ADI DAYS - Franco Zanardi
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THE DUCTILE IRON (XDIS) COMPETITION IN THE RP0.2 RANGE 440 – 510 MPA
![Austempering, A Technology for Substitution
ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe
2
Mechanical properties on separately cast test bars t ≤ 30 mm
Std Grade Rm min
[MPa]
Rp0.2 min
[MPa]
A5 min
[1/100]
K RT unn.
[J]
KIC
[MPa m0.5]
(KIC/Rp0.2)2
[mm]
Matrix
ISO 1083 JS/800-2/S 800 480 2 14 1 As Cast Pearlitic
ISO 17804 JS/800-10/S 800 500 10 110 62 15 Ausferritic
The proof stress (Rp0.2) range from 440 to 510 MPa is interesting for mechanical design, because of a good
expected compromise between strength, machinability, notch sensitivity.
Following the existing International Material Standards, limitation exists in substitution of steel components with
(ISO 1083) conventional As Cast Pearlitic Ductile Iron having Elongation at Fracture not lower than 5%.
ADI grades (following ISO 17804) are the traditional conventional solution to overcome this limitation.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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ADI DAYS - Franco Zanardi
- 1. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 1 Ing. Franco Zanardi MSc Mech. Eng. Zanardi Fonderie Honorary President
- 2. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 2 Mechanical properties on separately cast test bars t ≤ 30 mm Std Grade Rm min [MPa] Rp0.2 min [MPa] A5 min [1/100] K RT unn. [J] KIC [MPa m0.5] (KIC/Rp0.2)2 [mm] Matrix ISO 1083 JS/800-2/S 800 480 2 14 1 As Cast Pearlitic ISO 17804 JS/800-10/S 800 500 10 110 62 15 Ausferritic The proof stress (Rp0.2) range from 440 to 510 MPa is interesting for mechanical design, because of a good expected compromise between strength, machinability, notch sensitivity. Following the existing International Material Standards, limitation exists in substitution of steel components with (ISO 1083) conventional As Cast Pearlitic Ductile Iron having Elongation at Fracture not lower than 5%. ADI grades (following ISO 17804) are the traditional conventional solution to overcome this limitation.
- 3. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 3 Mechanical properties on separately cast test bars t ≤ 30 mm Age Std Grade Rm min [MPa] Rp0.2 min [MPa] A5 min [1/100] K RT unn. [J] KIC [MPa m0.5] (KIC/Rp0.2)2 [mm] Matrix 70s Fiat 52215 Gh 65-48-05 640 470 5 As Cast Pearlitic Ferritic 70s Fiat 52215 Gh 90-52-05 880 510 5 HT Pearlitic 70s ISO 17804 JS/800-10/S 800 500 10 110 62 15 HT Ausferritic 90s Fiat 52215 Gh 75-45-05 735 440 5 As Cast Pearlitic Ferritic 2005 +GF+ SiBoDur 700 440 8 As Cast Pearlitic Ferritic 2005 +GF+ SiBoDur 800 480 5 As Cast Pearlitic Ferritic 2006 Zanardi IDI LT 800 480 6 HT Perferritic 2006 Zanardi IDI RT 880 510 5 HT Perferritic 2011 EN 1563 GJS/600-10 600 470 10 65 19 As Cast SiSSS Ferritic In the last millennium, the only non-conventional additional possibilities were the Fiat (52215) grades. In the new millenium, three different new possibilities became available :
- 4. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 4 The Fiat grade Gh 65-48-05 has usually been regarded as a pearlitic grade, similar to ISO 800 – 2, with higher elongation. In the 90s, it has been redefined as Gh 75-45-05, maintaining the original definition for practical purchasing purposes. Gh 90 – 52 – 05 is normalized. All these grades could be critical in current production processes, and compromises regarding elongation could be a commercial practice, especially when test probes taken from the casting are required. As far as we understand, +GF+ SiBoDur represents an evolution of the Fiat concept: increasing the Silicon content, a larger amount of reinforced Ferrite is permitted for a given strength level, promoting elongation. IDI is a Zanardi patented material, obtained by salt bath heat treatment of a conventional ferritic ductile iron casting. GJS/600-10 is the fully ferritic grade with very high Silicon content.
