Attachment Theory 4

Attachment Theory 4
Bowlby 's maternal deprivation hypothesis assumes that continual disruption of the attachment bond
between the infant and primary caregiver would result in long term cognitive, social and emotional
difficulties for the child. To what extent has research into deprivation and privation supported this
view. Bowlby claimed that the role of a mother was essential to a child and without this essential
mother figure it would affect the child's psychological health. He called this theory the maternal
deprivation hypothesis. Bowlby conducted most of his research through observing orphans and
children in care. Bowlby held the view that if a child lacked an attachment to a mother figure it
could have major effects on the child's development. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bowlby studied the effects of short term deprivation, he concluded that the child goes through three
stages of distress. Protest, the child kicks and screams in order to prevent their mother from leaving,
Despair the child appears to be apathetic but it still angry about the separation and detachment,
when the separation continues the child begins to respond to others again, when reunited with the
mother at this stage the child may have to develop a relationship over again. Long term deprivation
is a permanent separation through death or divorce. Bowlby concluded that the most common effect
of long term deprivation is separation anxiety. Separation anxiety may lead to aggressive behaviour,
clingy behaviour, detachment and psychosomatic reactions. Divorce can have a huge effect on a
child. Divorce is a long process that can affect a child for a period of years. Most children are
affected by divorce but the process can be generally more difficult for boys. According to
Hetherington and Stanley– Hagan (1999) most children are resilient enough to adapt to their parent
divorce after a period of time has passed. The main facotrs of divorce that can affect a child are, how
often they see the non– custodial parent, the lifestyle or financial implications of being part of a
single parent family and if one or both parents remarry, this can cause a massive difference in family
life due to the child having to come to terms with their new
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The Social Skills Domain For My Research Report
decided to focus on the social–skills domain for my research report. Social–skills development is a
very important part of a healthy development in children. An important factor that greatly affects the
growth of a child's social–skills are the relationships that are first formed in their first couple years.
This will essentially give rise to their future social and emotional relationship that they will form as
well as effecting their social interactions with other people.
According to Bowlby, an infant's attachment to a caregiver contributes to the foundation for all
future social development. "He suggested that attachment is biologically–based and is intended to
ensure that infants and children have enough support and protection to survive until they are able to
function independently." According to the Attachment lecture, Bowlby describes attachment as an
enduring and specific emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, someone that is consistently
present in the child's life. Difference in attachment security is assumed to form the bases of later
socio–emotional relationships.
At the last stage of Bowlby's attachment theory, Bowlby claims that one of the most important skills
that children developed is self–regulation. They begin to develop this at 2 and up. Self–regulation is
the ability to manage one's behavior so as to withstand impulses, maintain focus, and undertake
tasks even if there are other more enticing alternatives available. Self–regulation underlies

Describe And Evaluate Bowlby's Research
Describe and evaluate two approaches/theories in Development Psychology
What is the definition of attachment? If you look it up in a dictionary it explains that it is 'an
emotional bond between an infant or toddler and primary caregiver, a strong bond being vital for the
child's normal behavioural and social development'. That strong bond between infant and caregiver
is believed to happen between the ages of 6–8 months although Bowlby (1958) suggests that the
infants are born into this world pre–programmed to form attachments, they have innate behaviours
in the way of crying, smiling, crawling and cooing which will stimulate attention and comforting
responses from the caregivers. These behaviours are called social releasers. Kagan et al (1978) ...
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If the mother is not available for that special attachment then the infant could attach to a mother–
substitute, this attachment relationship is the prototype for all future relationships. Forming this
special attachment is believed to build up an internal working model or to help them template for
their future relationships. The internal working model can be changed as the infant develops new
types of relationships to others, contact and attachments with a variety of people can lead to a fully
developed internal working model. The internal working model is the vital part of forming

The Theory Of Continuous Bonds From The Model Of Loss & Grief
Continuous Bonds
This paper discusses the theory of continuous bonds from the model of loss & grief. It begins by
offering a definition of attachment theory which will further explain continuous bonds. It offers a
critical examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the continuous bonds theory. Personal
experiences will also be present throughout this essay in order to give the reader background
information on how continuous bonds was explored by the author. Continuous bonds will be
examined in order to understand how this can be incorporated into future social care practice. In
order for a continuous bond to arise there must be an existing attachment prior to the individual's
death. John Bowlby (1969, cited in Field, et al., 2005) created the attachment theory which was able
to demonstrate that a child develops an attachment with their primary caregiver i.e. mother. Bowlby
(1969) founded that children experienced distress when they were separated from their primary
caregiver which showed that physical proximity was a prominent factor in the child's sense of
security. According to Field, et al., (2005) attachment bonds between adults are seen to be different
from child–parent bonds, in that physical proximity was less of importance. However the ability to
respond to emotional needs was a higher factor in adult bonds because both individuals could act as
an attachment figure to each other. Drawing upon this theory, if an individual died within a
relationship, the

Compare And Contrast Bowlby And Maslow
Applying two theoretical approaches I would apply Bowlby (attachment) and Maslow (humanistic).
John Bowlby was a psychoanalyst and believed that mental health and behavioural problems could
be linked to early childhood. Bowlby suggested that a child would initially form only one primary
attachment (monotropy) and that the attachment figure acted as a secure base for exploring the
world. The attachment relationship acts as a model for all future social relationships so disrupting it
can have severe consequences.
This theory also suggests that there is a significant phase for developing an attachment (about 0 –5
years). If an attachment has not developed throughout this period then the child will experience from
irreversible developmental consequences, such as lack of intelligence and enhanced aggression.
Bowlby also explains in his theory Deprivation and Privation. Deprivation means the temporary
prolonged and permanent separation of a child from its attachment figure. Privation is where no
attachment figure has been formed. Bowlby identified a number of possible short and long term
effects of maternal deprivation and these are detailed in the table below:
This may explain Anna's inability to form solid relationships with others. Anna would have
experienced detachment as an infant with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carol Rogers. (2011). Self Concept. Available: http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl–rogers.html.
Last accessed 06/11/2014 According to Rogers (1959), we want to sense, experience and behave in
ways which are dependable with our self–image and which replicate what we would like to be like
known as our ideal–self. The closer our self–image and ideal–self are to each other, the more steady
or congruent we are the advanced our sense of self–worth is. The humanistic approach states that the
self is collected of concepts exclusive to

