This document discusses strategies for conserving native pollinators in organic farming systems. It finds that while organic agriculture reduces pesticide use which benefits pollinators, some common organic practices like tillage can be detrimental to ground-nesting bees. The document provides recommendations for organic farmers to support pollinators, such as reducing tillage, providing flowering crops and habitat, and using integrated pest management over pesticide applications when crops are in bloom. Overall, the document aims to help organic farmers balance production practices with conservation of native pollinators.
Insect pollinators and Mango flowers - Presentation from the Darwin Mango Fie...AustralianMangoes
This document summarizes a talk on insect pollinators of mango flowers. It discusses that while honeybees pollinate some crops, wild insects are generally more effective pollinators. It also describes a study in Northern Queensland, Australia that found flies and native bees to be the most frequent visitors and effective pollinators of mango flowers, depositing more pollen. The study looked at visitation rates along transects, single visits to bagged flowers, and pollinator behavior within and between trees. Future research is needed on pollinator life histories and relationships between pollinators and mango yields.
Application animal and plant interaction in food processingChou Bảo
This document discusses animal and plant interactions and their effects on agriculture and food processing. It covers examples of mutualistic interactions like pollination that benefit agriculture as well as antagonistic interactions like pests that harm agriculture. Pollination, which is facilitated by animals transferring pollen between plants, is described as essential for the reproduction of most crop plants and fruits. The value of pollination services, particularly from honeybees, is estimated to be in the billions of dollars annually for countries' agricultural sectors. Biological control using natural enemies is presented as an alternative to chemical pesticides for managing agricultural pests, though it also carries risks if agents become invasive themselves. Case studies on pollination valuation from China and India are briefly
Pollinator Conservation on Small Farms by Nancy Adamson at CFSA12 on 26-28 Oc...Nancy Adamson
Pollinator Conservation on Small Farms
Presenter Nancy Lee Adamson, Pollinator Conservation Specialist of the Xerces Society & NRCS East National Technology Support Center (at CFSA12)
This workshop highlights the role of native bees in fruit and vegetable crop pollination, a few of the most common crop pollinators, and ways to support bees and other beneficial insects on farms. The key components of supporting pollinators are providing nectar and pollen through the growing season, nesting sites, and protection from pesticides. Organic growers prize diversity; enhancing plant diversity for pollinators is an effective way to meet National Organic Program requirements to improve natural diversity. Common bee crop pollinators will be on display throughout the conference in the exhibit area.
NANCY LEE ADAMSON studied native bee crop pollinators in Virginia while earning a doctorate in entomology. Nancy has long been involved in ecological restoration, propagating native plants, and promoting ecologically-minded landscaping in the mid-Atlantic US. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation works closely with the NRCS to support pollinators and other beneficial insects by promot- ing “farming for bees.” Nancy supports farmers and others interested in pollinator conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and increasing awareness of the importance of native bees in crop pollination.
This document discusses the importance of pollinators and opportunities for their conservation in public gardens. It notes that over 1/3 of food is dependent on pollinators like bees. However, pollinator populations are declining due to disease, pests, and pesticide use. The document outlines how public gardens can help by providing floral resources, nesting sites, education, and avoiding pesticides. It recommends native plantings that bloom throughout seasons and hosting demonstration sites to promote pollinator conservation.
This document summarizes information from a presentation on native pollinators and their importance. It discusses various native pollinators like bees, butterflies, hummingbirds and their roles. It notes that pollinators are essential to many agricultural crops but populations are declining. Specifically, it promotes native mason bees as efficient alternative pollinators to honey bees and outlines their life cycle, nesting habits and how to attract them through planting pollinator gardens and providing nesting boxes. The document encourages steps to support pollinator populations for economic and environmental benefits.
2014 Nature Night: Attracting Native Pollinators by Mace VaughanDesLandTrust
Mace Vaughan from the Xerces Society presents at the Deschutes Land Trust's Nature Night on Attracting Native Pollinators. Learn all about native bees, challenges they face, and how you can help.
Pollinator are the biotic agents (insects) that moves pollens from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization .
Many fruit crops require an insect pollinator to help insure pollination (i.e. apples, blueberries, blackberries, cherries, cranberries, pears, plums, raspberries, strawberries).
Having enough pollinators during bloom is essential to produce a sustainable crop.
This document discusses the importance of native bees as agricultural pollinators and provides information on how to support their habitat and populations on farms. It notes that while honey bees are the most important crop pollinator, native bee populations are declining. Creating habitat with diverse native plants that bloom throughout the season, as well as nesting sites, can support native bee populations and help ensure pollination of specialty crops. A case study highlights how Gardens of Goodness Farm has improved conditions for native bees through these practices, resulting in increased pollination and a productive farm business.
Insect pollinators and Mango flowers - Presentation from the Darwin Mango Fie...AustralianMangoes
This document summarizes a talk on insect pollinators of mango flowers. It discusses that while honeybees pollinate some crops, wild insects are generally more effective pollinators. It also describes a study in Northern Queensland, Australia that found flies and native bees to be the most frequent visitors and effective pollinators of mango flowers, depositing more pollen. The study looked at visitation rates along transects, single visits to bagged flowers, and pollinator behavior within and between trees. Future research is needed on pollinator life histories and relationships between pollinators and mango yields.
Application animal and plant interaction in food processingChou Bảo
This document discusses animal and plant interactions and their effects on agriculture and food processing. It covers examples of mutualistic interactions like pollination that benefit agriculture as well as antagonistic interactions like pests that harm agriculture. Pollination, which is facilitated by animals transferring pollen between plants, is described as essential for the reproduction of most crop plants and fruits. The value of pollination services, particularly from honeybees, is estimated to be in the billions of dollars annually for countries' agricultural sectors. Biological control using natural enemies is presented as an alternative to chemical pesticides for managing agricultural pests, though it also carries risks if agents become invasive themselves. Case studies on pollination valuation from China and India are briefly
Pollinator Conservation on Small Farms by Nancy Adamson at CFSA12 on 26-28 Oc...Nancy Adamson
Pollinator Conservation on Small Farms
Presenter Nancy Lee Adamson, Pollinator Conservation Specialist of the Xerces Society & NRCS East National Technology Support Center (at CFSA12)
This workshop highlights the role of native bees in fruit and vegetable crop pollination, a few of the most common crop pollinators, and ways to support bees and other beneficial insects on farms. The key components of supporting pollinators are providing nectar and pollen through the growing season, nesting sites, and protection from pesticides. Organic growers prize diversity; enhancing plant diversity for pollinators is an effective way to meet National Organic Program requirements to improve natural diversity. Common bee crop pollinators will be on display throughout the conference in the exhibit area.
NANCY LEE ADAMSON studied native bee crop pollinators in Virginia while earning a doctorate in entomology. Nancy has long been involved in ecological restoration, propagating native plants, and promoting ecologically-minded landscaping in the mid-Atlantic US. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation works closely with the NRCS to support pollinators and other beneficial insects by promot- ing “farming for bees.” Nancy supports farmers and others interested in pollinator conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and increasing awareness of the importance of native bees in crop pollination.
This document discusses the importance of pollinators and opportunities for their conservation in public gardens. It notes that over 1/3 of food is dependent on pollinators like bees. However, pollinator populations are declining due to disease, pests, and pesticide use. The document outlines how public gardens can help by providing floral resources, nesting sites, education, and avoiding pesticides. It recommends native plantings that bloom throughout seasons and hosting demonstration sites to promote pollinator conservation.
This document summarizes information from a presentation on native pollinators and their importance. It discusses various native pollinators like bees, butterflies, hummingbirds and their roles. It notes that pollinators are essential to many agricultural crops but populations are declining. Specifically, it promotes native mason bees as efficient alternative pollinators to honey bees and outlines their life cycle, nesting habits and how to attract them through planting pollinator gardens and providing nesting boxes. The document encourages steps to support pollinator populations for economic and environmental benefits.
2014 Nature Night: Attracting Native Pollinators by Mace VaughanDesLandTrust
Mace Vaughan from the Xerces Society presents at the Deschutes Land Trust's Nature Night on Attracting Native Pollinators. Learn all about native bees, challenges they face, and how you can help.
Pollinator are the biotic agents (insects) that moves pollens from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization .
Many fruit crops require an insect pollinator to help insure pollination (i.e. apples, blueberries, blackberries, cherries, cranberries, pears, plums, raspberries, strawberries).
Having enough pollinators during bloom is essential to produce a sustainable crop.
This document discusses the importance of native bees as agricultural pollinators and provides information on how to support their habitat and populations on farms. It notes that while honey bees are the most important crop pollinator, native bee populations are declining. Creating habitat with diverse native plants that bloom throughout the season, as well as nesting sites, can support native bee populations and help ensure pollination of specialty crops. A case study highlights how Gardens of Goodness Farm has improved conditions for native bees through these practices, resulting in increased pollination and a productive farm business.
This document summarizes research on integrated farming practices that involve growing fruit trees and rearing ruminant livestock in homesteads. It discusses how small-scale farmers face challenges in adequately feeding confined ruminants and maintaining soil fertility for fruit trees. The paper proposes adjustments to the traditional practices, including planting browse plants and pasture around fruit trees to provide fodder for animals, using prunings as mulch, and composting animal manure and plant waste to fertilize soil and improve yields. Further research is needed on the nutritional values of browse species and their performance in different seasons to help farmers select appropriate plants. The integrated practices aim to sustainably meet the needs of both ruminants and fruit trees using on
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
There are estimated 879 species of native bees in the Willamette Valley that fall into 5 families ranging from solitary to social behaviors. Bumble bees are important pollinators of crops like blueberries and red clover with 11+ species in the valley that nest in various locations. Solitary native bees include digger, long-horned, sunflower, mason, small carpenter, and sweat bees that nest in soil/stems and pollinate native plants. Preserving native bee populations requires providing flowering plants from February to October, nesting sites, and limiting pesticide use.
Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation Practices slide notesNancy Adamson
These slide notes accompany a slideshow of the same name prepared by Nancy Lee Adamson (Xerces Society), many other Xerces Society staff, & Carol Heiser (VA Department of Game & Inland Fisheries), for Virginia Master Naturalists promoting meadow establishment for pollinator & upland game conservation, with input & support from Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries biologists & the USDA-NRCS East National Technology Support Center.
Beneficial Blend is a seed mixture produced by Lohse Mill that contains 18 species of plants known to harbor beneficial insects. The mixture includes cereal rye grain, barley, various clovers, alfalfa, mustard, carrots, and flowers. Many of the plants in the mixture are susceptible to pests, concentrating food sources and attracting beneficial insects away from crops. The mixture should be planted as a border or in rows between crops to provide habitat for beneficials. It can last several years with reseeding and helps control pests in an environmentally friendly way.
This document provides information on organic hops production in the United States. It discusses the cultural requirements for growing organic hops, including crop rotation, use of compost and manures, and pest management using mechanical and biological controls. It also lists several hops varieties commonly grown in different regions of the U.S. and notes recent research on organic hops production.
Fruits and Plantation Crops with Horticultural ClassificationJupite Mark Banayag
1. The document discusses the definition and branches of horticulture. It defines horticulture as the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants.
2. The main branches of horticulture discussed are olericulture (production of vegetable crops), pomology (fruit crops), floriculture (flowers and ornamental plants), and plantation crops.
3. Various fruits, vegetables and flowers are classified under these branches. The document also discusses the differences between horticultural and agronomic crops as well as the types and origins of fruits.
This document provides an overview of organic strawberry production methods, including various planting systems, integrated pest management techniques, and discussions of weeds, pests, diseases, varieties, fertility, and economics. It describes common raised bed planting systems using plastic mulch that are also used by organic growers. Alternative systems like matted rows and ribbon rows are also covered.
Seed saving has long been used to preserve heirloom plant varieties and ensure genetic diversity of food crops as seeds are passed down through generations. It is important for maintaining biodiversity in gardens and regions. With seed saving, plants become adapted to local climates and saving seeds year after year participates in plant evolution. However, to successfully save seeds that breed true to the parent plant, certain practices must be followed around plant spacing, isolation of different varieties to prevent cross-pollination, and minimum plant populations. Seed saving is a way to reduce gardening costs, increase self-sufficiency, and safeguard against global disasters.
This document discusses field crops and their importance as food, feed, and for industrial uses. It identifies key field crops like cereals, legumes, root crops, and others. It describes the general morphology and important parts of field crops, including underground and above ground parts. Environmental factors that affect field crops are also outlined, such as climate, soil factors, and biotic factors. Seed structure is explained, along with the process of germination.
Mike Korb, PA DEP, “Mine Reclamation and Monarch Butterfly Habitat”Michael Hewitt, GISP
Monarch butterflies are declining due to loss of their host plant, milkweed. Changes in agriculture like increased use of herbicides and conversion of land to crops have reduced milkweed habitat. Reclaiming abandoned mine lands provides an opportunity to restore milkweed and help monarchs by including milkweed in seed mixes and allowing it to grow. Planting milkweed along roadsides and on reclaimed mines reestablishes needed habitat for the monarchs and aids in their recovery.
