaNet, a simple dense detector designed with a ResNet-FPN backbone and focal loss, achieves state-of-the-art accuracy while running faster than existing two-stage detectors. Extensive experiments demonstrate the focal loss enables training highly accurate dense detectors on datasets with vast numbers of background examples like COCO.
Urban 3D Semantic Modelling Using Stereo Vision, ICRA 2013Sunando Sengupta
1) Given a sequence of stereo images, the pipeline generates a dense 3D semantic model of the urban environment.
2) Depth maps are generated from stereo images and fused into a volumetric representation using camera poses from feature tracking.
3) Semantic segmentation of street view images is done using a CRF model, and labels are projected onto the 3D model faces to generate the semantic model.
4) The semantic model is evaluated by projecting it back to the input images and calculating metrics like recall and intersection over union. Future work includes real-time implementation and combining image and geometric context.
This document provides information on several remote sensing projects from IEEE 2015. It lists the titles, languages, and abstracts for 8 projects related to classification and analysis of hyperspectral and multispectral images. The projects focus on techniques such as sparse representation in tangent space, Gabor feature-based collaborative representation, level set evolutions for object extraction, and dimension reduction using spatial and spectral regularization.
This document provides an overview of graph representation learning and various methods for learning embeddings of nodes in graph-structured data. It introduces shallow methods like DeepWalk and Node2Vec that learn embeddings by generating random walks. It then discusses deep methods like graph convolutional networks (GCN) and GraphSAGE that learn embeddings through neural network aggregation of node neighborhoods. Graph attention networks are also introduced as a learnable aggregator for GCN. Finally, applications of these methods at Pinterest for pin recommendation and at Uber Eats for dish recommendation are briefly described.
Comparative Study of Object Detection AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document compares different object detection algorithms that use convolutional neural networks: Single Shot Detector (SSD), Faster R-CNN, and R-FCN. These algorithms are evaluated based on their speed and accuracy when combined with different feature extractors like VGG-16, ResNet-101, Inception ResNet, and MobileNet. The algorithms are trained on the COCO dataset and their performance is measured using mean average precision (mAP). SSD is found to be the fastest since it performs all computations in one network without needing region proposals. However, Faster R-CNN and R-FCN achieve higher accuracy. The best combinations are found to be Faster R-CNN with ResNet-101 and R-FCN with ResNet
The document discusses content-based image retrieval. It begins with an overview of the problem of using a query image to retrieve similar images from a large dataset. Common techniques discussed include using SIFT features with bag-of-words models or convolutional neural network (CNN) features. The document outlines the classic SIFT retrieval pipeline and techniques for using features from pre-trained CNNs, such as max-pooling features from convolutional layers or encoding them with VLAD. It also discusses learning image representations specifically for retrieval using methods like the triplet loss to learn an embedding space that clusters similar images. The state-of-the-art methods achieve the best performance by learning global or regional image representations from CNNs trained on large, generated datasets
camera-based Lane detection by deep learningYu Huang
lane detection, deep learning, autonomous driving, CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, lane localization, lane fitting, ego lane, end-to-end, vanishing point, segmentation, FCN, regression, classification
- R-CNN was the first CNN model to achieve high performance in object detection. It used a multi-stage pipeline involving region proposals, feature extraction via CNN, and SVM classification. It was slow due to computing CNN features for each region individually.
- Fast R-CNN improved on R-CNN by introducing a ROI pooling layer to share computation and enabling end-to-end training. However, region proposals were still generated externally, slowing down detection.
- Faster R-CNN addressed this by introducing a Region Proposal Network to generate proposals, allowing the entire model to be trained end-to-end. This led to faster and more accurate detection compared to previous models.
- YOLO
Slides by Miriam Bellver from the Computer Vision Reading Group at the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya about the paper:
Lu, Yongxi, Tara Javidi, and Svetlana Lazebnik. "Adaptive Object Detection Using Adjacency and Zoom Prediction." CVPR 2016
Abstract:
State-of-the-art object detection systems rely on an accurate set of region proposals. Several recent methods use a neural network architecture to hypothesize promising object locations. While these approaches are computationally efficient, they rely on fixed image regions as anchors for predictions. In this paper we propose to use a search strategy that adaptively directs computational resources to sub-regions likely to contain objects. Compared to methods based on fixed anchor locations, our approach naturally adapts to cases where object instances are sparse and small. Our approach is comparable in terms of accuracy to the state-of-the-art Faster R-CNN approach while using two orders of magnitude fewer anchors on average. Code is publicly available.