The Policy Of Healthy Families America
Healthy Families America is a program created in 1992 by the Prevent Child Abuse America
Program. The Ronald McDonald foundation contributes by founding to the program. Their mission
is "to work with families who may have histories of trauma, intimate partner violence, mental health
and or substance abuse issues" (Berger, 2000). Their goals are to enhance positive parent–child
relationships, better the health of children, and prevent child abuse and neglect. HFA hope that by
the end of the program the outcome for the family and children are, reduced maltreatment, positive
parent–child interactions and children's social–emotional well–being; increase school readiness;
child physical health and development; positive parenting; family self–sufficiency; increase access
to primary care medical services and community services; and finally a decrease in child injuries
and emergency department use (Implementing Healthy Families America, 2015). HFA targets a
specific population of people. They look to help families that need it the most, the ones who are
currently facing challenges, or have in the past, which is the result of their life now. Some of the
challenges are, single parenting; low income; childhood history of abuse; current or previous issues
with drug use, mental health issues, and/or domestic violence. When parents, or parents to be reach
out to HFA they must fill out a survey in order for the program to understand their situation better.
However, there is one guideline

Developmental Psychology: Attachment Essay
Attachment is the formation of a two–way emotional bond between a child and an adult caregiver. It
is an important part of developmental psychology, which is concerned with reasons and causes for
human behaviour, addressing both nurture and nature aspects of childrearing. John Bowlby (1907–
1990) is a key psychologist involved in the studies and theories concerning attachment. He
summarised his point and the reason for attachment as follows:
Based on the above, this essay intends to focus on Bowlby's work which set out to discover links
between early separation and later maladjustment through his 'maternal deprivation hypothesis.' This
will include the reasons and importance of attachment, leading to correlations between a child's ...
He also believed there was a 'critical period,' amounting to the first three years of a child's life,
whereby attachment deprivation in this period causes irreversible developmental effects. There are
problems with these stages in that they are too rigid and do not allow for babies' unpredictability and
individualism, since they failed to take into account cultural or childrearing differences.
Evidence for this was produced by Schaffer and Emerson (1964). They gained results in the
observation of sixty babies which brought in some doubt to Bowlby's monotropism theory. They
observed the babies showing contradictory patterns of attachment, whereby nearly a third had
formed several attachments as opposed to just one. Furthermore, by 10months old 60% of the babies
had formed more than one attachment, for example with their grandparents or siblings.
However, Lorenz (1952) conducted a study, with the use of goslings to try and demonstrate a
similarity between attachment and imprinting in animals. This gave support to Bowlby's belief
concerning monotropy and the critical period, as the chicks would imprint of the first moving thing
they saw, whether it was the actual mother goose or Lorenz himself. Lorenz's study gave weight to
Bowlby's account, because the chicks followed Lorenz instantly from hatching, suggesting the

Attachment, A Deep And Emotional Bond
When we consider the term attachment we may look to John Bowlby for an explanation who stated
that 'attachment is a deep and emotional bond that connects one person to another through space and
time' this is a great analogy, however what we do know about attachment is that it can be one sided,
it is possible for one person to attach themselves or create a bond with a person that doesn't
reciprocate their feelings. An attachment may be considered as a likeness or kinship when the
feeling is mutual.
Sociability is characterised as a personality trait, such as 'she is very social' however this does not
mean that a social person generates 'connections' with people, for instance a child can be very social
within their peer group but may struggle to empathise with their peers as they cannot form a secure
bond.
1.3, 1.2, 2.2
Question 1.
Q–Name two studies into attachment theory and explain their outcomes?
A–
John Bowlby– 'Maternal deprivation hypothesis'
Bowlby proposed mental health and behavioural problems could be traced back to early childhood.
His theory was that children should not be deprived of contact with their mother in the primary
stages of development as this is when relationships and bonds are being formed. He believed that
the consequences of maternal depravation would have devastating effects on the child as they
developed into adulthood, He believed that this would lead the individual to have mental health
problems or to be deviant.
'What is believed to be

John Bowlby 's Theory Of Attachment
This report will be about John Bowlby and his theory of attachment plus criticisms and how these
come into effect in practice and legislation. Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born February 27th
1907 and died September 2nd 1990. He was born in London to a middle class family. He was mostly
taken care of by his nanny because his parents believed that spending too much time with him could
lead to him becoming a spoilt child. At age 7 he was sent to boarding school by his parents. After
finishing boarding school Bowlby went on to study psychology at Trinity College in Cambridge and
worked with delinquent children. Once he graduated from Trinity he volunteered at a school and
worked with two unstable children which inspired him to become a child psychiatrist. After this he
went on to study medicine at University College Hospital then psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital.
Bowlby also studied at the British Psychoanalytic Institute and was initially influenced by Melanie
Klein but later became dissatisfied with her work. He became a psychoanalyst in 1937, after this he
joined the army and served in World War 2(WW2) in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Once WW2
was over Bowlby became the director of the Havistock Clinic and then in 1950 after one of his
papers was published he become a mental health consultant for the World Health Organisation.
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment was based on the notion that the baby–mother attachment was
different from any other relationship the child could have.

Deprivation Essay
Research into Privation and Deprivation
Deprivation is when you have had something taken away from you. E.g. food. When we talk about
attachments, deprivation is the loss of an attachment figure. When an infant has had an attachment
and it has been broken. There is research done into deprivation by Bowlby. This is his Maternal
deprivation hypothesis, which stated the belief that if an infant was unable to build a "warm,
intimate, continuous relationship with its mother", it would then result in having difficulties building
relationships with other people and also the risk of behavioural disorders. This hypothesis says that
relationships that are discontinuous or where there are separations ... Show more content on
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Bowlby's hypothesis did not suggest that the relationship had to be with the mother. He believed s
child needed to form a relationship with a primary caregiver however did not necessarily need to be
the mother. The key aim for his hypothesis was to identify the importance of emotional care in
healthy development.
Privation is when an attachment had never been formed. The lack of emotional care can possibly
result in no attachment being formed. It can also result in permanent harm to the infants social and
emotional development. The study conducted by Hodges and Tizard (1989) was of ex–institutional
children. He aimed to see effects of children who had suffered early privation. He also wanted to test
Bowlby's Maternal deprivation (or privation) hypothesis. In this research they took out a
longitudinal study. They studied 65 children which were placed in an institution when less than four
months, which had all experienced early privation. By 4 years old, 24 children had been adopted, 15
returned to their natural homes and the rest remained in the institution. It was found that the adopted
children had closer attachments to their parents and had good family relationships and this was not
the case for the 'restored' children.
Evidence against the Maternal deprivation hypothesis show in Hodges and Tizard's study that
restored children often returned to the