Chickpea is the second largest grown food legume worldwide, cultivated across over 50 countries. ICRISAT conducts research on chickpea breeding to develop varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerance, such as drought, salinity, and heat stress resistance, as well as resistance to major diseases like Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight. Successful examples include the adoption of new varieties in countries like Ethiopia and Myanmar that have provided farmers with higher yields and helped increase chickpea production globally.
1. The document discusses cross pollination, which is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a different plant.
2. There are two main types of pollination - wind pollination and insect pollination. Wind pollinated flowers have adaptations like small dull flowers and lightweight pollen for wind dispersal, while insect pollinated flowers offer rewards like nectar and scent to attract pollinators.
3. Cross pollination provides advantages like more viable and resistant offspring through genetic recombination, but also disadvantages like less genetic purity and reliance on pollinating agents. Plants use mechanisms like dichogamy and self-sterility to encourage out
Seed quality is the most important factor influencing vegetable crop yields. High quality seeds are genetically pure, physically pure, disease-free, have high germination rates, and proper moisture levels. Choosing adapted seed varieties, maintaining optimal plant populations and growing conditions, and using balanced fertilization and pest management practices can also help maximize yields. Seed labeling requirements aim to provide information on seed purity, germinability, and any health issues to help farmers select seeds suited to their needs.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques for muskmelon and watermelon. It provides information on the extent of heterosis seen in melons when using hybrids compared to open pollinated varieties. Various mechanisms used for hybrid seed production in cucurbits are described, including andromonoecy, male sterility systems, gynoecy, and chemical sex modification. Popular hybrid varieties of muskmelon and watermelon released in India are highlighted. Seed production standards and field inspection procedures are also summarized.
Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los lubricantes industriales. Define lubricantes y explica sus funciones principales como reducir el rozamiento, refrigerar, eliminar impurezas y proteger contra la corrosión. Describe las características de viscosidad y clasificaciones de lubricantes. Explica la composición de lubricantes a base de aceites minerales o sintéticos con aditivos. Cubre lubricantes para motores, transmisiones, sistemas hidráulicos, frenos y grasas.
Este documento presenta WordPress como una plataforma para crear una web profesional y centro de la estrategia online. Explica conceptos como objetivos de la web, microconversiones, monetización, estructuras recomendadas y las diferencias entre WordPress.com y WordPress.org. El documento también cubre temas como plataformas web alternativas y estrategias de marketing digital.
This document summarizes research on integrated farming practices that involve growing fruit trees and rearing ruminant livestock in homesteads. It discusses how small-scale farmers face challenges in adequately feeding confined ruminants and maintaining soil fertility for fruit trees. The paper proposes adjustments to the traditional practices, including planting browse plants and pasture around fruit trees to provide fodder for animals, using prunings as mulch, and composting animal manure and plant waste to fertilize soil and improve yields. Further research is needed on the nutritional values of browse species and their performance in different seasons to help farmers select appropriate plants. The integrated practices aim to sustainably meet the needs of both ruminants and fruit trees using on
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
There are estimated 879 species of native bees in the Willamette Valley that fall into 5 families ranging from solitary to social behaviors. Bumble bees are important pollinators of crops like blueberries and red clover with 11+ species in the valley that nest in various locations. Solitary native bees include digger, long-horned, sunflower, mason, small carpenter, and sweat bees that nest in soil/stems and pollinate native plants. Preserving native bee populations requires providing flowering plants from February to October, nesting sites, and limiting pesticide use.
Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation Practices slide notesNancy Adamson
These slide notes accompany a slideshow of the same name prepared by Nancy Lee Adamson (Xerces Society), many other Xerces Society staff, & Carol Heiser (VA Department of Game & Inland Fisheries), for Virginia Master Naturalists promoting meadow establishment for pollinator & upland game conservation, with input & support from Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries biologists & the USDA-NRCS East National Technology Support Center.
Beneficial Blend is a seed mixture produced by Lohse Mill that contains 18 species of plants known to harbor beneficial insects. The mixture includes cereal rye grain, barley, various clovers, alfalfa, mustard, carrots, and flowers. Many of the plants in the mixture are susceptible to pests, concentrating food sources and attracting beneficial insects away from crops. The mixture should be planted as a border or in rows between crops to provide habitat for beneficials. It can last several years with reseeding and helps control pests in an environmentally friendly way.
This document provides information on organic hops production in the United States. It discusses the cultural requirements for growing organic hops, including crop rotation, use of compost and manures, and pest management using mechanical and biological controls. It also lists several hops varieties commonly grown in different regions of the U.S. and notes recent research on organic hops production.
Fruits and Plantation Crops with Horticultural ClassificationJupite Mark Banayag
1. The document discusses the definition and branches of horticulture. It defines horticulture as the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants.
2. The main branches of horticulture discussed are olericulture (production of vegetable crops), pomology (fruit crops), floriculture (flowers and ornamental plants), and plantation crops.
3. Various fruits, vegetables and flowers are classified under these branches. The document also discusses the differences between horticultural and agronomic crops as well as the types and origins of fruits.
This document provides an overview of organic strawberry production methods, including various planting systems, integrated pest management techniques, and discussions of weeds, pests, diseases, varieties, fertility, and economics. It describes common raised bed planting systems using plastic mulch that are also used by organic growers. Alternative systems like matted rows and ribbon rows are also covered.
Seed saving has long been used to preserve heirloom plant varieties and ensure genetic diversity of food crops as seeds are passed down through generations. It is important for maintaining biodiversity in gardens and regions. With seed saving, plants become adapted to local climates and saving seeds year after year participates in plant evolution. However, to successfully save seeds that breed true to the parent plant, certain practices must be followed around plant spacing, isolation of different varieties to prevent cross-pollination, and minimum plant populations. Seed saving is a way to reduce gardening costs, increase self-sufficiency, and safeguard against global disasters.
This document discusses field crops and their importance as food, feed, and for industrial uses. It identifies key field crops like cereals, legumes, root crops, and others. It describes the general morphology and important parts of field crops, including underground and above ground parts. Environmental factors that affect field crops are also outlined, such as climate, soil factors, and biotic factors. Seed structure is explained, along with the process of germination.
Mike Korb, PA DEP, “Mine Reclamation and Monarch Butterfly Habitat”Michael Hewitt, GISP
Monarch butterflies are declining due to loss of their host plant, milkweed. Changes in agriculture like increased use of herbicides and conversion of land to crops have reduced milkweed habitat. Reclaiming abandoned mine lands provides an opportunity to restore milkweed and help monarchs by including milkweed in seed mixes and allowing it to grow. Planting milkweed along roadsides and on reclaimed mines reestablishes needed habitat for the monarchs and aids in their recovery.
Chickpea is the second largest grown food legume worldwide, cultivated across over 50 countries. ICRISAT conducts research on chickpea breeding to develop varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerance, such as drought, salinity, and heat stress resistance, as well as resistance to major diseases like Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight. Successful examples include the adoption of new varieties in countries like Ethiopia and Myanmar that have provided farmers with higher yields and helped increase chickpea production globally.
1. The document discusses cross pollination, which is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a different plant.
2. There are two main types of pollination - wind pollination and insect pollination. Wind pollinated flowers have adaptations like small dull flowers and lightweight pollen for wind dispersal, while insect pollinated flowers offer rewards like nectar and scent to attract pollinators.
3. Cross pollination provides advantages like more viable and resistant offspring through genetic recombination, but also disadvantages like less genetic purity and reliance on pollinating agents. Plants use mechanisms like dichogamy and self-sterility to encourage out
Seed quality is the most important factor influencing vegetable crop yields. High quality seeds are genetically pure, physically pure, disease-free, have high germination rates, and proper moisture levels. Choosing adapted seed varieties, maintaining optimal plant populations and growing conditions, and using balanced fertilization and pest management practices can also help maximize yields. Seed labeling requirements aim to provide information on seed purity, germinability, and any health issues to help farmers select seeds suited to their needs.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques for muskmelon and watermelon. It provides information on the extent of heterosis seen in melons when using hybrids compared to open pollinated varieties. Various mechanisms used for hybrid seed production in cucurbits are described, including andromonoecy, male sterility systems, gynoecy, and chemical sex modification. Popular hybrid varieties of muskmelon and watermelon released in India are highlighted. Seed production standards and field inspection procedures are also summarized.
Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los lubricantes industriales. Define lubricantes y explica sus funciones principales como reducir el rozamiento, refrigerar, eliminar impurezas y proteger contra la corrosión. Describe las características de viscosidad y clasificaciones de lubricantes. Explica la composición de lubricantes a base de aceites minerales o sintéticos con aditivos. Cubre lubricantes para motores, transmisiones, sistemas hidráulicos, frenos y grasas.
Este documento presenta WordPress como una plataforma para crear una web profesional y centro de la estrategia online. Explica conceptos como objetivos de la web, microconversiones, monetización, estructuras recomendadas y las diferencias entre WordPress.com y WordPress.org. El documento también cubre temas como plataformas web alternativas y estrategias de marketing digital.
The document summarizes key findings from the APWG Phishing Activity Trends Report for the 1st quarter of 2016. It finds that the number of unique phishing websites detected increased 250% from the last quarter of 2015 through the 1st quarter of 2016. The retail/service sector remained the most targeted by phishers. The United States continued to be the top country hosting phishing websites. In Q1 2016, 20 million new malware samples were captured globally.
Event4u has its head office in Patna, Bihar with branches in Pune, Aurangabad, Kolkata, and Delhi. The company provides event management and planning services across India. Praveen Kumar Singh serves as the director of marketing and oversees the company's India operations from their head office in Patna.
The document discusses using augmented reality and wearable technology for training and assessment. It describes how head-mounted cameras and devices like Google Glass could be used to record skills videos as evidence for skills recognition, connect trainees to remote supervisors, and log data to confirm quality processes. The document suggests this technology could help with workplace health and safety, productivity, and quality compliance through features like communicating on the job, verifying GPS locations, and accessing technical information. It provides examples of current wearable devices and their capabilities. In the conclusion, it invites contact to discuss using these technologies to augment training and assessment in the Queensland gas industry.
Las tres oraciones son:
Los servicios se caracterizan por ser intangibles, heterogéneos, inseparables y perecederos. El documento analiza definiciones de servicios de varios autores y clasificaciones comunes como si afectan a personas o bienes. Finalmente, explica que los sistemas de servicios con alto grado de contacto con el cliente son más difíciles de controlar que aquellos con bajo contacto.
El documento presenta extractos de varias escritoras españolas del siglo XX que abordan temas como la pasión, la juventud, la sensualidad, la identidad, la soledad y la condición femenina. Los extractos describen momentos íntimos y reflexiones sobre el deseo, el crecimiento personal, la búsqueda de la propia voz y la lucha contra roles de género restrictivos.
Long Run Drivers of Current Account Imbalances: the role of trade opennessGiuseppe Caivano
This document summarizes research examining the role of trade openness in long-run current account imbalances in EU countries from 1974-2011. The researchers find that:
1) Real exchange rates are the most important driver of current account balances, but their impact varies significantly depending on a country's trade openness, with less open countries being more sensitive to exchange rate changes.
2) Other determinants like income, credit, and government debt also have heterogeneous effects across countries that can be explained by differences in trade openness and exposure to emerging market competition.
3) Countries with smaller tradable sectors and less trade openness, like southern European nations, were more affected by competitive pressures from emerging markets like
This document lists various network monitoring, management, and analysis tools categorized by type. It includes the tool name and associated URL for proprietary, open source, network monitoring systems (NMS), protocol analyzers, syslog analyzers/security information event management (SIEM) tools, bandwidth calculation tools, traffic shapers, traffic generators, configuration backup tools, router simulators, and network diagramming tools. The top tools listed provide network visibility, monitoring, and management capabilities.
Cómo ha evolucionado y qué obstáculos deben superar las Comunicaciones Unific...Mundo Contact
Este documento describe la evolución y los obstáculos de las comunicaciones unificadas para incorporarse a las redes actuales. Explica que las comunicaciones unificadas integran diferentes canales de comunicación como correo electrónico, mensajería instantánea y telefonía para mejorar la productividad. Sin embargo, existen desafíos como la falta de liderazgo, ofertas incompatibles de proveedores y la percepción de que es una tecnología nueva. El documento también proporciona ejemplos de cómo las comunicaciones unificadas pueden mejorar la at
Este documento presenta varios problemas relacionados con la física de moléculas y la estructura atómica. Aborda temas como la energía potencial de moléculas diatómicas, los estados rotacionales y vibratorios de moléculas, los momentos de inercia, las energías de enlace iónica y covalente, los niveles de energía electrónicos en metales, y las propiedades de los núcleos atómicos incluyendo la desintegración radiactiva y la fisión nuclear. El documento propor
Allan Burstyn, Director of Web Services at See3 speaks about the "Friends of the Family" case study using CiviCRM tools integrated with Drupal.