- 5. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 5 Rp0.2 440 – 510 Mpa A5 ≥ 5% on Separately Cast Test Bars t ≤ 30 mm Conventional Si - Zanardi Processes +GF+ SiBoDur Very High Si As Cast Conventional Pearlite Promoters IDI LT 800 – 480 - 6 IDI RT 880 – 510 - 5 Critical Process for A5 ≥ 5% Fiat 52215 Gh 75 – 45 – 05 EN 1563 GJS/600-10 Fiat 52215 Gh 90 – 52 – 05 Elongation and Charpy Impact Increase Elongation increases, Charpy Impact decreases 700 – 440 - 8 800 – 480 - 5 Fiat 52215 Gh 75 – 45 – 05 EN 1563 GJS/600 - 10 ADI ISO 17804 JS/800-10 Design freedom decreases: Silicon selected for Mechanical Properties Optimum Design Freedom: Si selected for Impact / Nucleation / Feeding / Graphite Shape Fiat 52215 Gh 65 – 48 – 05 +GF+ SiBoDur 800 – 480 - 5 Fiat 52215 Gh 65 – 48 – 05
- 6. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 6 The previous map shows two different approaches: On the left, the one based on conventional Silicon content, selected following the casting needs as: impact, nucleation, casting feeding, graphite shape. On the right, Silicon is selected for Mechanical Properties, by Solution Strengthening the Ferrite: for a given yield, a larger amount of ferrite is possible, which permits the required elongation. In case of Very High Silicon content, a fully ferritic matrix is obtained. Processes leaded by Zanardi Fonderie (IDI and ADI) are based on salt bath quenching heat treatment to achieve the required mechanical properties. This processes are more expensive, because of the heat treatment, however they offer the best possible design freedom. The Very High Silicon Ferritic Grade 600 – 10 works in a narrow process window, with the risk of porosities in hot spots or chunky graphite in wall thicknesses higher than 60 mm. Despite of the apparent low production cost, this material is not a Commodity : it requires a very skilled foundry, a very good cooperation between designer and foundry since the early stage of the design, and (as far as we suppose) it is limited to relativity uniform casting wall thicknesses. SiBoDur grades are affected to minor limitations, because the matrix is composed by pearlite and moderately Silicon solution strengthened ferrite. However, (as far as we suppose) the claimed mechanical properties require, also in this case, a reasonably uniform wall thickness (bionic design, as it is called by +GF+)
- 7. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 7 This graph shows how the IDI heat treatment on a fully ferritic matrix with a conventional Silicon 2.5% enhances the mechanical properties on separately cast test bars Y25, Y50, Y75 in terms of tensile and un-notched Charpy test. On Y50 and Y75 the tensile test results are above the minimum requirements of the lowest grade of ADI. Tensile and Impact properties are similar for the different thicknesses.
- 8. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 8 This graph shows how the IDI heat treatment on a fully ferritic matrix with a conventional Silicon 2% enhances the mechanical properties on a real casting, in terms of tensile and un-notched Charpy test. On the heaviest sections, the tensile test results are above the minimum requirements of the lowest grade of ADI for separately cast test bars. Also here, tensile and Impact properties are reasonably similar for the different thicknesses. At this Silicon level, Charpy Impact Energy slows down only at a small extent at low temperatures, similarly to ADI, but at a lower level.
- 9. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 9 Thirteen Brinell Hardness measurements, on different points in the cross section of a 72 kg real casting, show how IDI has the lower average hardness, compared with ADI and conventional Pearlitic castings. ADI shows the minimum range. Both the heat treated castings are significantly better than the as cast conventional pearlitic, regarding the hardness control. The half table on the left is based on thirteen results, while the right one is based on twelve, excluding one outlier for each material.