An Independent T-Test Was Done On Each Item Of The Evaluation
An independent t–test was done on each item of the evaluation questions. The purpose of each
statement on evaluation form was to measure the enjoyment level of participants after taking a
whole semester of the boring class. The independent t–test showed that there was a significant
difference between how conventional and creative group responded to "taking the class was a waste
of time". Participants in creative group (M = 2.94, SD = .97) scored significantly higher than
participants in conventional group (M = 2.25, SD = .86, t(31) = 2.17, p = .038).Also independent t–
test showed a significant difference between creative and conventional responses to "I did not gain
any useful knowledge from this class". Participants in creative group (M = ... Show more content on
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As shown in the result section, the ANOVA test showed that there was no significant relationship
between individuals ' attachment styles and openness to new experiences with how much they
enjoyed taking the class. Another part of the study focused on how people in different conditions
would enjoy the forced task differently. The independent t–test results, mentioned in result section,
showed that participants in creative condition reported less enjoyment than participants in
conventional condition. To be specific, participants in creative group scored higher (than
conventional group) in the statement; "taking the class was a waste of time", which means they
found the class was a waste of time, therefore, they did not enjoy the class. Also, participants in
creative condition scored higher (than conventional group) in "I did not gain any useful knowledge
from taking this class" which means they developed a more negative perspective towards the class.
Furthermore, participants in the creative group reported that they did not benefit from taking the
class so it means the conventional participants found the class more enjoyable and beneficial. All
these significant findings suggest that the overall class enjoyment of participants in

Attachment : A Deep And Enduring Emotional Bond
Attachment: An Analysis
"Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time
and space'' Mary Ainsworth (1973)
In this essay I will explore the meaning and purpose of attachment and discuss research into
attachment concentrating on John Bowlby's 1944 "44 thieves" study conducted to test his maternal
deprivation theory and Schaffer & Emerson's 1964 " Glasgow babies" study.
There are two approaches to attachment; evolutionary theory and behavioural theory, and for the
purposes of this essay I will focus largely on the evolutionary school of thought.
Attachments are intrinsic to a child's development both in the short term and for the duration of their
lives. Infants have an innate need to develop an attachment with their mother to ensure their survival
and are equipped with evolutionary characteristics called social releasers; physical social releasers
such as large eyes and a small chin are found to be more aesthetically pleasing to the parents so they
are more likely to care for them and behavioural social releasers for example, crying; very young
infants typically only cry if they 're hungry, cold or in pain (Gross 2015 p535) this alerts the parents
to an infants immediate need. At around 7 or 8 months of age children begin to make specific
attachments for reasons other than survival, children display proximity maintaining behaviour
normally with the mother,

Bowlby Attachment Theory Essay
However the client the loss of significance surrounded her was evident throughout childhood, she
experiences lack of friendship because she did not want to associate anyone because of her grieves
.However the need for counselling was ignored due to her religious affiliation. The client the loss
seems difficult to accept, as she was willing to try understand and acknowledge her needs and try to
cope with her loss that was trigger attachment bond. From this perspective from the client the bond
that she share with her mother would be difficult to counsel without an understanding of the theory
of attachment. Bowlby's attachment theory (1973, 1988) has stress the important implications for
counseling and psychotherapy reference. Attachment theory greatly influence interpersonal
relationships between parent and child through separation and loss. Separation is defined as
premature and prolonged removal of the child from their attachment figure, while loss is permeant
separation, however both represents the extremes continuum of experience. (Benson. Marshall
2009)
Mallon (2008) suggests ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example listening the client issues it was vital for me to adapt a personal centre approach.
According to reference by adapting self–awareness, empathy and the ability to focus on therapeutic
intervention. This is important initial building of continuous rapport trust between the counsellor as
professional and services users. Although reference suggested that as practitioners identifying
psychodynamic or psychoanalytic as an approach could be useful within this aspect of the client life,
reflecting on issues in the child such as using transference and counter– transference could also be

Learning Theory Of Attachment And The Other Being Bowlby's...
Early social development is the study of the development of persons from infancy to adulthood.
Research is conducted into how childhood experiences affect people's development in later life.
Attachment theories are studied and the effect of no attachment or disrupted attachment is studied
and aimed to be resolved. John Bowlby defined attachment as the emotional and physical
connection that makes two people stay close to one another. It is between children and their primary
caregivers (Psychologistworld.com, 2016).
This essay will discuss and evaluate two theories of attachment: one being Dollard and Miller's
learning theory of attachment and the other being Bowlby's evolution theory. Dollard and Miller's
attachment theory argues that nurture is more influential than nature in terms of attachments, taking
the view that attachment is a set of learned behaviours resulting from an individual's surroundings.
In contrast, Bowlby's theory of attachment insists nature is more dominant, defining nature as innate
or instinctive characteristics everyone has. To further discuss Bowlby's theory, this essay will also
utilize the Genie case study and how it shall be used to discuss the social and emotional effects of
attachment.
The learning theory put forward by Dollard and Miller (1950) attempts to explain why attachments
are formed in terms of nurture. They claim that attachment involves a set of learned behaviours
through classical and operate conditioning. Classical conditioning

What Is John Bowlby's Attachment Theory?
Attachment is an emotional bond between two people. The Attachment Theory is a concept from
developmental psychology. John Bowlby was the first psychologist to carry out this idea. In 1930,
Bowlby worked in a Child Guidance Clinic in London where he treated emotionally disturbed
children. This led to Bowlby understanding how important it is for a child to have a relationship
with their mother for social, emotional, and cognitive development (McLeod 2009). This was how
the Attachment Theory came to be. Around 1952, Bowlby worked with James Robertson to observe
how children experience distress when they are separated from their mothers. The theory became
more developed by Mary Ainsworth, who used a technique called Strange Situation. The