More info: http://www.see3.net/web-design-and-development
Este documento analiza cuatro programas infantiles populares - Matemonstruos, El mundo divertido de Peep, Pinky Dinky Doo y Dora la exploradora - y discute sus objetivos educativos. Los programas buscan enseñar matemáticas, ciencia, vocabulario y lenguaje a través de personajes coloridos e interactivos. El documento también examina cómo estos medios pueden influir en los procesos de aprendizaje de los niños.
Energía renovables y no renovables ana castroanicf
El documento contrasta las energías renovables y no renovables. Las energías no renovables como el carbón y el petróleo se agotan más rápido de lo que se regeneran naturalmente, mientras que las energías renovables como la hidráulica y eólica se regeneran a un ritmo mayor. Ambos tipos tienen ventajas e inconvenientes para el medio ambiente y desarrollo tecnológico. El documento también describe los principales problemas ambientales causados por el uso de energías como la lluvia ácida, disminución de la capa de oz
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Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersSeeds
This document provides information about managing pollinators for organic seed producers. It discusses the importance of pollinators for most seed crops and strategies for reducing undesirable cross-pollination between crops. Common pollinators of seed crops in North America, like honey bees, bumble bees, and various solitary bee species, are described. The document also covers pollinator foraging distances and provides guidance on maintaining isolation distances between different crop varieties to limit unwanted genetic mixing.
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This document provides information about native bees and their importance as crop pollinators. It discusses the biology and nesting habits of native bees, how to assess and improve habitat for native bees on farms, and specific practices like providing alternative forage sources and creating artificial nest sites to support native bee populations. The case study of Gardens of Goodness Farm illustrates how diversifying plantings, tolerating weeds, and reducing pesticide use has created an abundant population of native bees that pollinate the farm's wide variety of crops.
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
Honey bees are crucial pollinators for many fruits and vegetables. They pollinate about 30% of the food consumed in the US. However, honey bee populations have declined by 30-50% over the last 20 years due to various factors like pesticides, malnutrition, mites, and viruses. If honey bee populations continue to decline, it could significantly impact food prices and availability. There are steps people can take to help honey bees, such as planting bee-friendly gardens and donating to research on solving colony collapse disorder.
This document presented information on the role of pollinators and pollinizers in fruit crops. It defined pollinators as organisms that aid in the transfer of pollen between flowers, and pollinizers as specific plants that provide compatible pollen for the fertilization of other plants. Several case studies were described that showed the positive impacts of adequate pollinator populations and proper pollinizer selection, including increased fruit set, yield, and quality in various crops such as apple, peach, almond, and kiwi. Challenges to pollinators like habitat loss, pesticides, and disease were also discussed.
Honeybees are essential pollinators, playing a crucial role in our food security and biodiversity. However, they face various threats like Colony Collapse Disorder and habitat loss. We can all help by planting bee-friendly gardens, avoiding harmful pesticides, and supporting local beekeepers.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
1) Bees play a crucial role in pollinating many crops and enabling the production of a wide variety of foods.
2) However, bee populations have been declining rapidly due to factors like pesticide use, habitat loss, and parasites.
3) This bee decline poses a major threat to global food security and agriculture as one third of food crops depend on bee pollination. Protecting bee habitats and limiting pesticide use is vital.
The document summarizes information from the National Women in Ag Association's annual symposium, focusing on native pollinators like mason bees as alternatives to honey bees. It discusses how mason bees are more efficient pollinators than honey bees, requiring only 250 mason bees to pollinate an acre of apples compared to 15,000-20,000 honey bees. It also provides information on the lifecycle and nesting habits of mason bees and resources for inviting more pollinators into gardens and farms.
24. What we can learn from bees A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Ag...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Bees play a vital role in pollination and our food system. Approximately one third of the food we eat depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate about one-sixth of the world's flowering plants and some 400 agricultural crops. Around 30% of food crops worldwide rely on pollinators like bees, providing over 15-30% of global food supplies and nutritional needs. The survival of bees and other pollinators is important for genetic diversity in plants and stability in ecosystems.
Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. There are two types of pollination - self pollination within the same flower, and cross pollination between different flowers. Most crops depend on cross pollination by insects and other animals. Different types of flowers are pollinated by different agents such as insects, birds, bats. Bee pollination is important as bees help transfer pollen efficiently with their branched hairs and pollen baskets. Proper bee pasturage and avoiding pesticide use during flowering seasons helps support bee populations for effective pollination.
Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control Gardening
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L-1 Imp of bees and beekeepinvvvvvvvvg 1.pptxMonappaAvonni
Beekeeping provides several benefits. It can be practiced as a hobby, part-time business, or full-time business with little financial investment. Honey bees are important for pollinating crops and maintaining ecological balance. Their products like honey, beeswax, and pollen are valuable. Keeping bee hives for honey also increases crop yields through effective pollination.
Farming for Beneficial Insects - Conservation on Native Pollinators, Predators & Parasitoids; Gardening Guidebook for South Carolina www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Xerces Society, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Bees are the main pollinators of many important crops worldwide. Honey bees are especially effective pollinators due to adaptations like pollen baskets that help transfer pollen between flowers efficiently. Approximately 80% of crop pollination is done by honey bees. Lack of pollinators can significantly reduce crop yields, by up to 90% in some cases like vanilla and coffee. However, pollinator populations are declining due to factors like habitat loss, pesticides, parasites, and other threats. Proper management of bee hives is needed to utilize them for effective crop pollination. Overall, pollinators play a vital role in agriculture and food production globally.
The document discusses honey bees and their important role as pollinators. It covers the different roles of worker bees, drone bees, and the queen bee. Honey bees use the sun and their internal clocks to navigate and communicate location information through dances. Their pollination services are vital to many flowering plants and food crops. However, honey bee populations are declining due to factors like habitat loss and pesticide use. The document urges supporting honey bees through bee gardens with diverse native plants and buying local honey.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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4. Native bees are more effective than honey bees at pollinating flowers on a bee-per-bee basis.
• Only 250 female orchard mason bees (also called blue orchard bees) are required to effectively pollinate an acre of
apples, a task that would need 1.5 to 2 honey bee hives—approximately 15,000 to 20,000 bees.
• Many native bees, such as mason and bumble bees, will forage in colder and wetter conditions than honey bees.
• The range of foraging behaviors is more diverse among many species of native bees than in European honey bees.
For example, honey bees foraging for nectar seldom contact the anthers (pollen-producing structure) in many orchard
crops, unlike orchard mason bees that forage for both pollen and nectar.
• Some native bees specialize in one type of flower. Squash bees, for example, visit primarily cucurbits; the females
begin foraging before dawn, and males spend the night in the flowers, resulting in efficient pollination and larger fruits.
• Unlike honey bees, bumble bees and other native bees perform buzz pollination (the bee grabs onto a flower’s sta-
mens and vibrates its flight muscles, releasing a burst of pollen from deep pores in the anther). This behavior is highly
beneficial for the cross-pollination of tomatoes, peppers, cranberries, and blueberries, among other plants. Although
tomatoes don’t require a pollinator to set fruit, buzz pollination by bees results in larger and more abundant fruit.
Native Bees Are Effective and Efficient Pollinators
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: You are welcome to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere, just credit The Xerces Society
as the source whenever the text is used. The photograph on the front, however, is copyrighted and may not be used in any way
except in this fact sheet. If you are interested in photos of bees, please contact us at info@xerces.org.
Native Pollinators Can Help Diversify the Farm
Native Bees Can Buffer Against Pollinator Losses
If populations of one bee species decline because of natural cycles of parasites or disease, other native bee species can
fill the gap and provide a stable, reliable source of pollination. Furthermore, if the beekeeping industry continues to have
trouble because of pests and diseases, or the mysterious Colony Collapse Disorder, native bees can fill in when honey
bees are in short supply or more expensive. Farms with strong populations of native pollinators may save money be-
cause they have less need for imported hives of honey bees
• Farms that provide habitat for native bees may promote themselves as wildlife-friendly or sustainable. When faced
with many choices about where and from whom to purchase produce, consumers may choose farms that are
“pollinator friendly” over others.
• If a small farm is open to tours or u-pick—an increasing trend, especially at berry patches—beautiful hedgerows and
other improvements for wildlife can be promoted as an additional reason to visit the farm. A farm could even host a
tour showcasing its resident, beneficial insects.
• Some species of wood-nesting bees may be reared in nest tubes and sold at local farmers markets or produce stands
for home gardeners looking for efficient, local, and gentle (non-stinging) pollinators.
Photograph by USDA-ARS/Keith Weller Photograph by USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer Photograph by USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
The Xerces Society has been a leader in
pollinator conservation for more than a decade.
For more information about how to conserve
pollinator habitat on farms, read Farming for
Bees and the Pollinator Conservation Hand-
book. These and other educational resources
can be found on our website, www.xerces.org.
5. The reduced use of pesticides, as well as more sustain-
able management practices makes organic farms im-
portant partners in pollinator conservation efforts.
Despite this, some practices that are used by organic
growers can be detrimental to pollinators.
For example, in the absence of readily avail-
able conventional herbicides, many organic growers
depend heavily on tillage as a primary weed control
strategy. Since approximately 70 percent of our native
bees nest underground, increased tillage may be detri-
mental on farms where these insects are needed for
pollination.
This fact sheet provides an overview of how
common organic farming practices might affect polli-
nators. It may not be possible to incorporate all of the
recommendations outlined here in particular cropping
systems, especially when other priorities such as weed
control and pest management need to be considered.
Where particular recommendations can be followed
however, growers are likely to benefit from improved
pollination services, a reduced need for rental honey
bees, and greater farm biodiversity.
An essential activity on farms, tillage can impact beneficial insect populations. Photograph by USDA-ARS/Keith Weller
Written by
Eric Mader
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
Organic Farming Practices
Reducing Harm to Pollinators from Farming
Organic agri-
culture offers
many benefits
to pollinators.
Despite this,
some com-
mon organic
farming prac-
tices can harm
these valuable
insects.
An awareness
of the needs
of native bees
will help farm-
ers balance
production
practices with
efforts to con-
serve this vital
resource.
For information on the effects of organic-
approved pesticides on pollinators, see the companion
fact sheet, Organic-Approved Pesticides. Minimizing
Risks to Pollinators.
NATIVE BEE DIVERSITY
North America is home to approximately 4,000 spe-
cies of native bees. These insects provide pollination
services for many crops, and have been estimated to
contribute $3 billion annually to America’s agricul-
tural economy. In California alone, more than sixty
native bee species have been documented as important
pollinators of tomato, watermelon, and sunflower. In
the northeastern U.S., more than eighty species have
been observed pollinating various berry crops.
While the non-native, European honey bee
(Apis mellifera) is the most important managed crop
pollinator, its numbers are in decline in the U.S. be-
cause of disease and other factors. This makes the role
of native bees more important than ever. Native bees
may also be preferred by some organic farmers who
6. 2
IMPACT OF COMMON ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES ON POLLINATORS
The following table summarizes some of the known interactions between bees and common organic farm practices. Please
note that this is not an exhaustive list. For more information on each practice, see the Notes on Farm Practices that follows.
BENEFICIAL NEUTRAL DETRIMENTAL
Weed Control Practices
Primary Tillage
Secondary Tillage
Flame Weeding
Hand Weeding
Plastic Mulch
Straw/Wood Mulch
Cultural Management of Pests
Floating Row Covers
Fruit Bagging
Classical Biological Control
Conservation Biological Control
Crop Rotation
Crop Diversity
Trap Crops
Sanitation
Resistant Varieties
Sticky Traps
Pheromone Traps/Mating Disruption
Other Management Practices
Cover Crops
Haying
FARM PRACTICES
N.B. For information on chemical methods of pest control see the companion fact sheet, Organic Farming for Bees: Reduc-
ing Harm from Organic-Approved Pesticides.
Matthew Shepherd Matthew Shepherd
Matthew Shepherd Matthew ShepherdUSDA-ARS/Jack Dykinga
Mace Vaughan
7. WEED CONTROL PRACTICES
Primary Tillage: Primary tillage is an essential first step in
most cropping systems, and cannot be avoided. Since most
(roughly 70 percent) of native bees nest underground, it is
also unfortunately a practice that is detrimental to both ac-
tively nesting, and dormant or developing bee larvae. Con-
sider using no-till seed bed preparation where possible, and
consider leaving areas fallow where large numbers of
ground nesting bees are concentrated. Often these will be
sandy areas with poor cropping potential anyway. An exam-
ple is the large concentrations of alkali bees found in some
western states.