- 10. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 10 # Sentence 1 Casting in Ferritic Ductile Iron with NO Addition 2 Ferritic Ductile Iron is the most commonly available casting Commodity 3 Silicon content can be selected as most convenient for the Casting Shape and Working Temperature 4 Casting feeding can be optimized as for Technical and Economical Issues 5 Fettling and Primary Machining can be done at the minimum cost 6 Heat Treatment is required, as for ADI 7 After HT, Mechanical Properties are the best possible for a Ferritic – Pearlitic grade, Brinell Hardness is low, compared with the strength 8 Mechanical Properties and Hardness are reasonably similar in different wall thicknesses 9 Machining is easy and economical, compared with the strength 10 Differently from ADI, Wear Resistance is similar to that of other Pearlitic Ferritic grades and similar surface hardening could be necessary
- 11. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 11 ADI Ausferritic Ductile Iron Low Alloyed (as for max casting wall thickness) Ferritic Pearlitic Ductile Iron Intercritical or Upper Critical austenitizing and Quenching into a Salt Bath, crossing the Ausferritic nose
- 12. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 12 IDI Perferritic Ductile Iron (Interconnected Pearlite and Ferrite) As Cast Un-alloyed Ferritic Ductile Iron casting, also having Non-Uniform up to Relatively High Thickness Intercritical Austenitizing and Quenching into a Salt Bath, crossing the pearlitic nose
- 13. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 13 Perferritic Bull Eye Quenching into a salt bath, the perferritic transformation is done in minutes and not in hours, as it happens during cooling in the mold. The perferritic transformation transforms the austenite in pearlite in undercooling conditions. The Carbon mobility is low, hence the Bull Eye shape around the nodules is avoided, the Ferrite is interconnected and reinforced by the Pearlite lamellae. This enables the optimum mechanical properties, without increasing the Silicon content.
- 14. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 14 PRE WORK ITEM The gap existing between the international material standards and the commercial practice using non-conventional materials (High Silicon, SiBoDur, IDI) suggests as necessary and urgent to develop a new material standard for Ductile Irons having a minimum elongation at fracture of 5%. With the aim to avoid the long times typical of the international standards, we decided to prepare a new standard (in English) inside the Italian Steel and Iron standardization body. The standardization process will be based on a pre-work work item, ready to be published with open access at Springer. The new standard name will include the word “Ductile”, significant of the minimum elongation at fracture of 5%. The new standard will be structured in two separate parts: “Normative” regarding material classification and subjected to formal revisions. “Informative”, composed by tables with the data that will appear as necessary and/or important. The tables will be initially filled with the available data, coming with the past research and characterization activities. Then, in the frame of EIT Raw Materials activities and inside our Sinfonet Innovative Regional Network, new research and characterization activities will be planned, following market priorities. Free download at http://rdcu.be/ldL9
- 15. MQI Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 15 CLASSIFICATION SHALL BE BASED ON MATERIAL QUALITY INDEX MINIMUM STRENGTH MAX HARDNESS RANGE GRADE UNIFORMITY XDIs tensile properties for designation on separately cast Lynchburg 25 mm diameter or Y 25 mm test samples A tensile test result, UTS and Elongation, shall fall above on the right of a given Quality Line. Once this requirement have been fulfilled, the process control shall be based on the hardness measurements at given locations on the casting.
- 16. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 16 A MINIMUM Rm – Rp0.2 SHALL BE REQUIRED FOR EACH GRADE The graph shows the mimimum tensile properties in the Rp0.2 range 440 – 510 MPa Rm – Rp0.2 However, the MQI is not be sufficient, being necessary to control also the proof stress : for a given Rp0.2 required by the linear elastic design, at least a minimum plastic range (Rm – Rp0.2) shall be assured. This graph show how the previously mentioned materials, having similar proof stress Rp0.2 and similar MQI, show different plastic ranges. It is evident how the very high Silicon ferrritic 600-10 is affected by a short plastic range.
- 17. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 17 It describes the plastic flow curve shape by numerical indexes In the informative section, evidence will be given to the different plastic flow shape of the considered materials. IDI and ferritic pearlitic steels show a similar behavior, while ADI shows a continuous hardening. A numerical measurement will be proposed, hopefully enabling also a very easy control of the austenite stability in ADIs.
- 18. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe Your Logo 18 A model for high plastic deformations The continuous hardening behavior of ADI is an advantageous tool also when high strain rates and/or low temperatures are involved.
- 19. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 19 The most frequently needed design tool The main part of the “Informative” section will be dedicated to fatigue design in different conditions, including defects, blunt and sharp notches, gears tooth root, stress controlled and strain controlled. IDI showed to be a suitable material at low cycle fatigue, while ADI 1050 showed to be the most performing at high cycles.