John Bowlby Attachment Theory
John Bowlby, a British psychiatrist, known for his work with the "attachment theory" and joint work
with Mary Ainsworth, an American–Canadian psychologist. His theory: "the infant and young child
should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent
mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment." John Bowlby believed just like
Freud, that mental health as well as behavioral issues could be traced and attributed back to the
child's early ages. Before Mary Ainsworth would come on scene, John Bowlby enlisted the help of
James Robertson. The two would spend two years observing hospitalized and institutionalized
children who had been separated from their parents. James Robertson left after he could no longer
go on observing and being uninvolved, he needed to do something for the children that he had been
observing. In the 1930's, John Bowlby worked as a Child psychiatrist at the Guidance Clinic in
London where he treated many emotionally disturbed children. He was led to think about the
importance of an infant or child's relationship with their mother and their social, emotional and
cognitive development. Here is where he would form his attachment theory that would contradict
the original theory of "behavioral theory". The thought behind the original theory would be that the
infant is close to the mother because she has fed the child. Come 1950, Mary Ainsworth arrives and
it is her duty to analyze Robertson's

Case Study Assessment And Intervention Planning
Case study assessment and intervention planning: Girlhood (15%)
This exercise is to be done individually. Answers need to be typed and written in full sentences.
Marks reflect the number of minimum points that need to be made for each question.
Megan
Relationships
What are the key experiences in Megan's history/past (predisposing factors) that affect her way of
relating to others? (assessment) (2 mark) The predisposing factors that affect Megan's way of
relating to others include: Family dynamics and parental relationships, atypical physiological
responses and a genetic predisposition, exposure to drug involvement and a lack of self–protection
skills.
Megan was incarcerated for brutally stabbing another girl with a box cutter and ended up in the
Waxter Juvenile Facility. She has been in 11 foster houses by the age of 16. Her mother is a heroin
addict and is herself often in and out of jail on prostitution charges; her father is a "drunk"–who had
told Megan he wished she had never been born. Megan exhibits the maturity that comes with
knowing that her mom spends most of her life in prison–and the wisdom that comes with raising her
parent (s). She always professes she'd do anything for her, despite their offbeat, disruptive
relationship. At one point, her mother tries to engage Megan's grandmother in a discussion on
cyclical violence and blame, demonstrating an intergenerational history of repeated exposure to
negative events that runs in the family. Megan craves for the

Bowlby 's Theory Of Attachment
The aim off this assignment is to demonstrate my knowledge on Bowlby's theory of attachment by
been able to apply it to Neil from the programme 56 Up. In this assignment I will be analysing
Neil's life and explaining his transition from child hood to adolescent with the help of Bowlby life
course theories. Throughout this assignment I will be using an adequate amount of literature to
support my statements.
I 've decided to concentrate on Neil from the programme 56 Up, the reasoning behind this is that
Neil 's life ended up being maybe the most unpredictable of the group. During the show we witness
Neil transition from a happy seven year old who had big aspiration to go to Oxford University (56
Up, 2012) to make a future for himself to him ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Neil always had ambition to be in politics it was no surprise that by the time of 42 up he was
involved in politics, as a liberal Democrats in the London borough of hackney (56 Up, 2012) . As
the programme progressed we saw Neil relocate to the North West of England to become a District
councillor. When the programme came to an end we were able to see Neil become less agitated and
much more jubilant.
The theory of attachment was originally developed by John Bowlby (1907 – 1990), a British
psychoanalyst. Bowlby's explanation of attachment hints that children come into the world
biologically pre–programmed to form attachments with other, because this will avail them to
survive. According to Bowlby, crying, clinging and searching our behaviours displayed by infants as
a result of separation from their primary caregiver and a response to re–establish proximity. Bowlby
proposed the idea of monotropy, this is when an effective emotional bond is formed between an
infant and one particular individual. Bowlby suggested that there is a critical period for attachment
to be formed between an infant and caregiver. This means that if an attachment is not formed
priority to the first two years of infancy it would not be possible to form an attachment after this
period. Thus meaning that the child will suffer irreversible long–term consequences as a result of
maternal deprivation. Bowlby used the term maternal deprivation to refer to the

Crying And Communication Distress
Psychiatrist John Bowlby (1982) described attachment as a bond that exist at the early estates of an
infant's life and caregiver; mothers are seen as the primary caretakers. According to Palm (2014a),
infants are biologically wired to perform a series of behaviors in order to seek proximity with the
main caregiver in order to get their basic needs met, these behaviors involved crying, babbling,
smiling, gazing (Rieser–Danner and Slaughter, 2014). Crying and communicating distress is a form
use by children to seek proximity also infants used babbling, smiling, and gazing to initiate social
engagement (Palm, 2014b ) In 1978 the Strange Situation Protocol (SSP) was developed as a
research tool for assessing the relationship between infant and

compare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to...
In this task I will compare two theories of self–esteem which contribute to our understanding of
self–concept. The theories which I will be focused on are Bowlby's and Harter's.
Bowlby theory
Bowlby worked for many years as a child psychoanalyst so was clearly very influenced by Freud's
theories and child development. However, he also liked the work of Lorenz on the innate nature of
bonds through imprinting and combined these two very different ideas to produce his own
evolutionary theory of attachments. Bowlby believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. We are
all born with an inherited need to form attachments and this is to help us survive. In line with
Darwin's theory of natural selection, any behaviour that helps you ... Show more content on
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If the attachment figure is disrupted or broken the child will suffer irreversible long term
consequences of maternal deprivation including delinquency, reduced intelligence, increased
aggression, depression and affectionless psychopathy (an inability to show affection or concern for
others. No guilt for anti–social behaviour).
Harter's theory
Harter carries forward the work of James (1993) and Cooley. Those with low self–esteem are almost
certainly depressed and among many adolescent's, such depression, in turn, leads to thoughts of
suicide. There are multiple pathways to depression representing different combinations of feelings
lack of support from peers and parents.
Multiple selves are created in adolescence for example cheerful with friends but depressed with
parents or outgoing with friends but inhibited in romance relationships. Usually, females experience
the most conflict with true self versus false self–behaviour.
Similarities and differences between two theories
There quite a few similarities and differences between each of the two theories that I've introduced
above. The main similarities include:
Both theories are linking early stages of human being lives. Harter's theory is mainly based on
young adults and how their self–esteem is affected by their peer group and parents. On the other
hand, Bowlby's theory is saying that self–esteem of every individual is linked to their early
childhood and wherever they did get enough of