Secondary Tillage: In the absence of conventional herbi-
cides, many organic growers are dependent on secondary
tillage as their main weed control strategy. As with primary
tillage, this can be detrimental to ground-nesting bee popu-
3
lations. Deep running secondary tillage implements (more
than ~3 inches) such as heavy spring-tooth harrows are
more disruptive to underground nesting bees than light sur-
face disking, basket weeding, and raking.
Flame Weeding: No research has been performed on the
effect of flame weeding on ground nesting bees. However,
even if active nesting is temporarily disrupted, underground
nests containing dormant or developing bees are unlikely to
be affected.
Hand Weeding: Hand-weeding, performed either manually
or from a lay-down work cart tractor, is unlikely to signifi-
cantly affect pollinator populations.
Plastic Mulch: Ground nesting bees may be adversely af-
fected by the widespread use of plastic mulch, both by lim-
iting access to potential nest sites, and by inhibiting emer-
gence of underground bees. These issues may be especially
relevant in cucurbit production where specialist ground
nesting bees are important, and plastic is widely used. If
plastic mulch is used, photodegradable and biodegradable
products are greatly preferred to limit the potential long-
term impact to scrap sections buried in the field.
Straw/Wood Mulch: As with plastic mulch, straw or wood
mulch may limit soil access for ground nesting bees. How-
ever, emergence by dormant underground bees should still
be possible. In addition, thick layers of organic mulch may
provide nest sites for bumble bees, or even potential hiber-
nation sites for overwintering bumble bee queens.
NOTES ON FARMING PRACTICES
need a dependable source of pollination but are wary of the
chemical inputs (such as antibiotics and miticides) which
are often used to maintain managed honey bees.
Many organic farms already have healthy popula-
tions of native bees. In some cases, these wild insects can
effectively provide all necessary crop pollination services
when enough habitat is available and bee-friendly manage-
ment practices are implemented. As an additional benefit,
many of the same practices that protect pollinators also pro-
tect other beneficial insects that may help manage pests.
Physical barriers such as plastic mulch or row covers offer control of weeds or insects. However, smothering the ground may prevent nesting
by ground nesting bees and covers can hinder predation of pests by beneficial insects. Photograph by Eric Mader.
8. 4
CULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF PESTS
Floating Row Covers: Fabric row covers may be an effec-
tive alternative to pesticides for some situations, and can be
used as a season extending device. One potential downside
is that these covers can trap emerging ground-nesting bees,
and can prevent bees from accessing flowering crops. A
potential solution is to periodically monitor and release
trapped bees, and to temporarily discontinue use when
crops are in bloom.
Fruit Bagging: Specially designed cloth bags with wire
closures are widely used in Asia for apple and pear produc-
tion. These devices are an extremely effective pest barrier,
and are becoming more widely available in the U.S. Attach-
ing these bags is a very time consuming process (and may
be most appropriate for small operations), but it becomes
easier with practice and can be incorporated into existing
hand-thinning duties. The use of these bags can signifi-
cantly reduce the need for pollinator-harming pesticides,
while producing extremely high-quality fruit.
Classical Biological Control: The traditional approach to
biological control has been to rear and release predators or
pathogens of pest insects. These are typically introduced
species because the pests are usually themselves non-native.
Examples include the multi-colored Asian lady beetle to
control aphids, various parasitic wasps and nematodes to
control caterpillars and beetles, and diseases like codling
moth granulosis virus, milky spore powder (for Japanese
beetles), Beauveria bassiana (an insect-attacking fungus),
and Nosema locustae (a disease-causing parasite of grass-
hoppers). This strategy has the potential for large-scale dis-
ruption of ecosystems by displacing existing native benefi-
cial insects and killing non-target organisms. Once released
into the environment these predators and pathogens cannot
be re-captured. A better option may be to encourage exist-
ing populations of beneficial organisms. Furthermore, some
products, such as Beauveria, do attack bees.
Conservation Biological Control: Instead of releasing
beneficial insects, this approach provides habitat to boost
populations of resident predatory insects. Examples include
the planting of small-flowered or umbelliferous plants (for
example, dill, caraway, Queen Anne’s lace) for Tricho-
gramma wasps and syrphid flies. Similarly, the creation of
beetle banks (mounded piles of soil planted with bunch
grasses) may encourage predatory ground beetle popula-
tions. These efforts may reduce the need for pesticides, and
provide additional food and nest habitat for bees.
Crop Rotation: Alternating cropping systems can rapidly
eliminate pest insect populations. For example, the Colo-
rado potato beetle attacks solanaceous crops like potatoes,
eggplants, and tomatoes; beetle numbers can be drastically
reduced by rotating wheat with these crops. However, to
maintain consistent pollinator populations within this
changing farmscape, some kind of bee-friendly flowering
crop or flowering cover crop should be grown each season.
Crop Diversity: Multiple crop species in close proximity,
especially flowering bee-pollinated crops, provides more
abundant forage opportunities for pollinators throughout the
season. Diverse cropping systems also encourage beneficial
insect predators, and limit available food sources for pest
insects. Such systems can also include livestock. For exam-
ple, sheep or hog grazing below apple trees reduces wind-
fall fruit that harbors over-wintering apple maggots, and
reduces the need for pesticides.
Trap Crops: Some growers intentionally place plants that
are highly attractive to pest insects adjacent to less attrac-
tive crops to draw pests away. An example is eggplant
planted as a trap crop near tomatoes and peppers, or
serviceberry maintained as a plum curculio weevil trap crop
near apples. In many cases, growers then apply insecticides
to the trap crop to control pest populations. If this strategy is
used, avoid spraying trap plants that are in bloom, and apply
insecticides in the late evening when pollinators and preda-
tory insects may be less active.
Conservation biological control focuses on ensuring there is ade-
quate habitat to support populations of predatory insects, such as
this syrphid fly. Syrphid flies eat aphids bot as adults and larvae.
Photograph by Mace Vaughan.
9. Sanitation: Removal and disposal of crop residue at the
end of the season can reduce pest populations, and thus
reduce the need for pesticides. Sanitation can include the
removal of nearby alternate host plants for crop pests. Ex-
cessively clean landscapes on the other hand may remove
potential nest sites (such as hollow stems) for solitary bees.
Where possible, aim for a balance between clean fields and
adjacent natural habitat.
Resistant Varieties: Crop varieties that are unpalatable to
pest insects can be used as a way to reduce the need for
pesticides, and thus benefit pollinator and beneficial insect
populations.
Sticky Traps: Various trap types are available for different
pests and crop systems: yellow sticky cards and tape can be
used to capture aphids and leafhoppers in both greenhouse
and field settings, red sticky globes can be used in orchards
to capture fruit flies, and blue sticky cards are used to cap-
ture thrips. Alone these types of traps may not be com-
pletely effective, but they can contribute to pest control
efforts. Blue and yellow traps however may also attract and
kill bees, and it may be useful to minimize their use if large
numbers of bees appear to be captured. Adhesive pastes are
also available to apply to the base of trees and vines, pre-
venting crawling insects from ascending trunks. These are
5
typically safe for pollinators.
Pheromone Traps/Mating Disruption: These chemical
products work by mimicking the mating pheromones of pest
insects, attracting them to traps where they drown or are
captured on a sticky card. They are generally very safe to
bees, but used alone they may not be sufficient to control all
pests. Pheromone traps are available for codling moth, cab-
bage looper, tomato fruitworm, corn earworm, cucumber
beetle, oriental fruit worm, cutworm, and peach twig borer.
OTHER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Cover Crops: While they are typically used to build soil
tilth and fertility, flowering cover crops (buckwheat, clover,
alfalfa, borage, mustard) can also provide alternative forage
for bees. Grass cover crops on the other hand (such as oats
or sorghum) do not provide nectar or pollen for bees. When
used in rotation between other crops, cover cropping can
disrupt pest populations reducing the need for pesticides.
Haying: To maintain high protein content, alfalfa and clo-
ver hay are often cut prior to 10 percent bloom. If it is pos-
sible to allow part of the hay to remain uncut, it can provide
additional forage for resident pollinators.
Cover crops offer several benefits: they build soil fertility and tilth, disrupt pest populations when used in rotation, and they can provide an
alternative source of forage for pollinators. Red clover cover crop photographed by Toby Alexander, USDA-NRCS.
11. Approximately four thousand species of bees are na-
tive to the United States. These wild insects provide
crop pollination services, and are often specialized for
foraging on particular flowers, such as tomatoes,
squash, berries, orchard, or forage crops. This spe-
cialization results in efficient pollination, high yields,
and larger fruit.
While the non-native European honey bee
(Apis mellifera) is the most important managed crop
pollinator, its numbers are in decline because of dis-
ease and other factors. This makes native bees, which
contribute an estimated $3 billion worth of crop polli-
nation annually to the U.S. economy, more important
than ever. Native bees are of particular importance to
organic farming because unlike honey bees, their
populations can be supported without the use of anti-
biotics and other chemical inputs.
The reduced use of pesticides, as well as
more sustainable management practices, makes or-
Productive cropping systems do not have to rely on chemical inputs for pest control. Photograph by Matthew Shepherd
Written by
Eric Mader
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
Organic-Approved Pesticides
Minimizing Risks to Pollinators
While organic
farming offers
significant en-
vironmental
benefits, even
some organic-
approved pes-
ticides can
cause harm to
pollinators.
By selecting
the least toxic
options and
applying them
when pollina-
tors are not
present, harm
can be mini-
mized.
ganic farms an important asset in protecting our na-
tional pollinator resources. Many organic operations
already have good numbers of wild bees. In some
cases, these native bees can effectively provide all
necessary crop pollination services when adequate
habitat is available and bee-friendly management
practices are implemented.
Unfortunately, however, even pesticides ap-
proved for organic agriculture can cause significant
harm to bees. This fact sheet provides a brief over-
view of how to select and apply pesticides for organic
farm operations while minimizing pollinator mortal-
ity. Keep in mind that the same practices outlined here
that help protect pollinators also may protect benefi-
cial insects such as parasitoid wasps, predacious flies
and beetles, ambush and assassin bugs, lacewings, and
others. The presence of these insects can further re-
duce pest pressure and the need for chemical treat-
ments.
12. 2
TOXICITY OF COMMON ORGANIC-APPROVED PESTICIDES TO POLLINATORS
The following table summarizes some of the known interactions between bees and pesticides. Please note that this is not an
exhaustive list. Additional pesticides approved for use in organic agriculture may have adverse effects on bees depending on
factors such as method of application (e.g., time of day) and persistence. Also, recent laboratory studies suggest that com-
pounds such as fungicides and surfactants may be causing bee mortality in the field and merit further study. In a few cases,
not all sources agree on a product’s level of toxicity to bees. Where discrepancies occurred, results were ranked according
to the highest potential toxicity. For more information on each pesticide, see Notes on Pesticides section that follows.
PESTICIDE NON-TOXIC LOW TOXICITY HIGHLY TOXIC
Insecticides/Repellants/Pest Barriers
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Beauveria bassiana
Cydia pomonella granulosis
Diatomaceous Earth
Garlic
Insecticidal Soap
Kaolin Clay
Neem
Horticultural Oil
Pyrethrins
Rotenone
Sabadilla
Spinosad
Herbicides/Plant Growth Regulators/Adjuvants
Adjuvants
Corn Gluten
Gibberellic Acid
Horticultural Vinegar
Fungicides
Copper
Copper Sulfate
Lime Sulfur
Sulfur
Matthew ShepherdMace VaughanMace Vaughan
USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer USDA-ARS/Scott BauerStephen L. Buchmann
13. 3
The first step in reducing harm to pollinators when applying
pesticides is to choose the least toxic option available. In
addition to product selection, however, application method
and timing can have a significant impact.
The best application method is the one that keeps
the pesticide on target. Drift, the movement of spray drop-
lets to adjacent non-target areas, can be minimized by prop-
erly calibrated equipment, large droplet size, low sprayer
pressure, nozzles adjusted as close to the crop canopy as
possible, and spraying during appropriate weather condi-
tions.
The best application times are when crops (or im-
mediately adjacent weeds and cover crops) are not in
bloom. Where insecticides must be applied near blooming
plants, select the product with the lowest residual toxicity
and spray during the late evening when bees are not actively
foraging. Keep in mind that pesticide residues may persist
longer on wet foliage, so dewy conditions should be
avoided. For more information on applying pesticides
safely, see Farming for Bees: Guidelines for Providing Na-
tive Bee Habitat on Farms (see References for details).
NOTES ON PESTICIDES
SAFER PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON BEES
Bees are poisoned by insecticides when they absorb toxins
through their exoskeleton, drink tainted nectar (or in the
case of honey bees, contaminated water), or when insecti-
cidal dusts become trapped in their pollen-collecting hairs.
These poisonings may occur directly in the field
when pesticides are applied. However, mortality can occur
hours after the application where toxic residues still persist.