Lidar for Autonomous Driving II (via Deep Learning)Yu Huang
The document outlines research on using LiDAR data for autonomous vehicle object detection. It begins with an introduction to sensor fusion techniques using LiDAR and camera data. Several deep learning approaches for 3D object detection from LiDAR point clouds are then summarized, including methods that project the point cloud into 2D feature maps or 3D voxel grids as input to convolutional networks. Finally, techniques for exploiting HD maps and performing real-time on-device detection are discussed. The document provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in LiDAR-based object detection for autonomous driving applications.
Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) represents scenes as neural radiance fields that can be used for novel view synthesis. NeRF learns a continuous radiance field from a sparse set of input views using a multi-layer perceptron that maps 5D coordinates to RGB color and density values. It uses volumetric rendering to integrate these values along camera rays and optimizes the network via differentiable rendering and a reconstruction loss. NeRF produces high-fidelity novel views and has inspired extensions like handling dynamic scenes and reconstructing scenes from unstructured internet photos.
PCA-SIFT: A More Distinctive Representation for Local Image Descriptorswolf
PCA-SIFT is a modification of SIFT that uses principal component analysis (PCA) to build more distinctive local image descriptors. It constructs a projection matrix from a large set of image patches, then projects each keypoint descriptor through this matrix to a compact vector of the top n principal components. This provides a more discriminative representation than SIFT while reducing descriptor dimensionality, leading to improved matching accuracy and efficiency. Evaluation on controlled transformation and graffiti datasets shows PCA-SIFT achieves higher recall rates at equivalent or lower false positive rates compared to SIFT.
Conditional Image Generation with PixelCNN Decoderssuga93
The document summarizes research on conditional image generation using PixelCNN decoders. It discusses how PixelCNNs sequentially predict pixel values rather than the whole image at once. Previous work used PixelRNNs, but these were slow to train. The proposed approach uses a Gated PixelCNN that removes blind spots in the receptive field by combining horizontal and vertical feature maps. It also conditions PixelCNN layers on class labels or embeddings to generate conditional images. Experimental results show the Gated PixelCNN outperforms PixelCNN and achieves performance close to PixelRNN on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, while training faster. It can also generate portraits conditioned on embeddings of people.
This document discusses object detection in images using deep convolutional neural networks. It begins by framing object detection as classification at multiple positions and scales. The document then reviews early approaches like HOG and deformable part models before introducing R-CNN and its improvements, Fast R-CNN and Faster R-CNN, which share computation between proposals. Faster R-CNN introduces a region proposal network to generate proposals. Finally, it briefly discusses one-stage detectors like YOLO and SSD that directly predict boxes and classes.
This document proposes a method for remote sensing image retrieval using convolutional neural networks with weighted distance and result re-ranking. It has two stages: 1) An offline stage where a pre-trained CNN is fine-tuned on labeled images to extract features for the retrieval dataset. 2) An online stage where the fine-tuned CNN extracts features from a query image and calculates weighted distances to retrieved images, giving more preference to images from similar classes to the query. Experiments on two datasets show the method improves retrieval performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.
最近の研究情勢についていくために - Deep Learningを中心に - Hiroshi Fukui
This document summarizes key developments in deep learning for object detection from 2012 onwards. It begins with a timeline showing that 2012 was a turning point, as deep learning achieved record-breaking results in image classification. The document then provides overviews of 250+ contributions relating to object detection frameworks, fundamental problems addressed, evaluation benchmarks and metrics, and state-of-the-art performance. Promising future research directions are also identified.
https://telecombcn-dl.github.io/2017-dlcv/
Deep learning technologies are at the core of the current revolution in artificial intelligence for multimedia data analysis. The convergence of large-scale annotated datasets and affordable GPU hardware has allowed the training of neural networks for data analysis tasks which were previously addressed with hand-crafted features. Architectures such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and Q-nets for reinforcement learning have shaped a brand new scenario in signal processing. This course will cover the basic principles and applications of deep learning to computer vision problems, such as image classification, object detection or image captioning.