The Effects Of Maternal Deprivation On Children And Their...
could fail between children and their mothers, and that such maternal deprivation could have serious
consequences for the child. If attachment is not secure, the baby will respond badly to mother 's
absence (Stovall, 2000). This will lead to future anxiety, such as with individuals who suffer from
generalized anxiety disorder. Research has indicated that the afflicted grow from an environment
that was unresponsive, angry, and insecure with respect to attachment, providing a constant feeling
of vulnerability (Warren et al., 1997). Failure to accomplish the goals in the parent–child
relationship will result in an inadequate attachment relationship, placing the child on a pathway to
relation– ship difficulties throughout life. For example, the absence of a basic sense of trust may
prevent a child from leaving the caregiver 's side to explore the surrounding environment, thereby
preventing opportunities for him to develop competence and learn about his/her world (Gearity,
2005). "Different Types of Insecure Attachment" Avoidant Attachment – avoidant attachment is a
strategy often developed by an infant whose parents have discouraged overt signs of either affection
or distress, and who do not readily offer sympathy or comfort (Karen, 1994). However, an avoidant
infant also does not immediately acknowledge the mother's return to the room, averting his or her
gaze when the mother enters and initially moves away from her if she approaches (Lyons–Ruth and
Zeanah, 1993). Ambivalent

The Origins Of Attachment Theory
The origins of Attachment theory can be traced to the influential work of John Bowlby (1958).
Bowlby's work as a psychiatrist in a Child Guidance Clinic in London caused him to consider the
significance of the child's relationship with their mother in terms of their cognitive, emotional and
social development. Specifically, it contributed to enthralling his interests surrounding the link
between early infant separations with the mother and later maladjustment, leading Bowlby to
formulate the Theory of Attachment. Bowlby argues that this attachment between the mother and
child is different in a qualitative form from any other form attachment. This theory, although
seminal, holds many criticisms from others, stating that children learn more from their peers rather
than from their parents (Harris, 1998). A separate criticism is that of Field's (1996), who evaluates
the many limitations of the Attachment Theory. A primary critic of Bowlby 's attachment theory is J.
R. Harris. The general public assume that good–natured, sincere, and humble parents will raise
children bearing similar traits whilst parents that are ill–tempered, indecent, and cruel will similarly
raise children of an identical nature (Ainsworth, 1969). According to Harris, this may not be the
whole truth. Harris (1998) believes that a child 's peers to have greater influence over their
personality and character rather than their parents. An example of this would be children whose
parents suffer from

Effects Of Deprivation And Privation Of A Maternal...
This essay will look at research into the effects of deprivation and privation of a maternal
attachment on orphans in both Romania and around the world. Attachment is the emotional tie to a
parent that an infant experiences, giving the child security. It develops gradually to the primary care
giver and is important for survival (Boyd & Bee, 2009). In some cases children may experience a
disruption of this attachment which is known as deprivation (Key Book Ref).
Bowlby's (1965) maternal deprivation hypothesis states it is essential for the mental health of an
infant and young child to experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with the mother.
If a child is deprived of its mother, or any consistent caregiver, between 6 months and 5 years,
known as the critical period, then this would lead to serious cognitive, emotional and social
difficulties later in life. Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study (1944) supports the maternal deprivation thesis.
It found that 32% of thieves were diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths with the majority
experiencing separation for at least a week before the age of 5, illustrating that maternal deprivation
can seriously disrupt healthy emotional development. Although, Rutter (1999) refute this and
established that separation associated with illness was not associated with delinquency, but if
separation was associated with stress, children were four times as likely to become delinquent,
suggesting that Bowlby's thieves had probably suffered from

factors affecting the development of a child
ANALYSE THE FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF BABIES IN THE
FIRST YEAR OF LIFE.
'Neuroses are only acquired during early childhood even though their symptoms may not make their
appearance until much later. The events of the first year are of paramount importance for a child's
whole subsequent life'. (Freud, 1902)
Regardless of age, nationality, gender or ethnicity every human has something in common; we are
all born as babies. This essay will examine and research factors in depth in order to simplify the
complicated process of identifying key factors including scientific data as well as theories and
methods derived from experts of different fields. A diverse view will be analysed of the developing
process in order to understand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like all mammals, humans obtain life–sustaining nourishment through suckling and throughout the
history of the human species; the only or primary source of nourishment for infants was breast milk
which has many virtues (Newman, 1995). Alongside it also involves the necessary skin–to skin
contact from the mother which gives the baby a feeling of warmth and security as well as
strengthening the infant's immune system. In spite of this, the majority of infants are still formula–
fed predominantly in undeveloped countries where poor, uneducated parents often dilute the formula
in an effort to make the expensive powder last longer. As a result, in such circumstances the parent's
attempts to promote the health of their babies end up having the opposite effect (Popkin and Doan,
1990) with later development of inadequate growth and physical deficiencies. And although every
individual has a 'blueprint' for growth, but realisation of this growth potential is only possible if
nutrient supplies in childhood are adequate (Jackson, 1996).
From this it could again be inferred that situational factors such as poverty also have a detrimental
effect on childhood development which is why low birth weight is more likely in children from
lower socio economic groups. This has been exemplified from the recent case of Humzah khan
whose mother starved him in a cot for 21 months and was more concerned about feeding her alcohol
addiction in place of her