Poisonings may also disproportionably affect smaller native
bees. Unfortunately, most label guidelines only reflect tox-
icity to honey bees, even though smaller bees often require
correspondingly smaller doses of insecticides before harm
occurs. Another point worth remembering is that while
honey bee hives can be moved or covered before pesticides
are applied, the scattered populations of wild bees cannot be
similarly protected.
In addition to directly killing adult bees, insecti-
cides may be carried back to the nest in contaminated pollen
or nectar and fed to developing brood. Similarly, leafcutter
and mason bees gather leaf pieces or flower petals to con-
struct brood cells within their nests. Where this brood food
or vegetation is contaminated, larval mortality may occur.
Finally, rather than directly killing bees, some in-
secticides have detrimental sub-lethal effects. These can
include disorientation, disruption of movement, reduced
reproduction, and paralysis.
INSECTICIDES/REPELLENTS/PEST BARRIERS
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): Bt is a naturally occurring soil-
dwelling bacterium that acts as a stomach poison against
certain groups of insects (moths, butterflies, flies, and bee-
tles). It is generally considered to be a bee-safe pesticide,
with no persistence (Riedl et al. 2006).
Beauveria bassiana: This naturally occurring insect patho-
genic fungus has been reported to be extremely virulent to
alfalfa leafcutter bees, resulting in >87% mortality after 10
days. It likely has potential to harm all bees, and should be
avoided as a pest control option where pollinators are pre-
sent (EPA 1999).
Cydia pomonella granulosis: Granulosis virus is intended
to control codling moths (a pest of various fruit trees) and
has been reported as safe for honey bees (Riedl et al. 2006).
Threats are likely minimal to other bees as well.
Diatomaceous Earth (DE): DE is a naturally occurring
chalk-like rock, that when crushed into a fine powder, read-
ily absorbs lipids from the waxy outer-layer of insect exo-
skeletons causing them to dehydrate and die. It is a univer-
sal insecticide with the potential to kill not only pest spe-
cies, but beneficial species such as bees as well. Care
should be taken to not apply DE to flowering plants (Safe
Solutions, Inc. 2007). Applications made during late eve-
ning, night, or early morning may result in less exposure by
bees (Riedl et al. 2006). As a powder, DE may have the
potential to become trapped in the pollen collecting hairs of
Spray drift can be a significant threat to bees and other pollinators
foraging in habitats near crop fields. Correct nozzle calibration is
one way to reduce drift and maintain accurate application of pesti-
cide sprays. Photograph from USDA-ARS.
14. 4
bees and consequently be brought back to the nest resulting
in larval as well as adult mortality.
Garlic: This insect repellent (sold as a pungent extract) can
be applied at any time with reasonable safety to bees (Riedl
et al. 2006). Anecdotal concerns exist about the potential
for garlic to mask floral aromas and result in lower bee visi-
tation.
Insecticidal Soap: Potassium fatty acid soaps only work
when directly applied to pest insects. The soap disrupts cell
membrane permeability, causing cell contents to leak, lead-
ing to death. Mortality may occur if directly applied to for-
aging bees, however no residual toxicity exists. Apply only
to non-blooming crops, or apply at night, or when bees are
not present. Where managed pollinators are maintained,
hive entrances should be closed (Koppert Biological Sys-
tems 2007).
Kaolin Clay: This pest barrier consists of finely ground
kaolin particles, mixed into a liquid slurry which is then
sprayed onto fruits and vegetables. The resulting dry par-
ticulate film discourages insect feeding. It can be applied at
any time with reasonable safety to bees (Riedl et al. 2006).
Neem: Neem is a botanical extract from the tropical tree
Azadirachta indica. The active ingredient, azadirachtin,
disrupts the hormonal system of immature insects prevent-
ing maturation. Direct contact has resulted in no observable
effect on worker honey bees at concentrations well in ex-
cess of normal field application rates, and little effect on
parasitic wasps. To ensure minimal contact with adult bees
(that can potentially bring neem back to the nest, thus harm-
ing larvae) only apply during late evening, night, or early
morning (Riedl et al. 2006).
Horticultural Oil: Horticultural oils, consisting of light-
weight petroleum or vegetable oils are used to smother pest
insects and are only harmful on contact (Applied Bio-
nomics, Ltd 2006). These products should be applied only
during late evening, night, early morning, or as a dormant
treatment (Riedl et al. 2006).
Pyrethrins: These products are a fast-acting derivative
from the pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) plant,
and act as a broad-spectrum poison. Pyrethin is highly
toxic, with as little as 0.02 micrograms sufficient to kill a
bee (Cox 2002, Pesticide Information Project 1994a). Pyre-
thrins may be harmful for up to seven days (Applied Bio-
nomics, Ltd 2006).
Rotenone: This dust is derived from the roots of a tropical
legume and is very broad spectrum, disrupting cellular
processes by inhibiting oxygen uptake. Various sources
report residual effects of rotenone persisting anywhere from
two hours to 42 days after application. Rotenone is ex-
tremely harmful and not compatible with bees. Where man-
aged pollinators are present, hives should be covered or
removed prior to application, and applications should be
made only during late evening, night, or early morning
when pollinators are not present (Applied Bio-nomics, Ltd
2006, Koppert Biological Systems 2007, Riedl et al. 2006).
Sabadilla: Sabadilla is a broad-spectrum powder or spray
derived from the seeds of the sabadilla lily (Schoenocaulon
officinale), which acts as a stomach and nerve poison. It is
toxic to many insects including bees and other beneficials.
Residual field toxicities lasting at least 24 hours have been
reported (Klass and Eames-Sheavly 1993). Its use should be
minimized wherever pollinators are present.
Spinosad: A nerve and stomach poison derived from the
bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, this product is
highly toxic to bees (EPA 1997, NOSB 2002). After spray
residues have dried, it may be much less toxic (Bret et al.
1997). Its use where bees are present should be avoided. If
it must be used, apply only during late evening (Riedl et al.
2006).
HERBICIDES/PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS/ADJUVANTS
Adjuvants: In general, most spray adjuvants are not be-
lieved to be toxic to bees. Three exceptions have been re-
Crop scouting reduces pesticide applications. Treatments are only
made when threshold levels are met. Photograph by Eric Mader.
15. ported however, including: Pulse (organosilicone surfac-
tant), Boost (organosilicone), and Ethokem (polyethanoxy
alkylamine, ethoxylated tallow amine) (Mussen 2006).
Corn Gluten: When applied according to label directions,
it is unlikely that corn gluten will have any adverse effects
on bees (EPA 2002).
Gibberellic Acid: This plant growth regulator has been
reported as relatively non-toxic to bees (EPA 1995).
Horticultural Vinegar: No information is available on the
effects of horticultural vinegar on pollinators. It may be
harmful if it is directly applied to foraging bees, so reason-
able caution should be exercised.
FUNGICIDES
Copper: Copper fungicides have been reported to nega-
tively effect some bee survival and reproduction (Applied
Bio-nomics, Ltd 2006). Its use should be minimized where
bees are present.
Copper Sulfate: Bordeaux mixture of copper sulfate, lime,
and water, as well as other water-based copper fungicides
have been reported to be harmful to bees (Pesticide Infor-
mation Project 1994b). Avoid where pollinators are present.
5
Lime Sulfur: Based upon limited documentation, lime sul-
fur can be applied with reasonable safety to bees (Riedl et
al. 2006).
Sulfur: Some impact on bee survival and reproduction has
been reported from sulfur use, and where managed pollina-
tors are present, hives should be removed or covered. Toxic
residuals may persist for one-and-a-half days (Applied Bio-
nomics, Ltd 2006, Koppert Biological Systems 2007).
Applied Bio-nomics, Ltd.. 2006. Effect of Chemicals on
Biological Control Agents. In Technical Manual, compiled
by Applied Bio-nomics Insectary. Victoria: Applied Bio-
nomics, Ltd. [http://www.appliedbio-nomics.com/technical-
manual/180-chemical-effect.pdf; accessed 8/31/09.]
Bret, B., L. Larson, J. Schoonover, T. Sparks, and G.
Thompson. 1997. Biological Properties of Spinosad. Down
to Earth 52(1):6-13.
Cox, C. 2002. Pyrethrins/Pyrethrum Insecticide Fact Sheet.
Journal of Pesticide Reform 22(1).
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. Re-
registration Eligibility Decision: Gibberellic Acid. 738-R-
REFERENCES
Dozens of species of native bee pollinate flowers on the low-bush blueberry barrens in the Northeast United States and southeast Canada.
Protecting these insects from pesticides is important to maintain large harvests. Photograph by Eric Mader.
17. About 30 percent of the four thousand species of bees
native to North America nest in small tunnels such as
hollow plant stems, abandoned borer-beetle holes in
snags, and similar locations. This includes some of
our best known native bees, the blue orchard bees and
leafcutters. The absence of these features in inten-
sively farmed landscapes can limit nesting opportuni-
ties for these important crop pollinators.
Artificial nests consisting of wood blocks
drilled with a large number of dead-end tunnels have
been promoted as a way to attract bees and boost their
local populations. This can be an effective way to en-
hance bee populations but these nests do need some
tending to maintain the benefits. This fact sheet pro-
vides an overview of tunnel-nesting bee biology, and
guidance on how to make and manage nests.
Artificial nest sites like bamboo tubes in a plastic bucket are effective, but need maintenance. Photograph by Eric Mader
Written by
Eric Mader, Matthew
Shepherd, Mace
Vaughan, and Jessa
Guisse
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
Tunnel Nests for Native Bees
Nest Construction and Management
TUNNEL-NESTING BEE BIOLOGY
There are
many simple
and success-
ful ways to
make artificial
nests for na-
tive bees.
However,
keeping the
nests clean is
important to
limit disease
build-up and
maintain
healthy bee
populations.
The vast majority of native bee species, including
tunnel-nesting bees, lead solitary lives. While they
may have gregarious tendencies, preferring to nest
near other members of their species, each female indi-
vidually constructs her own nest and provisions it with
food for her offspring.
To make a nest, a female bee builds parti-
tions to divide the tunnel into a linear row of brood
cells. Depending on the species, the partitioning walls
may be constructed of mud, plant resins, leaf pieces,
flower petals, and even cellophane-like glandular se-
cretions.
The female provisions each brood cell with a
mixture of pollen and nectar, onto which she lays a
18. 2
single egg before sealing the cell and moving on to supply
the next cell. Her offspring pass through the egg, larval, and
pupal stages in the cell before emerging as adults to renew
the cycle, usually the following year. After several weeks of
nesting, the mother bee generally dies.
Nesting bees may not fill the entire length of a
tunnel with cells, or they may die before an entire length of
a tunnel is filled. For these reasons it can be difficult to tell
if a nest tunnel is occupied from outside observation. A bee
that is able to fill an entire tunnel with eggs before dying
will plug the tunnel entrance with mud, leaf pieces, or other
nesting substrates to prevent predators from attacking her
brood.
Bees have the unique ability to determine the sex
of the egg they lay; most male eggs are laid closest to the
tunnel entrance. Because each female may mate with sev-
eral males, males are more expendable from an ecological
standpoint. Thus, the advantage of laying male eggs closer
to the nest entrance is that they are the first to fall victim to
predators such as nest-invading insects, or woodpeckers,
while the developing females remain safe deeper within the
nest. Being closer to the entrance, male bees emerge prior to
the females, and will often wait outside, ready to mate with
the females who will appear several days later.
Depending on the species and climate, there may
only be a single generation of bees per year (univoltinism),
or multiple generations per year (multivoltinism). Some
species may also have parsivoltine lifecycles, laying dor-
mant for over a year, waiting for the appropriate weather
conditions to spur their emergence. The latter lifecycle is
most commonly observed at high elevations, in deserts,
areas prone to forest fires, and other extreme environments.
About 30 percent of North America’s bee species nest in tunnels,
generally abandoned beetle borings in a snag or, as here, the cen-
ter of a pithy twig. The female bee divides the tunnel into a series of
brood cells, each one supplied with nectar and pollen. Small car-
penter bee (genus Ceratina), photographed by Edward S. Ross.
MAKING ARTIFICIAL NESTS
Commercially produced bee blocks, consisting of a wood
block drilled with a series of dead-end tunnels are now
widely available. These types of bee nests were initially
developed in the 1960s by alfalfa seed producers in the
western U.S. to attract and manage large numbers of the
non-native alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata).
More recently artificial nests have been modified to manage
the blue orchard bee (Osmia lignaria) for orchard fruit and
almond pollination. These artificial nests contain tunnels
that are a uniform size and depth. However, because they
are designed to suit specific species, they may be either too
large or too small for many other species. Also, the blue
orchard bee is active only in the spring and will not polli-
nate later-flowering fruits and vegetables. Nest blocks with
a greater diversity of hole sizes and depths are necessary to
attract a variety of bees that are active throughout the year.