This document discusses deep learning techniques for object detection and recognition. It provides an overview of computer vision tasks like image classification and object detection. It then discusses how crowdsourcing large datasets from the internet and advances in machine learning, specifically deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have led to major breakthroughs in object detection. Several state-of-the-art CNN models for object detection are described, including R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, SSD, and YOLO. The document also provides examples of applying these techniques to tasks like face detection and detecting manta rays from aerial videos.
Slide for study session given by Ryosuke Sasaki at Arithmer inc.
It is a summary of recent methods for object pose estimation in robotics using deep learning.
He entered Ph.D course at Univ. of Tokyo in April 2020.
Arithmer株式会社は東京大学大学院数理科学研究科発の数学の会社です。私達は現代数学を応用して、様々な分野のソリューションに、新しい高度AIシステムを導入しています。AIをいかに上手に使って仕事を効率化するか、そして人々の役に立つ結果を生み出すのか、それを考えるのが私たちの仕事です。
Arithmer began at the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences. Today, our research of modern mathematics and AI systems has the capability of providing solutions when dealing with tough complex issues. At Arithmer we believe it is our job to realize the functions of AI through improving work efficiency and producing more useful results for society.
https://telecombcn-dl.github.io/2017-dlcv/
Deep learning technologies are at the core of the current revolution in artificial intelligence for multimedia data analysis. The convergence of large-scale annotated datasets and affordable GPU hardware has allowed the training of neural networks for data analysis tasks which were previously addressed with hand-crafted features. Architectures such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and Q-nets for reinforcement learning have shaped a brand new scenario in signal processing. This course will cover the basic principles and applications of deep learning to computer vision problems, such as image classification, object detection or image captioning.
The document discusses the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm which has 3 main steps: 1) Interest point detection using scale-space extrema of the scale-normalized Laplacian to find keypoints invariant to scale and orientation, 2) Generating a feature vector descriptor for each keypoint based on orientation, contrast normalization and local gradient directions, and 3) Matching descriptors between images after transforming to be invariant to affine changes.
Learning joint 2 d 3d representations for depth completion ssuser456ad6
The document discusses a method for depth completion using a neural network that learns joint 2D-3D representations. It introduces depth completion and relative work in depth estimation from RGB data and depth completion from RGBD data. It then describes the proposed method which uses a 2D-3D Fuse Block that learns joint 2D and 3D representations, and stacks these blocks into a network for learning and inference of depth completion.
This document discusses guided image filtering. It introduces the guided filter, which performs edge-preserving smoothing while maintaining the gradient of a guidance image. The guided filter works by assuming a local linear model between the guidance image and filtering output within a window, and solving a cost function to determine the filter coefficients. It can perform edge-preserving smoothing and gradient-preserving filtering in linear time complexity.
Fast cost volume filtering for visual correspondence and beyondssuser456ad6
This document discusses fast cost-volume filtering techniques for visual correspondence tasks like stereo matching. It notes that global matching algorithms are slow while local matching lacks accuracy, requiring post-processing. It proposes to smooth the cost volume with a weighted box filter to overcome these issues, allowing for fast and accurate stereo matching through cost-volume filtering and aggregation.
D2 net a trainable cnn for joint description and detection of local features ssuser456ad6
The document presents D2-Net, a trainable CNN that can jointly perform local feature detection and description. D2-Net takes an image as input and outputs a feature map for detection along with descriptors. It uses soft detection to learn detections and descriptions jointly end-to-end. The network is optimized using losses that encourage repeatable detections and discriminative descriptors.