- 20. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 20 KIC : from an expensive and difficult measurement to an easy and low cost Laboratory Tool Designers are also concerned on KIC and its relationships with the proof stress Rp0.2. Determination of KIC is expensive and difficult to be done in a number of instances. Figures appearing on literature are a few and coming from different approaches. For this, a couple of master thesis at Padova University, directed by prof. Giovanni Meneghetti, defined theoretically and experimentally a simple design notched cylindrical test probe and an appropriate procedure, suitable to estimate the fracture toughness of Ductile Irons. The procedure will be announced in 2017, however, we are ready to implement the approach at our laboratory.
- 21. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 21
- 22. Austempering, A Technology for Substitution ADI DAYS 2016 6th – 7th October Minerbe 22
Editor's Notes
- The Fiat grade Gh 65-48-05 has usually been regarded as a pearlitic grade, similar to ISO 800 – 2, with higher elongation. In the 90s, it has been redefined as Gh 75-45-05, maintaining the original definition for practical purchasing purposes. Gh 90 – 52 – 05 is normalized. All these grades are critical in current production processes, and compromises regarding elongation are common practice between producer and purchaser, especially when test probes taken from the casting are required. As far as we understand, +GF+ SiBoDur represents an evolution of the Fiat concept: increasing the Silicon content, a larger amount of reinforced Ferrite is permitted for a given strength level, promoting elongation IDI is a Zanardi patented material, obtained by salt bath heat treatment of a conventional ferritic ductile iron casting. GJS/600-10 is the fully ferritic grade with very high Silicon content.
- The Fiat grade Gh 65-48-05 has usually been regarded as a pearlitic grade, similar to ISO 800 – 2, with higher elongation. In the 90s, it has been redefined as Gh 75-45-05, maintaining the original definition for practical purchasing purposes. Gh 90 – 52 – 05 is normalized. All these grades are critical in current production processes, and compromises regarding elongation are common practice between producer and purchaser, especially when test probes taken from the casting are required. As far as we understand, +GF+ SiBoDur represents an evolution of the Fiat concept: increasing the Silicon content, a larger amount of reinforced Ferrite is permitted for a given strength level, promoting elongation IDI is a Zanardi patented material, obtained by salt bath heat treatment of a conventional ferritic ductile iron casting. GJS/600-10 is the fully ferritic grade with very high Silicon content.
- This map shows two different approaches: On the left, the one based on conventional Silicon content, selected following the casting needs as: impact, nucleation, casting feeding, graphite shape. On the right, Silicon is selected for Mechanical Properties, by Solution Strengthening the Ferrite: for a given yield, a larger amount of ferrite is possible, which permits the required elongation. In case of Very High Silicon content, a fully ferritic matrix is obtained. Processes leaded by Zanardi Fonderie (IDI and ADI) are based on salt bath quenching heat treatment to achieve the required mechanical properties. This processes are more expensive, because of the heat treatment, however they offer the best possible design freedom. The Very High Silicon Ferritic Grade 600 – 10 works in a narrow process window, with the risk of porosities in hot spots or chunky graphite in wall thicknesses higher than 60 mm. Despite of the apparent low production cost, this material is not a Commodity : it requires a very skilled foundry, a very good cooperation between designer and foundry since the early stage of the design, and (as far as we suppose) it is limited to relativity uniform casting wall thicknesses. SiBoDur grades are affected to minor limitations, because the matrix is composed by pearlite and moderately Silicon solution strengthened ferrite. However, (as far as we suppose) the claimed mechanical properties require, also in this case, a uniform wall thickness (bionic design, as it is called by +GF+)
- This map shows two different approaches: On the left, the one based on conventional Silicon content, selected following the casting needs as: impact, nucleation, casting feeding, graphite shape. On the right, Silicon is selected for Mechanical Properties, by Solution Strengthening the Ferrite: for a given yield, a larger amount of ferrite is possible, which permits the required elongation. In case of Very High Silicon content, a fully ferritic matrix is obtained. Processes leaded by Zanardi Fonderie (IDI and ADI) are based on salt bath quenching heat treatment to achieve the required mechanical properties. This processes are more expensive, because of the heat treatment, however they offer the best possible design freedom. The Very High Silicon Ferritic Grade 600 – 10 works in a narrow process window, with the risk of porosities in hot spots or chunky graphite in wall thicknesses higher than 60 mm. Despite of the apparent low production cost, this material is not a Commodity : it requires a very skilled foundry, a very good cooperation between designer and foundry since the early stage of the design, and (as far as we suppose) it is limited to relativity uniform casting wall thicknesses. SiBoDur grades are affected to minor limitations, because the matrix is composed by pearlite and moderately Silicon solution strengthened ferrite. However, (as far as we suppose) the claimed mechanical properties require, also in this case, a uniform wall thickness (bionic design, as it is called by +GF+)
- This graph shows how the IDI heat treatment on a fully ferritic matrix with a conventional Silicon 2.5% enhances the mechanical properties on separately cast test bars Y25, Y50, Y75 in terms of tensile and un-notched Charpy test. On Y50 and Y75 the tensile test results are above the minimum requirements of the lowest grade of ADI. Tensile and Impact properties are similar for the different thicknesses.