Under the best circumstances artificial nests can
attract large numbers of tunnel-nesting bees and boost their
local populations. However because these nests concentrate
bee populations in unnaturally large numbers in a small
space, they can become infested with parasites and disease
spores after several seasons.
Without regular sanitation or the phasing out of
nest materials, these parasites and diseases threaten long-
term pollinator health wherever they are used. Because con-
taminated nest blocks left unattended in the landscape con-
tinue to attract wild bees from the surrounding area, they
have the potential to do harm. With proper management,
however, these nests can maintain healthy bee populations
indefinitely.
Wooden Blocks
To construct wooden nest blocks use preservative-free di-
mensional lumber: 4 by 4 for blocks with smaller diameter
tunnels (¼” or less), or 4 by 6 for blocks with larger diame-
ter tunnels (greater than ¼”).
In one side, drill a series of nest tunnels between 3⁄
32” and 3⁄8” in diameter. We recommend that you have
only one diameter of tunnel in each block. Tunnels of ¼” or
less in diameter should be 3” to 5” deep. Tunnels larger
than ¼” should be 5” to 6” deep. Because the female bee
controls the gender of her offspring and usually finishes the
nest with a few male brood cells, a deeper tunnel ensures
space for more female brood.
The tunnels should be about ¾” from center to
center, and no closer than that to the edges. Attach a back-
ing board if you drill all the way through your block, be-
cause bees will not use a tunnel that is open at both ends.
With smaller diameter drill bits, you may not be able to
19. achieve the 3-inch minimum recommended depth. If that is
the case, simply drill as deeply as you can; bees that use
tunnels of smaller diameters will often nest successfully in
ones that aren’t as deep.
Bees may avoid a rough interior, so tunnels should
be perpendicular to the wood’s grain, and drilled with a
sharp bit. You can buy paper straws to line the holes, al-
though it may be hard to find straws that fit all diameters.
One solution is to wrap your own paper straws out of parch-
ment or newspaper using dowels of various diameters that
match the inside diameters of your drilled tunnels. Paint the
outer tips of the straws black to help attract bees.
The exterior of the block can be any color, al-
though there is some anecdotal evidence that bees are most
attracted to dark blocks, which can be achieved by lightly
charring the front surface with a propane torch. Whatever
the color, bees are likely to use it as long as the tunnels are
of appropriate diameters and depths, and hung in an appro-
priate location. As a final step, attach an overhanging roof
to provide additional shelter from the rain.
Colonization by wild bees is often more successful
when blocks are attached to a large visible landmark (such
as a building), rather than hanging from fence posts or trees.
3
Another drawback of hanging nest blocks from trees or
fence posts is that they are likely to move or shake in the
wind, which is disruptive to nesting and larval development.
Nest blocks should be at least a few feet off the ground to
avoid getting splashed by rain or covered by vegetation.
They should be hung in a bright but protected location. Di-
rect sunshine in the morning will help bees warm them-
selves up to flight temperature, so if possible place nests
facing east, allowing the morning sun to fall on the entrance
holes. However, direct sunlight later in the day can be detri-
mental, causing brood to die.
To protect against woodpecker damage, store nests
in an unheated building at the end of the season. Alterna-
tively, they can be protected over the winter by surrounding
them with hardware cloth. Be sure to remove it before nest-
ing resumes as hardware cloth can disorient nesting bees
and damage their wings.
Stem Bundles
In addition to wooden blocks, artificial nests can be con-
structed with bundles of reed, teasel, cup plant, or bamboo,
cut so that a natural node forms the inner wall of the tunnel.
Cut each stem below the nodes (usually indicated
Two styles of tunnel nest: a wooden block (left) and a stem bundle (right, being sealed by a mason bee). The wooden block can be redrilled
and washed to maintain nest hygiene. The stem bundle must be disposed of after a couple of years and replaced. Photographs by Matthew
Shepherd (L) and Mace Vaughan (R).
20. 4
Regardless of type, the tunnel-nest will need routine man-
agement and regular replacement to prevent the build-up of
parasites and diseases that affect the developing brood.
The hardest of these to control is the fungal disease
chalkbrood (Ascosphaera spp.). Several species of the fungi
exist among cavity nesting bees, all of which are different
from the chalkbrood disease that attacks honey bees. Bee
larvae become infested with disease spores through con-
taminated pollen, either collected from a flower by the
mother bee, or accidentally spread when the mother bee
by a ridge) to create a handful of tubes each with one open
end. Strap the tubes together into a tight bundle with wire,
string, or tape, making certain that the closed ends of the
stems are all at the same end of the bundle. A variation on
this is to tightly pack the stems—open ends out—into a tin
can, paper milk carton, square plastic buckets,, short section
of PVC pipe, or other container. The bundles should be
placed in a sheltered location (such as the side of a barn or
garden shed) with the stems horizontal to the ground.
Adobe Blocks
Some solitary bees nest in cracks, or cavities in soft sand-
stone and dry exposed soil embankments. Some of these
species, such as Anthophora abrupta, and Anthophora ur-
bana, two important visitors of some fruit and vegetable
crops, will excavate tunnels in cliff sides by using water or
nectar to soften the hard soil surface. These species are
quite common in the southeastern and southwestern U.S.
respectively.
To attract these species, adobe bricks can serve as
the equivalent of a wooden nest block. Such bricks can
sometimes be purchased, in which case you can increase
their attractiveness to bees by drilling nesting holes follow-
ing the size recommendations listed above for wood blocks.
Adobe blocks can also be easily made where clay
soils are common. To create one, half-fill a large bucket
with clay soil, then fill the bucket with water. Stir the mix-
ture together, creating a slurry, and allow it to settle. Re-
move any sticks or debris floating on the surface, and
slowly pour off most of the water. Finally, pour the remain-
ing sediment into a mold (such as a wooden box or small
Styrofoam cooler), and allow it to dry for several days or
weeks. Before it completely dries, make several one-inch-
deep indentations, using the diameter guidelines above, to
make it more attractive to bees.
Mount the brick, either singularly, or in a stack.
Adobe will not hold up well in wet climates, and many need
sheltering from rain.
MAINTENANCE OF TUNNEL NESTS
Three styles of tunnel nest suitable for crop pollination.
Top: Bamboo stems in plastic tubs. The lidded tub on the top left is
an emergence box, allowing replacement of the stems, and the
chicken wire protects the bees’ nests from woodpeckers.
Middle: Commercially made grooved wooden boards, occupied by
leafcutter bees. The boards can be separated to expose the brood
cells for cleaning.
Bottom: Styrofoam blocks molded with nest tunnels. This is de-
signed for leafcutter bees and have raised designs to help bees
locate their nest.
Photographs by Eric Mader.
21. emerges from a contaminated nest tunnel.
After they are ingested, the chalkbrood spores ger-
minate inside the gut of the developing larva, producing
long filaments (hyphae) that eventually penetrate the gut
wall, killing the larva. These dead larvae pose a hazard to
bees deeper within the nest block that, upon emergence,
must climb over or chew through the spore-infested cell to
escape the nest. Bees that emerge under these circumstances
have a high likelihood of spreading the spores to their own
offspring. Similarly, bees searching for unoccupied nest
tunnels in which to lay their eggs frequently investigate, and
often select, previously used tunnels. Over time, chalkbrood
spores are spread throughout a nest block in this way.
Along with chalkbrood, pollen mites in the genus
Chaetodactylus can be a persistent problem in nest blocks
that are in continuous use for several seasons. Unlike the
mites that attack honey bees, pollen mites do not feed on the
hemolymph (blood) of the bee. Instead, pollen mites are
“cleptoparasites,” feeding on the pollen provision and caus-
ing the developing bee larva to starve.
Adult pollen mites are white, tan, or orange in
color and measure about 500 microns in width (about the
size of the period at the end of this sentence). As with
chalkbrood, adult bees may accidentally pick up mites at
flowers while foraging, or when emerging from contami-
nated nest tunnels. Migratory mite nymphs cling to a bee’s
hair and are transported to new brood cells where they feed
on the pollen provision and reproduce rapidly. In a single
provisioned cell, mite numbers can quickly climb into the
thousands. While pollen mites usually cannot break through
cell partitions, they can persist for many months without
food, until a bee deeper within the nest emerges from the
tunnel and breaks the partition walls, allowing them to es-
cape. It is not uncommon to see bees emerging from in-
fested nest blocks covered with so many migratory mite
nymphs that they have difficulty flying.
5
Nest Block Sanitation
With appropriate management, the worst parasite and dis-
ease problems can be minimized or avoided. Specifically,
one of three approaches should be taken:
Use Paper Straws
The holes of wood nest blocks can be lined with tight-fitting
removable paper straws. To facilitate removal, and prevent
excess drying of the pollen provision, some beekeepers use
custom manufactured waxed paper straws. At the end of the
nesting season (autumn), the straws are gently removed, and
placed in a ventilated container and stored either in a refrig-
erator, or an unheated barn or garage. The nest block is then
disinfected by submerging it in a weak bleach-water solu-
tion for a few minutes. In the spring, fill the block with
clean, unused paper straws and return it to its location. The
old straws (with bees in them) are placed alongside the nest
block, and the bees allow to emerge naturally. When the old
straws are empty, they are disposed of.
Replace Nest Blocks
Nest blocks, and stem bundles can be phased out every two
years by placing them inside a dark container, such as a
light-proof wooden box, a dark-colored plastic bucket with
a tight-fitting lid, or even a sealed milk carton that has been
spray-painted black to reduce light infiltration. A single ⅜"
exit hole is drilled in the bottom of the light-proof con-
tainer, and the entire contraption is hung adjacent to a new,
previously unused nest block or stem bundle. To facilitate
ease of exit, this escape hole should be located on the bot-
tom of the dark container so that bees can crawl, rather than
attempt to fly out.
As bees emerge from the old nest, they are at-
tracted to the light of the exit hole, and emerge to find the
new nest hanging near by.
Unless a single bee species with a known emer-
Artificial nest sites lead to bees nesting in densities seldom reached in naturally, and pests and diseases can proliferate unless the nests are
carefully maintained. This bamboo stem has been infested with chalkbrood; none of the bees survived. Photograph by Eric Mader.
23. Pollinators are
a vital part of
a healthy
environment.
Native bees
are North
America’s
most impor-
tant group of
pollinators.
Nest sites are
simple to
make, and can
be added to
any area of
greenspace,
large or small.
Pollinators are a diverse and fascinating group of animals. In addition to their beauty,
pollinators provide an important link in our environment by moving pollen between
flowers and ensuring the growth of seeds and fruits. The work of pollinators touches
our lives every day through the food we eat. Even our seasons are marked by their
work: the bloom of springtime meadows, summer berry picking, pumpkins in the fall.
There are 4,000 species of native bees in North America. Together they form the
most important group of pollinators. Like all wildlife they are affected by changes in
our landscapes, especially the loss of nesting sites. Bees make nests in which they
create and provision brood cells for their offspring. In many modern landscapes, a
desire for neatness has usually resulted in the removal of bare ground, dead trees,
and untidy corners of rough grass—all important nesting sites for bees.
This fact sheet gives information on how to provide nest sites for native bees, includ-
ing nest blocks and bare ground for solitary-nesting bees, and nesting boxes for
bumble bees.
For more information, visit our web site, www.xerces.org, where you will find other
fact sheets and more detailed guidelines on how to enhance habitat for pollinators.
You’ll also find information about the Pollinator Conservation Handbook.
A selection of home-made bee nests: (clockwise from left) wooden block, bamboo bundle, and bumble bee box.
Written by
Matthew Shepherd
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
4828 SE Hawthorne
Blvd.,
Portland, OR 97215
503-232 6639
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
Nests for Native Bees
24. Unlike the nests built for solitary bees there are no strict size requirements for bumble bee nests—any hole large enough
for a small colony will be OK. After emerging from hibernation, a bumble bee queen will hunt for a dry, warm cavity in
which to start her colony. In natural conditions, most bumble bees nest in abandoned mouse holes in the ground or un-
der grass tussocks. Where you can, keep patches of rough grass. Where you can’t, consider building a nest box or two.
• Nest box. A simple wooden box, with internal dimensions of about 7” by 7” by 7”, made from preservative-free lum-
ber will work. Drill a few ventilation holes near the top (covered with door screen to deter ants) and some drainage
holes in the bottom. Make an entrance tunnel from 3/4” plastic pipe, marked on the outside with a contrasting color,
and fill the box with soft bedding material, such as upholsterer’s cotton or short lengths of unraveled, soft string. The
box must be weather tight; the larvae may become cold in a damp nest, and mold and fungus will grow.
Place the box in an undisturbed site, in partial or full shade, where there is no risk of flooding. The box should be on or
just under the ground. If you bury it, extend the entrance tube so it gently slopes up to the surface. Put your nesting box
out when you first notice bumble bees in the spring, or when the first willows and other flowers are blooming, and be pa-
tient. There is no guarantee that bees will use your box. Only about one in four boxes get occupied. If it has no inhabi-
tants by late July, put the nesting box into storage until next spring.