The document presents a method for visualizing and understanding generative adversarial networks (GANs). It introduces a technique called "dissection" to identify interpretable units related to object concepts in GANs. It also uses "intervention" to directly intervene in the network and identify sets of units that cause certain types of objects to disappear. The method measures causal relationships using intervention by calculating the average causal effect of units on the generation of object classes. It aims to examine the contextual relationship between causal object units and background.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
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2. Contents
2
1. EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
2. Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing
Imagery
3. EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
3
Network Overview Pipeline
Input
image
Multi-channel
FCN
Multi-channel
FCN
Multi-oriented
Task-wise boxes
4. 4
EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
Main Contributions :
1. propose two stage(step) method : FCN and NMS merging stage
2. pipeline is flexible
6. 6
EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
Pipeline
input
conv2
conv3
conv1
conv3
merging1
merging2
merging3 For reduce computation cost, using
U-shape not using HyperNet in
PVANet that merge all feature maps
output
8. EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
8
Label Generation: Score Map Generation
Score map generation eq
𝑟𝑖 = min(D 𝑝𝑖, 𝑝 𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4 +1 ,
D 𝑝𝑖, 𝑝 𝑖+2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4 +1
we shrink it by moving its two endpoints inward along the edge
by 0.3𝑟𝑖 and 0.3𝑟 𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4 +1 espectively.
9. 9
EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑠 + 𝜆 𝑔 𝐿 𝑔
Label Generation: Loss
Where Y = 𝐹S is the prediction of the score map, and Y∗ is the
ground truth
𝐿 𝑠 : loss for score map
𝐿 𝑔 : loss for geometry
10. 10
EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑠 + 𝜆 𝑔 𝐿 𝑔
Label Generation: Loss
RBOX: 𝐿 𝑔 = 𝐿 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 + 𝜆 𝜃 𝐿 𝜃
𝐿 𝑠 : loss for score map
𝐿 𝑔 : loss for geometry
𝐿 𝑔 = 𝐿QUAD Q, Q∗
= min
Q∈𝑃 𝑄∗
𝑐 𝑖∈CQ
𝑐 𝑖∈CQ
smoothed 𝐿1 𝑐𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖
8 × 𝑁 𝑄∗
QUAD:
11. 11
EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector
Locality-Aware NMS
Problem: A naïve NMS algorithm runs in 𝑂 𝑛2
where 𝑛 is the number of candidate geometries.
The geometries from nearby pixels tend to be highly correlated.
Solution: locality-aware NMS
𝑎 = WEIGHTEDMERGE 𝑔, 𝑝 , then 𝑎i = V 𝑔 𝑔𝑖 + 𝑉 𝑝 𝑝𝑖 and V 𝑎 = V 𝑔 + V(𝑝)
14. 14
Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing
Imagery
Main Contributions :
1. new joint image cascade and feature pyramid network(ICN and FPN)
2. design a DIN module as a domain adaptation module
3. new loss function to shape rectangles by constraining the angles between the edges to
90 degrees
15. Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing
Imagery
15
ICN, FPN and Deformable Inception Subnetworks
• Appropriate weights sharing
• Resize image size by bilinear
interpolation
ICN
• The low-level semantic feature
from high resolution
• The high-level semantic feature
from low-level resolution
16. Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing
Imagery
16
ICN, FPN and Deformable Inception Subnetworks
17. Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing
Imagery
17
R-RPN
Characteristics:
1. no difference between the front and back of objects
2. initialize anchor by using dimension clustering in YOLO v2
3. use the smooth 𝑙1 loss to regress the four coordinates
18. Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing
Imagery
18
R-ROI
Characteristics:
1. penalize angles that are not 90 degree
2. initialize anchor by using dimension clustering in YOLO v2
3. use the smooth 𝑙1 loss to regress the four coordinates
penalize angles that are not 90 degree
24. Reference
24
EAST:
PVANET: Deep but lightweight neural networks for real-time object detection.
Balanced-cross entropy:
Holistically-nested edge detection
Scene text detection via holistic, multi-channel prediction.
U-shape: U-net: Convolu-tional networks for biomedical image segmentation.
Towards Multi-class Object Detection in Unconstrained Remote Sensing Imagery:
Soft-NMS: Improving object detection with one line of code.
IoU distance: Yolo9000: Better, faster, stronger.
DIN: deformable convolutional networks
Editor's Notes
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.
DIN 내부에 deformable convolution을 통해 geometric transformation을 적용하는 것을 도와주고 더욱 offset regression property는 kernel 외부의 object를 localization하는 것을 도움 줍니다.