Exploring the Biological and Psychological Characteristics...
The purpose of this assignment is to examine the biological and psychological explanations of
crime. It will primarily focus on Cesare Lombroso's theory in that he believed that criminals could
be determined and identified by their physical appearance and attributes. It will cover Bowlby's
theory of maternal deprivation and how childhood violence and trauma can affect a person's
behaviour and personality. It will further explain the strengths and weaknesses and how criminals
are perceived in contemporary Britain today.
Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist born in Venice, Italy in 1836. He went on to become a
university professor who became renowned worldwide for his studies and theories. Lombroso
worked in the field of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that the born criminal could be identified by physiognomic defects as this confirmed a
criminal as savage or atavistic (what he sees as a throwback to an earlier stage of evolution)
(www.Newworldencyclopedia.org). He looked at defects such as a sloping brow, which symbolises
low intellect he also suggested that a renowned jaw, symbolised strong passion. Lombroso believes
that people bearing such defects behaved in a different way to the rest of society and have a low
ability to show any kind of guilt or remorse.
The weakness that was established in this theory found that these associations were later shown to
be highly inconsistent or inexistent, and Lombroso had not used a control group therefore having
nothing of any substantial nature to compare his results to. This became Lombroso's biggest flaw in
his research and theory. Due to this weakness the theories that were based on the environment
causation of criminality that then became dominant meant that he believes the environment makes
criminals and that then became his only theory. (www.Newworldencyclopedia.org)
Lombroso's theory proposed that criminality was innate, and this could be distinguished by their
physical atavist stigmata, their physiognomic attributes or deformities. He believed the human race
evolved, whereas those who are criminal or have the violent tendencies are the

Strange Situation Test
In an effort to early childhood development, A study by Mary Ainsworth called Strange situation
tests, analyised the effects of separation between child and parent in their formative years. The study
of a childs levelof security within unfamiliar surrounds together with the introduction of a stranger
and the absence of a parental figure, subsequently led to the ascertation that there were three types
of attachment styles during child development. Securrly attached children.Free to explore and happy
when mother returns In the presence of the mother, a child is comfortable, on their own, to explore
unchartered surroundings, but less so in her absence. Upon her return, the child feels elation and
finds comfort in being held and feeling safe and

Bowlby Attachment Theory
John Mostyn Bowlby was a 20th century British psychologist and psychiatrist that developed the
Attachment Theory in 1958. (McLeod, S. (2009, January 1). Attachment Theory | Simply
Psychology) Bowlby Attachment theory was an approach to looking at relationship between two
people which focuses on how the bond a child forms with caregivers has an effect on their
relationship they form with others. (Psychology Concepts. (n.d.). Bowlby defined attachment as a
"lasting psychological connectedness between human being" (McLeod, S. (2009, January 1).
Attachment Theory | Simply Psychology) and believed that are first attachment we form as young
children and infants are so important and influential that the impact will be continuous throughout ...
Seeks out attention and comfort from virtually anyone, is extremely dependent, act much younger
than their age and may appear chronically anxious. In the most extreme form of this subtype a child
can be violent and lack a conscience.( Leveille, M. (n.d.). DSM–5 and School Psychology.) Some of
the other symptoms and sign of RAD include physical and cognitive symptoms like failure to smile,
failure to gain weight, language delays, developmental delays and cognitive delays. As well as a
number of condition and disorder that have been found to be co–occurring with RAD. Such as
anxiety, depression, pervasive development, pica, rumination, autism spectrum, and ADHD.
(Causes, Symptoms & Effects of Attachment

Theories And Theories Of Developmental Psychology
DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE 2 THEORIES IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Attachment
states to a particular strong bond with a specific person or persons. The bond among the person is
emotional and effective, and the person that an infant bond to in this way is known as an attachment
figure as said by Schaffer(1977),there are three ways in which attachment can be developed. There
are three ways in which attachment can be developed. The first one is when the new born baby is
attached to any human; secondary, they learn to differentiate between the primary and secondary
caregivers, but accept care from anyone and finally they focus attachment on a single specific
attachment figure Bowlby suggested that attachment could be understood inside the frame work of
evolutionary principles, that all psychological and physical characteristics are naturally selected. A
characteristic is designated because it helps those individuals who possess it to survive and
reproduce. The essential principle is that any genetic behaviour that increases an individual
accidental of survival and reproduction will be passed on to the next generation and thus continues
to repeat in subsequent generations. The outcome is that infants are born automatic to become
attached, and adult are also automated to form this kind of relationship with their infants. Social
releasers are required to ensure an contact takes place. These are social behaviours that produce a
care giving reaction from other, such as crying, smiling,

John Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Theory
According to John Bowlby (1951) the term maternal deprivation is used when a child is separarated
from their mother and in addition when a child can't develop an attachment. He believed that when
the close bond between child– mother is disturbed, it can bring potentially harming consequeses to
their emotional, intellectual and social development.
Bowlby (1951) considered that it was essential that the child and mother to form a bond, as he
argued that when the child – mother were seperated between, what he believed to be most essential
period which is between 6 months and 5 years, it could have drastic consequences and influence the
future development of the child. This consequence that he talked about included depression,
aggresisivity, delinquency to name a few consequences.
Bowlby (1951) argued that there were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long term separation which happens when parents slipt up, or when one of the parents die.
3. Deprivation which he refers to when a child doesn't have any parents and is an orphan, when a
child is been neglected, abusedby the carers, and wasn't able to develop a healthy attachment to their
parent or carer.
4. Material deprivation happens when there was no to bond with their mother
5. Maternal Privation occurs when a child never received the chance to bond with their mother.
Bowlby (1951) believed that the first 5 years were the most important in child's development and
separation in this stage of the child life could be traumatic, a child considerably and could affect the
future development of the child. Furthermore, he argued that the first years were critical in forming
attachment. In this period the would have a strong need to be constantly with the mother. If this
wasn't present or there was a lack in continuity of care, it would contribute to what was meantioned
early in this essay " Maternal deprivitation". In addition, he considered that attachment was most
likely to be provided by the natural family than by someone

Rhesus Monkey Babies From Their Mothers: A Psychological...
How do I bring about change to this situation or how do I try to understand the changing forces
within this synchronic of classroom and organisational dynamics? So I shall be looking at some of
the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century. Whilst each theorist may have been part
of a school of thought, each brought an individual approach to the field of psychology.
Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow, Fox (1986), conducted one of the most disturbing
psychological experiments of all time; in my opinion. Their experimentation was of separating
Rhesus monkey babies from their mothers. The results of this experiment was to show that the need
for closeness and affection goes far deeper than the need for warmth and nourishment. (pp.102–
106). According to Bowlby (1969/1982), in Attachment Theory, Loss and Trauma "when an infant is
exposed to a situation evoking fear, the infant turns to a caregiver as a source of comfort". What
happens when the caregiver is not present or has not got the skills of nurturing or containment? Bion
(1962), states that a baby whose distress cannot be contained, receives back his unprocessed,
projections in the shape of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The patient...showed that he had projected his damaged self, containing the damaged world, not
only into all the other patients but into me." What I believe to be highly significant here is that if I
replace the word patient to child I have a reflective picture of the experience in the classroom.
The quote continues, "but instead of becoming relieved by this projection he became more anxious,
because he was afraid of what I was putting back into him, where his interjected process became
severely disturbed." This goes to explain Gilbert's display of ambivalent behaviour outside the
classroom.