About 30 percent of our native bee species make their nests in old beetle tunnels in snags or similar locations. The
female bee builds dividing walls across the tunnel to make a line of brood cells. Where you can, retain snags. Where you
can’t, make some nesting blocks. (Alternatively, many garden centers and back yard bird shops sell them.)
• Nesting blocks. Bee blocks can be made by drilling nesting holes between 3/32” and 3/8” in diameter, at approxi-
mate 3/4” centers, into the side of a block of preservative-free lumber. The holes should be smooth inside, and
closed at one end. The height of the nest is not critical—8” or more is good—but the depth of the holes is. Holes less
than 1/4” diameter should be 3-4” deep. For holes 1/4” or larger, a 5-6” depth is best.
• Adobe blocks. In desert areas, adobe blocks can be made and drilled with holes as outlined above.
• Logs and snags. Get some logs or old stumps and place them in sunny areas. Those with beetle tunnels are ideal.
Plant a few upright, like dead trees, to ensure some deadwood habitat stays dry. On the southeast side of each log,
drill a range of holes, as outlined above.
• Stem or tube bundles. Some plants, like teasel, bamboo, and reeds, have naturally hollow stems. Cut the stems
into 6” to 8” lengths. Be careful to cut the stems close to a stem node to create a tube with one end closed. Fifteen to
twenty stem pieces tied into a bundle (with the closed ends of the stems together) makes a fine nest. Or, make a
wooden frame to hold as many stems as you like. Paper tubes can be used as well. Just make sure they stay dry.
Location of the nesting sites is important. These nests should be placed where they are sheltered from the worst of the
weather, with entrance holes facing towards east or southeast, so they get the morning sun. With stem bundles, be sure
that the stems are horizontal. The nests can be any height from the ground, but between three and six feet is convenient.
Put them on a building , fence, or stake, or place them in a tree. Fix them firmly so they don’t shake in the wind.
Most native bees—about 70 percent of species—nest in the ground, and need access to the soil surface to dig their
nest. Each female excavates her own nest tunnel and brood cells, and stocks the cells with nectar and pollen. Where
possible, keep bare or partially vegetated ground. Where you can, create more.
• Bare ground. Simply clear the vegetation from small patches of level or sloping ground and gently compact the soil
surface. These patches can be from a few inches to a few feet across, but should be well drained, and in an open,
sunny place. A south-facing slope can be a good location. Different ground conditions—from vertical banks to flat
ground—will draw different bee species, so create nesting patches in different areas if you can to maximize the nest-
ing opportunities.
• Sand pits and piles. In a sunny, well-drained spot, dig a pit about 2’ deep, and fill it with a mixture of pale-colored,
fine-grained sand and loam. Where soils do not drain well, a pile of the sand/loam mixture can help, or make a
raised bed. If space is limited, you can fill planter boxes with the sand/loam mixture.
Wood-Nesting and Cavity-Nesting Bees
Ground-Nesting Bees
Bumble Bees
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: We’re happy for you to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere, as our aim is to get the information spread far
and wide! Please just credit The Xerces Society whenever the text is used in another format. The photograph, however, is copyrighted and may not be
used in any way except in this fact sheet. If you are interested in photos of bees, please contact us.
For more pollinator conservation information, go to www.xerces.org
26. Flower beds in gardens, business campuses, and parks are great places to have bee-friendly plants. Native plants will
create a beautiful garden but some people prefer “garden” plants. Many garden plants are varieties of native plants. This
list includes plants from other countries—“exotic” plants—and should be used as a supplement to the native plant list. As
with the native plants, this list is far from exhaustive.
Basil Ocimum English lavender Lavandula
Borage Borago Marjoram Origanum
Blanketflower Gaillardia Mexican sunflower Tithonia
Catnip Nepeta Rosemary Rosmarinus
Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Russian sage Perovskia
To help bees and other pollinator insects—like butterflies—you should provide a range of plants that will offer a succes-
sion of flowers, and thus pollen and nectar, through the whole growing season. Patches of foraging habitat can be cre-
ated in many different locations, from backyards and school grounds to golf courses and city parks. Even a small area
planted with the right flowers will be beneficial, because each patch will add to the mosaic of habitat available to bees
and other pollinators.
In such a short fact sheet it is not possible to give detailed lists of suitable plants for all regions. Below are two lists of
good bee plants, the first of native plants and the second of garden plants. Both are short lists; there are many more
bee-friendly plants. However, these lists, combined with the following notes, will get you started on selecting good bee
plants. Your local chapter of the Native Plant Society and native plant nurseries are worthwhile contacts for advice on
choosing, obtaining, and caring for local plant species.
• Use local native plants. Research suggests native plants are four times more attractive to native bees than exotic
flowers. In gardens, heirloom varieties of herbs and perennials can also provide good foraging.
• Choose several colors of flowers. Flower colors that particularly attract bees are blue, purple, violet, white, and
yellow.
• Plant flowers in clumps. Flowers clustered into clumps of one species will attract more pollinators than individual
plants scattered through the habitat patch. Where space allows, make the clumps four feet or more in diameter.
• Include flowers of different shapes. Bees are all different sizes, have different tongue lengths, and will feed on
different shaped flowers. Consequently, providing a range of flower shapes means more bees can benefit.
• Have a diversity of plants flowering all season. By having several plant species flowering at once, and a se-
quence of plants flowering through spring, summer, and fall, you can support a range of bee species that fly at differ-
ent times of the year.
Native plants should be your first choice to help our native bees. Listed below are some plants that are good sources of
nectar or pollen for bees. This list is not exhaustive; there are many other plants good for bees. Individual species have
not been included. Not all of these genera will have species in your local area, but they do represent plants that will grow
in a variety of environments. Use a wildflower guide or contact local nurseries to find your local species.
Aster Symphyotrichum Oregon grape Mahonia
Buckwheat Eriogonum Penstemon Penstemon
Bee balm Monarda Prairie clover Dalea
Blazing star Liatris Purple coneflower Echinacea
Ceanothus, buckbrush Ceanothus Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus
Creosote bush Larrea Rhododendron Rhododendron
Currant Ribes Sage Salvia
Giant hyssop Agastache Scorpion-weed Phacelia
Goldenrod Solidago Snowberry Symphoricarpos
Joe-pye weed Eupatorium Spiderwort Tradescantia
Lupine Lupinus Sunflower Helianthus
Milkweed Asclepias Willow Salix
Choosing the Right Flowers
Native Plants
Garden Plants
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: We’re happy for you to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere, as our aim is to get the information spread far
and wide! Please just credit The Xerces Society whenever the text is used in another format. The photograph, however, is copyrighted and may not be
used in any way except in this fact sheet. If you are interested in photos of bees, please contact us.
For more pollinator conservation information, go to www.xerces.org
28. Flower beds in gardens, business campuses, and parks are great places to have bee-friendly plants. Native plants will
create a beautiful garden but some people prefer “garden” plants. Many garden plants are varieties of native plants. This
list includes plants from other countries—“exotic” plants—and should be used as a supplement to the native plant list. As
with the native plants, this list is far from exhaustive.
Basil Ocimum Marjoram Origanum
Borage Borago Mexican sunflower Tithonia
Catnip Nepeta Mint Mentha
English lavender Lavandula Purple coneflower Rudbeckia
Giant hyssop Agastache Rosemary Rosmarinus
To help bees and other pollinator insects—like butterflies—you should provide a range of plants that will offer a succes-
sion of flowers, and thus pollen and nectar, through the whole growing season. Patches of foraging habitat can be cre-
ated in many different locations, from backyards and school grounds to golf courses and city parks. Even a small area
planted with the right flowers will be beneficial, because each patch will add to the mosaic of habitat available to bees
and other pollinators.
In such a short fact sheet it is not possible to give detailed lists of suitable plants for all areas of the Pacific Northwest.
Below are two lists of good bee plants, the first of native plants and the second of garden plants. Both are short lists;
there are many more bee-friendly plants. However, these lists, combined with the following notes, will get you started on
selecting good bee plants. Your local chapter of the Native Plant Society and native plant nurseries are worthwhile con-
tacts for advice on choosing, obtaining, and caring for local plant species.
• Use local native plants. Research suggests native plants are four times more attractive to native bees than exotic
flowers. In gardens, heirloom varieties of herbs and perennials can also provide good foraging.
• Choose several colors of flowers. Flower colors that particularly attract bees are blue, purple, violet, white, and
yellow.
• Plant flowers in clumps. Flowers clustered into clumps of one species will attract more pollinators than individual
plants scattered through the habitat patch. Where space allows, make the clumps four feet or more in diameter.
• Include flowers of different shapes. Bees are all different sizes, have different tongue lengths, and will feed on
different shaped flowers. Consequently, providing a range of flower shapes means more bees can benefit.
• Have a diversity of plants flowering all season. By having several plant species flowering at once, and a se-
quence of plants flowering through spring, summer, and fall, you can support a range of bee species that fly at differ-
ent times of the season.
Native plants should be your first choice to help our native bees. Listed below are some plants that are good sources of
nectar or pollen for bees. This list is not exhaustive; there are many other plants good for bees. Individual species have
not been included. Not all of these genera will have species in your local area, but they do represent plants that will grow
in a variety of environments. Use a wildflower guide or contact local nurseries to find your local species.
Aster Symphyotrichum Lupine Lupinus
Balsamroot Balsamorhiza Ninebark Physocarpus
Blanketflower Gaillardia Oceanspray Holodiscus
Buckwheat Eriogonum Oregon grape Mahonia
California poppy Eschscholzia Penstemon Penstemon
Ceanothus, buckbrush Ceanothus Phacelia Phacelia
Clarkia Clarkia Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus
Currant Ribes Rose Rosa
Fireweed Chamerion Serviceberry Amalanchier
Goldenrod Solidago Snowberry Symphoricarpos
Gumplant Grindelia Sunflower Helianthus
Huckleberry Vaccinium Willow Salix
Choosing the Right Flowers
Native Plants
Garden Plants
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: We’re happy for you to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere, as our aim is to get the information spread far
and wide! Please just credit The Xerces Society whenever the text is used in another format. The photograph, however, is copyrighted and may not be
used in any way except in this fact sheet. If you are interested in photos of bees, please contact us.
For more pollinator conservation information, go to www.xerces.org
30. To help bees and other pollinator insects—like butterflies—you should provide a range of plants that will offer a succes-
sion of flowers, and thus pollen and nectar, through the whole growing season. Patches of foraging habitat can be cre-
ated in many different locations, from backyards and school grounds to golf courses and city parks. Even a small area
planted with the right flowers will be beneficial, because each patch will add to the mosaic of habitat available to bees
and other pollinators.
In such a short fact sheet it is not possible to give detailed lists of suitable plants for all areas of California. Below are two
lists of good bee plants, the first of native plants and the second of garden plants. Both are short lists; there are many
more bee-friendly plants. However, these lists, combined with the following notes, will get you started on selecting good
bee plants. Your local chapter of the Native Plant Society and native plant nurseries are worthwhile contacts for advice
on choosing, obtaining, and caring for local plant species.
• Use local native plants. Research suggests native plants are four times more attractive to native bees than exotic
flowers. In gardens, heirloom varieties of herbs and perennials can also provide good foraging.
• Choose several colors of flowers. Flower colors that particularly attract bees are blue, purple, violet, white, and
yellow.
• Plant flowers in clumps. Flowers clustered into clumps of one species will attract more pollinators than individual
plants scattered through the habitat patch. Where space allows, make the clumps four feet or more in diameter.
• Include flowers of different shapes. Bees are all different sizes, have different tongue lengths, and will feed on
different shaped flowers. Consequently, providing a range of flower shapes means more bees can benefit.
• Have a diversity of plants flowering all season. By having several plant species flowering at once, and a se-
quence of plants flowering through spring, summer, and fall, you can support a range of bee species that fly at differ-
ent times of the season.
Choosing the Right Flowers
Native Plants
Garden Plants
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: We’re happy for you to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere, as our aim is to get the information spread far
and wide! Please just credit The Xerces Society whenever the text is used in another format. The photograph, however, is copyrighted and may not be
used in any way except in this fact sheet. If you are interested in photos of bees, please contact us.
For more pollinator conservation information, go to www.xerces.org
Native plants should be your first choice to help our native bees. Listed below are some plants that are good sources of
nectar or pollen for bees. This list is not exhaustive; there are many other plants good for bees. Individual species have
not been included. Not all of these genera will have species in your local area, but they do represent plants that will grow
in a variety of environments. Use a wildflower guide or contact local nurseries to find your local species.
Aster Symphyotrichum Hollyleaf cherry Prunus
Baby blue eyes Nemophila Horkelia Horkelia
Bluecurls Trichostema Lupine Lupinus
Buckwheat Eriogonum Manzanita Arctostaphylos
California lilac Ceanothus Oceanspray Holodiscus
California poppy Eschscholzia Oregon grape Mahonia
Clarkia Clarkia Phacelia Phacelia
Coffeeberry Rhamnus Redbud Cercis
Coyotebrush Baccharis Rose Rosa
Fremontia Fremontodendron Sage Salvia
Goldenrod Solidago Sunflower Helianthus
Gumweed Grindelia Toyon Heteromeles
Flower beds in gardens, business campuses, and parks are great places to have bee-friendly plants. Native plants will
create a beautiful garden but some people prefer “garden” plants. Many garden plants are varieties of native plants. This
list includes plants from other countries—“exotic” plants—and should be used as a supplement to the native plant list. As
with the native plants, this list is far from exhaustive.
Catnip Nepeta Oregano Origanum
Cosmos Cosmos Russian sage Perovskia
Giant hyssop Agastache Rosemary Rosemarinus
Lavender Lavandula Sea holly Eryngium
Mexican sunflower Tithonia Thyme Thymus
31. Photo by Eric MaderBumble bee foraging on beebalm.
Pollinators are
a vital part of
a healthy
environment.
Native bees
are North
America’s
most impor-
tant group of
pollinators.
Patches of
flowers can be
grown almost
anywhere and
will form an
important
food resource
for bees.
Pollinators are a diverse and fascinating group of animals. In addition to their beauty,
pollinators provide an important link in our environment by moving pollen between
flowers and ensuring the growth of seeds and fruits. The work of pollinators touches
our lives every day through the food we eat. Even our seasons are marked by their
work: the bloom of springtime meadows, summer berry picking, pumpkins in the fall.
Native bees are the most important group of pollinators. Like all wildlife they are af-
fected by changes in our landscapes. The good news is that there are straightforward
things that you can do to help: providing patches of flowers is something that we all
can do to improve our environment for these important insects. Native plants are un-
doubtedly the best source of food for bees, but there are also some garden plants
that are great for pollinators.
This fact sheet will help you provide flowers that these vital creatures need and make
the landscape around us—from small urban backyards to large natural areas—better
for bees. On the back you’ll find a simple guide to selecting plants for bees.
For more information, visit our web site, www.xerces.org, where you will find other
fact sheets and more detailed guidelines on how to enhance habitat for pollinators.
You’ll also find information about the Pollinator Conservation Handbook.
Written by
Eric Mader and
Matthew Shepherd
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
4828 SE Hawthorne
Blvd.,
Portland, OR 97215
503-232 6639
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
Upper Midwest Plants
for Native Bees
32. To help bees and other pollinator insects—like butterflies—you should provide a range of plants that will offer a succes-
sion of flowers, and thus pollen and nectar, through the whole growing season. Patches of foraging habitat can be cre-
ated in many different locations, from backyards and school grounds to golf courses and city parks. Even a small area
planted with the right flowers will be beneficial, because each patch will add to the mosaic of habitat available to bees
and other pollinators.
In such a short fact sheet it is not possible to give detailed lists of suitable plants for all areas of the Upper Midwest. Be-
low are two lists of good bee plants, the first of native plants and the second of garden plants. Both are short lists; there
are many more bee-friendly plants. However, these lists, combined with the following notes, will get you started on se-
lecting good bee plants. Your local chapters of the Wild Ones, the Native Plant Society and native plant nurseries are
worthwhile contacts for advice on choosing, obtaining, and caring for local plant species.
• Use local native plants. Research suggests native plants are four times more attractive to native bees than exotic
flowers. In gardens, heirloom varieties of herbs and perennials can also provide good foraging.
• Choose several colors of flowers. Flower colors that particularly attract native bees are blue, purple, violet, white,
and yellow.
• Plant flowers in clumps. Flowers clustered into clumps of one species will attract more pollinators than individual
plants scattered through the habitat patch. Where space allows, make the clumps four feet or more in diameter.
• Include flowers of different shapes. Bees are all different sizes, have different tongue lengths, and will feed on
different shaped flowers. Consequently, providing a range of flower shapes means more bees can benefit.
• Have a diversity of plants flowering all season. By having several plant species flowering at once, and a se-
quence of plants flowering through spring, summer, and fall, you can support a range of bee species that fly at differ-
ent times of the season.
Native plants should be your first choice to help our native bees. Listed below are some plants that are good sources of
nectar and pollen for bees. This list is not exhaustive; there are many other plants good for bees. Individual species have
not been included. Not all of these genera will have species in your local area, but they do represent plants that will grow
in a variety of environments. Use a wildflower guide or contact local nurseries to find your local species.
Choosing the Right Flowers
Native Plants
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: We’re happy for you to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere. Please just credit The Xerces Society when-
ever the text is used in another format. The photograph, however, is copyrighted and may not be used in any way except in this fact sheet. If you are
interested in photos of bees, please contact us.
For more pollinator conservation information, go to www.xerces.org
Aster Aster Lupine Lupinus
Beebalm Monarda Milkweed Asclepias
Blazing star Liatris New Jersey tea Ceanothus
Cup plant Silphium Obedient plant Physostegia
Wild indigo Baptisia Penstemon Penstemon
Fireweed Chamerion Prairie clover Dalea
Goldenrod Solidago Purple coneflower Echinacea
Giant hyssop Agastache Rattlesnake master Eryngium
Ironweed Vernonia Spiderwort Tradescantia
Joe Pye weed Eupatorium Steeplebush Spiraea
Leadplant Amorpha Sunflower Helianthus
Lobelia Lobelia Willow Salix
Flower beds in gardens, business campuses, and parks are great places to have bee-friendly plants. Native plants will
create a beautiful garden but some people prefer “garden” plants. Many garden plants are varieties of native plants. This
list includes plants from other countries—”exotic” plants—and should be used as a supplement to the native plant list. As
with the native plants, this list is far from exhaustive.
Garden Plants
Basil Ocimum Oregano/marjoram Origanum
Borage Borago Rosemary Rosmarinus
Catmint Nepeta Russian sage Perovskia
Cosmos Cosmos Spearmint Mentha
Lavender Lavandula Squill Scilla
33. Photo by Mace VaughanLonghorn bee foraging on sunflower.
Pollinators are
a vital part of
a healthy
environment.
Native bees
are North
America’s
most impor-
tant group of
pollinators.
Patches of
flowers can be
grown almost
anywhere and
will form an
important
food resource
for bees.
Pollinators are a diverse and fascinating group of animals. In addition to their beauty,
pollinators provide an important link in our environment by moving pollen between
flowers and ensuring the growth of seeds and fruits. The work of pollinators touches
our lives every day through the food we eat. Even our seasons are marked by their
work: the bloom of springtime meadows, summer berry picking, pumpkins in the fall.
Native bees are the most important group of pollinators. Like all wildlife they are af-
fected by changes in our landscapes. The good news is that there are straightforward
things that you can do to help: providing patches of flowers is something that we all
can do to improve our environment for these important insects. Native plants are un-
doubtedly the best source of food for bees, but there are also some garden plants
that are great for pollinators.
This fact sheet will help you provide flowers that these vital creatures need and make
the landscape around us—from small urban backyards to large natural areas—better
for bees. On the back you’ll find a simple guide to selecting plants for bees.
For more information, visit our web site, www.xerces.org, where you will find other
fact sheets and more detailed guidelines on how to enhance habitat for pollinators.
You’ll also find information about the Pollinator Conservation Handbook.
Written by
Eric Mader and
Matthew Shepherd
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
4828 SE Hawthorne
Blvd.,
Portland, OR 97215
503-232 6639
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
South Central Plants
for Native Bees
34. To help bees and other pollinator insects—like butterflies—you should provide a range of plants that will offer a succes-
sion of flowers, and thus pollen and nectar, through the whole growing season. Patches of foraging habitat can be cre-
ated in many different locations, from backyards and school grounds to golf courses and city parks. Even a small area
planted with the right flowers will be beneficial, because each patch will add to the mosaic of habitat available to bees
and other pollinators.
In such a short fact sheet it is not possible to give detailed lists of suitable plants for all areas of the South Central region.
Below are two lists of good bee plants, the first of native plants and the second of garden plants. Both are short lists;
there are many more bee-friendly plants. However, these lists, combined with the following notes, will get you started on
selecting good bee plants. Your local chapters of the Wild Ones, the Native Plant Society and native plant nurseries are
worthwhile contacts for advice on choosing, obtaining, and caring for local plant species.
• Use local native plants. Research suggests native plants are four times more attractive to native bees than exotic
flowers. In gardens, heirloom varieties of herbs and perennials can also provide good foraging.
• Choose several colors of flowers. Flower colors that particularly attract native bees are blue, purple, violet, white,
and yellow.
• Plant flowers in clumps. Flowers clustered into clumps of one species will attract more pollinators than individual
plants scattered through the habitat patch. Where space allows, make the clumps four feet or more in diameter.
• Include flowers of different shapes. Bees are all different sizes, have different tongue lengths, and will feed on
different shaped flowers. Consequently, providing a range of flower shapes means more bees can benefit.
• Have a diversity of plants flowering all season. By having several plant species flowering at once, and a se-
quence of plants flowering through spring, summer, and fall, you can support a range of bee species that fly at differ-
ent times of the season.
Native plants should be your first choice to help our native bees. Listed below are some plants that are good sources of
nectar and pollen for bees. This list is not exhaustive; there are many other plants good for bees. Individual species have
not been included. Not all of these genera will have species in your local area, but they do represent plants that will grow
in a variety of environments. Use a wildflower guide or contact local nurseries to find your local species.
Choosing the Right Flowers
Native Plants
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: We’re happy for you to copy this fact sheet or to use this text elsewhere. Please just credit The Xerces Society when-
ever the text is used in another format. The photograph, however, is copyrighted and may not be used in any way except in this fact sheet. If you are
interested in photos of bees, please contact us.
For more pollinator conservation information, go to www.xerces.org
Aster Symphyotrichum Milkweed Asclepias
Beardtongue Penstemon Mountain mint Pycnanthemum
Beebalm Monarda Partridge pea Chamaecrista
Blanketflower Gaillardia Prairie clover Dalea
Blazing star Liatris Prairie coneflower Ratibida
Crownbeard Verbesina Redbud Cercis
Culver’s root Veronicastrum Rosinweed Silphium
Englemann’s daisy Englemannia Sneezeweed Helenium
False indigo Amorpha Spiderwort Tradescantia
Goldenrod Solidago Sunflower Helianthus
Hawthorn Crataegus Wild plum Prunus
Ironweed Vernonia Wild rose Rosa
Flower beds in gardens, business campuses, and parks are great places to have bee-friendly plants. Native plants will
create a beautiful garden but some people prefer “garden” plants. Many garden plants are varieties of native plants. This
list includes plants from other countries—”exotic” plants—and should be used as a supplement to the native plant list. As
with the native plants, this list is far from exhaustive.
Garden Plants
Anise hyssop Agastache Mexican sunflower Tithonia
Basil Ocimum Purple coneflower Echinacea
Catmint Nepeta Pincushion flower Scabiosa
Cosmos Cosmos Rosemary Rosmarinus
Marjoram Origanum Russian sage Perovskia
35. Photo by Joseph Berger, bogwood.orgSweat bee.
Pollinators are
a vital part of
a healthy
environment.
Native bees
are North
America’s
most impor-
tant group of
pollinators.
Patches of
flowers can be
grown almost
anywhere and
will form an
important
food resource
for bees.
Pollinators are a diverse and fascinating group of animals. In addition to their beauty,
pollinators provide an important link in our environment by moving pollen between
flowers and ensuring the growth of seeds and fruits. The work of pollinators touches
our lives every day through the food we eat. Even our seasons are marked by their
work: the bloom of springtime meadows, summer berry picking, pumpkins in the fall.
Native bees are the most important group of pollinators. Like all wildlife they are af-
fected by changes in our landscapes. The good news is that there are straightforward
things that you can do to help: providing patches of flowers is something that we all
can do to improve our environment for these important insects. Native plants are un-
doubtedly the best source of food for bees, but there are also some garden plants
that are great for pollinators.
This fact sheet will help you provide flowers that these vital creatures need and make
the landscape around us—from small urban backyards to large natural areas—better
for bees. On the back you’ll find a simple guide to selecting plants for bees.
For more information, visit our web site, www.xerces.org, where you will find other
fact sheets and more detailed guidelines on how to enhance habitat for pollinators.
You’ll also find information about the Pollinator Conservation Handbook.
Written by
Eric Mader and
Matthew Shepherd
The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate
Conservation
4828 SE Hawthorne
Blvd.,
Portland, OR 97215
503-232 6639
www.xerces.org
INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION FACT SHEET
Northeast Plants
for Native Bees