Introduction Of Emotional Development Definition Essay
Introduction of emotional development definition: Children developmental progresses link to one
another. In conjunction with the other development, every individual child experience and face a
phase called emotional development, in which their emotional development and experience differ
from one another basic on their upraising, culture, environment, beliefs and values. The experience,
children's expression, their understanding and the regulation are an evolution of their emotional
development, which occur from birth and continues to their late adolescence. Also the emotional
development, does not manifest in isolation. Emotional development has strong links with social
development, where the environment and people interactions plays vital role in the emotional
milestone in the children developmental need. Attachment: "Attachment is a deep and enduring
emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space (Ainsworth, 1973;
Bowlby, 1969)." After a short description of emotional development, we can move on to the one of
the most significant stages in children development, called attachment. We can define attachment as
a matrix, where all of children's area of development, especially emotional needs, such as day to day
basis needs is linked to their main careers parents. In order for the children survival, this bond is
crucial. From the very first movement, children are design and start to build the attachment with the
main career, who can respond to their

Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
TAQ 3 'Outline and evaluate Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis' Bowlby was influenced by
the ideas of evolutionary psychology and the theories of Freud which were about the effects of early
experiences on children. Bowlby worked with children who had experienced disrupted early lives
and after studying children of post–war Europe, who had being separated from their parents,
Bowlby came up with the theory of attachment. Bowlby observed and interviewed children in both
hospitals and institutions to better understand the impacts of parent–child separation on a child.
Bowlby believed that a child's mental health was dependent upon a warm, continuous and loving
bond between caregiver and child and found that the mental health of children who suffered
deprivation (loss of attachment) was affected as a result, which lead Bowlby to come up with the
maternal deprivation hypothesis. Bowlby called it maternal deprivation as women typically took the
role of single primary caregiver at the time which links to Bowlby's theory of monotropy. This
emphasises the importance of the relationship between a child and a single primary caregiver.
Bowlby realised that a child who suffers from maternal deprivation within the first 24 months of
life, known as the critical period for attachment, will develop an internal working model of
themselves as unworthy. An internal working model is a cognitive representation of relationships
formed from the first maternal relationship we have. An unworthy

The Provision Of Equality, Diversity And Inclusive Practice
The provision of equality, diversity and inclusive practice can be ensured in relation to change and
transition in many ways. During the process of a transition, if the child has additional needs, such as
behavioural problems, then the practitioner is going to need to create an individual plan for the child
and their family. This plan could ensure that the parents stay longer on the child first visit. Home
visits can be helpful too. This individual plan will benefit the child, their parents and also the
practitioners. If the family didn't speak English then this might cause concerns for the child and also
the setting. The setting could overcome this by supporting the child by bringing an interpreter into
the school. The parents can have support from the setting by the school providing leaflets about the
school with lots of pictures, some videos, or a translated letter. The birth order of the individual
child needs to be considered because that can have an effect on them. I have noticed in my setting
that the younger child of the family is the most excited to start school because they want to be like
their big brothers or sisters. Other studies show that birth order can also have an effect on the child's
grades and personalities. "Birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might
also impact the child 's personality and intelligence, a new study suggests. First–borns are typically
smarter, while younger siblings get better grades and are more

John Bowlby and Maternal Deprivation Essay
John Bowlby and Maternal Deprivation
Bowlby believed that maternal behaviour was instinctive in humans as it appears to be in animals.
Mothers and their babies form an instinctive attachment to each other using genetically inherited
skills such as smiling, grasping, crying and so on. If a separation occurs between mother and infant
within the first few years of the child's life, Bowlby believed that the bond would be irreversibly
broken, leading to severe emotional consequences for the infant in later life. He referred to this as
maternal deprivation. Bowlby claimed that maternal deprivation had the following consequences:
1. Aggressiveness
5. Depression
2. Delinquency
6. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent debates about child abuse and the question of whether or not to remove 'at risk' children
from their natural parents can be seen to be related to the idea of maternal deprivation. If Bowlby is
right, it may be better to leave such children with their parents – the long–term damage which could
result from maternal deprivation might be a more important consideration than the risk of abuse. On
the other hand, if Bowlby is wrong, children could be left in a potentially dangerous situation.
However, one of the major effects of Bowlby's claims was to direct greater attention to the child's
emotional and psychological needs, which weren't considered as important in the 1920's and 30's as
they are today.
Much of the evidence Bowlby uses to support his views comes from studies carried out in the 1950's
and 60's. The nature of the issues being investigated meant that controlled experiments couldn't be
carried out. It would not be possible to separate children from their mothers in an experiment!
Because control of variables was difficult, clear conclusions were difficult to draw. Other evidence
from psychoanalytic case studies or from animal studies must also be interpreted very carefully.
During the 1970's Bowlby's view came under increasing criticism as a result of other studies of
varying degrees of 'maternal deprivation' which

The Catholic Charities Of Newark 's First Mt. Carmel Guild
The Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Newark founded Newark's first Mt. Carmel Guild,
which provides mental health, spiritual and physical support to individuals who rely on public
services. (cite) They run 43 different programs in Bergen, Essex, and Union County with a mission
to aid in the rehabilitation of individuals from who suffer from on array of different mental illnesses,
however, it is their adult group homes that gives great insight on what program qualities can make a
difference when working in a social work field, in both a positive and negative aspect. Their adult
group homes do well in holding the same overall agency vision– which include a life of dignity,
healthy overall relationships, that the institution respect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These groups focus on working through the emotional and sometimes physical dilemmas they may
be encountering in reentering modern society after a long hospitalization. They are allowed to return
back to the home after 2:30pm, and then they are monitored by counselors, which through modeling
and observation teach or tweak basic routine living skills such as clean, cook, upkeep finances, learn
transit systems, etc. The counselors also monitor each consumer's progress and meets with them on
a weekly basis to discuss treatment goals. Once a consumer has shown progress and feel they are
ready for more responsibility and independence, they can then find employment in place of partial
care or move into individual apartments (also provided by Mt. Carmel Guild). The role of self–
efficacy can become easily lost at these group homes even when there is a publicized goal of helping
consumer find independence Self–efficacy comes with someone not just being able to do things on
their own but feeling confident about the skills they have attained to achieve their future goals. (cite)
While these group homes have had success in transitioning consumers from group A+ homes to
successful "independent lives", they also have a high rate of what they refer to as "decomping"; that
is to say consumers have made huge strides but then become emotionally unstable and are unable to
keep up with the new life they have made for themselves. Out of 10 residents, Mt. Carmel has 3

Hunter Parenting Style Analysis
Although Hunter was an unplanned child ne never wanted for love, affection, and attention from his
parents and grandparents. Hunter developed a secure attachment (Chapter 4, pg. 171) screeching in
excitement at the sight of his parents Hunter used them as his secure base from which he could
explore his environment. Between the bountiful love of his parents and grandparents Hunter grew to
firmly trust his caregivers in regards to the trust vs. mistrust crisis theorized by Erickson (Chapter 1,
pg. 25) By the time Hunter entered preschool Steve and Sadie had moved from Sadie's parents'
house and into their own apartment. With time a difference in parenting styles (Chapter 6, pg. 211)
between his mother and father emerged. Hunter's father Steve used an authoritative style
characterized by setting limits, while remaining flexible encouraging maturity, listening to Hunter's
concerns and often forgave rather than punished when he made mistakes, which happened often.
Unlike Hunter's father his mother Sadie was a proponent of authoritarian parenting. Her style of
parenting was characterized hard rules, high expectations, and swift discipline, with no interest in
discussion or backtalk from Hunter. This mismatch in parenting styles was a frequent source of
confrontation between Sadie and Steve and a source of stress for Hunter. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Frequently refusing to try new foods the dinner table became a battlefield in a test of wills between
Hunter and his parents as they tried repetitively to introduce new and varied foods into his diet.
Worried about nutritional deficiencies (Chapter 5, pg. 165) they resorted to nutritional supplements
for Hunter. With much struggle and persistence that met with some success in introducing new foods
but it would be years before Hunter would broaden his horizons past his compulsive desire to eat the
same foods for each meal again and

John Bowlby Maternal Deprivation Essay
Maternal Deprivation Studies
The underlying assumption of Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis is that continual
disruption of the attachment between infant and primary caregiver could result in long–term
cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties for that infant.
John Bowlby created the maternal deprivation hypothesis attachment. It claimed that it was essential
for a child's psychological health to form an attachment to its mother figure. He said that the young
child's hunger for his mother's love and presence is as great as his hunger for food. Bowlby held the
view that if a child lacked an attachment to a mother figure it could have major effects on its
development. It was a model, which focused on the negative consequences. Bowlby ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the context of attachment, deprivation happens when a child who has experienced attachment, is
separated for a period from their primary attachment figure.
Privation happens when a child has never been able to form any attachments. The opportunity to
form the attachment bond was never there, so it did not form.
The effects of privation on Genie girl, Curtiss in 1989 reported the case of this girl, who spent most
of her childhood locked in a room at her home in Los Angeles. She came to the attention of the
social services department when she was 13 years old. She looked like a child half her age, could
not stand erect, and could not speak. She never fully recovered, socially or linguistically. This may
have been due to her extreme early emotional privation, as suggested by Bowlby. It may also have
been for a variety of other reasons, such as that she might have originally been retarded.
The effects of privation on Czechoslovakian twins, Koluchova in 1976 studied twins who had spent
the first seven years of their lives locked up. When they were discovered, they could not talk. They
were then looked after by two loving sisters and by age 14 had near normal intellectual and social
functioning. By the age 20, they were of above average intelligence and had excellent relationships
with the members of their foster

Maternal Deprivation
Maternal deprivation in children creates attachment issues and many other social, personal,
psychological issues in a child's development.
A healthy attachement to mother helps children bond with their peers, feel confident, confidence
help children achieve at school and other areas of their lives like sports.
A lack of ability to bond with peers can result in the child being bullied and rejected by other
children for being different, reinforcing the feelings of sadness, insecurity, low self–esteem.
These factors can lead in a child feeling anxious, depressed, develop a more serious type of mental
illness or develop anti–social behaviours as a child and even later in the adult life.
Another person than biological mother could represent mother

Jean Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of
the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory
of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of
simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget's theory of development
many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget
argues that this was in fact incorrect and children just thought differently to adults
(simplypsychology.org). Piaget argued a child's cognitive development occurred in four distinct and
separate stages. The first stage was the sensori–motor stage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To test his theory of ego–centrism, Piaget and Inhelder (1956) developed a task known as 'The Three
Mountains Task' (Berk, L 2012). The aim of this study was to find out what age a child is no longer
ego–centric. The method used in this task was to ask children aged between 4 to 8 years to sit at a
table with a model of 3 mountains placed in front of them. The model also showed a house, snow,
bushes and a red cross. The children were asked to walk around the model and look at it from every
angle. They were then asked to sit down. A doll was then place on the opposite side of the model to
the children. The children was then shown 10 photographs of the model taken from different angles
and asked which card showed the view of the doll. Piaget believed that if the child picked out the
correct child they were not ego–centric. After completing the task Piaget and Inhelder found that the
children aged 4 always chose the card that matched their own view. The children aged 6 were able to
show some awareness of alternative perspectives. It was only the children aged between 7 and 8
years that could pick the correct card every time. Piaget concluded that ego–centrism ended at the
age of 7 years (simplypsychology.org). It is also during the pre–operational that a child cannot
develop or understand centration. This means they lack the ability to concentrate on more than one
part of a

Attachment Theory 4

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