- This graph shows how the IDI heat treatment on a fully ferritic matrix with a conventional Silicon 2% enhances the mechanical properties on a real casting, in terms of tensile and un-notched Charpy test. On the heaviest sections, the tensile test results are above the minimum requirements of the lowest grade of ADI for separately cast test bars. Also here, tensile and Impact properties are reasonably similar for the different thicknesses. At this Silicon level, Charpy Impact Energy slows down only at a small extent at low temperatures, similarly to ADI, but at a lower level.
- Thirteen Brinell Hardness measurements, on different points in the cross section of a 72 kg real casting, show how IDI has the lower average hardness, compared with ADI and conventional Pearlitic castings. ADI shows the minimum range. Both the heat treated castings are significantly better than the as cast conventional pearlitic, regarding the hardness control. The half table on the left is based on thirteen results, while the right one is based on twelve, excluding one outlier fort each material.
- Quenching into a salt bath, the perferritic transformation is done in minutes and not in hours, as it happens during cooling in the mold. The perferritic transformation transforms the austenite in pearlite in undercooling conditions. The Carbon mobility is low, hence the Bull Eye shape around the nodules is avoided, the Ferrite is interconnected and reinforced by the Pearlite lamellae. This enables the optimum mechanical properties, without increasing the Silicon content.
- The gap existing between the international material standards and the commercial practice using non-conventional materials (High Silicon, SiBoDur, IDI) suggests as necessary and urgent to develop a new material standard for Ductile Irons having a minimum elongation at fracture of 5%. With the aim to avoid the long times typical of the international standards, we decided to prepare a new standard (in English) inside the Italian Steel and Iron standardization body. The standardization process will be based on the pre-work work item in your hands, ready to be published with open access at Springer. The WG will be open to any interested part as “observer”. The new standard name will include the word “Ductile”, significant of the minimum elongation at fracture of 5%. The new standard will be structured in two separate parts: “Normative” regarding material classification and subjected to formal revisions. “Informative”, composed by tables with the data that you, our Customers and Designers, will indicate as necessary and/or important. The tables will be initially filled with the available data, coming with the past research and characterization activities. Then, in the frame of EIT Raw Materials activities and inside our Sinfonet Innovative Regional Network, new research and characterization activities will be planned, following your priorities. A comprehensive book dedicated to casting design with the new generation Ductile Iron materials will also be asked.
- A tensile test result, UTS and Elongation, shall fall above on the right of a given Quality Line. Once this requirement have been fulfilled, the process control shall be based on the hardness measurements at a given location on the casting.
- However, the MQI will not be sufficient, being necessary to control also the proof stress (Rp0.2) : for a given Rp0.2 required by the linear elastic design, at least a given plastic range UTS – Yield shall be controlled. This graph show how, the previously mentioned materials, having similar proof stress Rp0.2 and similar MQI, show different plastic ranges. It is evident how the very high Silicon ferrritic 600-10 is affected by a short plastic range.
- In the informative section, evidence will be given to the different plastic flow shape of the considered materials. IDI and ferritic pearlitic steels show a similar behavior, while ADI shows a continuous hardening. A numerical measurement will be proposed, hopefully enabling also a very easy control of the austenite stability in ADIs.
- The continuous hardening behavior of ADI is an advantageous tool also when high strain rates and/or low temperatures are involved.
- The main part of the “Informative” section will be dedicated to fatigue design in different conditions, including defects, blunt and sharp notches, gears tooth root, stress controlled and strain controlled. IDI showed to be a suitable material at low cycle fatigue, while ADI 1050 showed to be the most performing at high cycles.
- Designers are also concerned on KIC and its relationships with the proof stress Rp0.2. Determination of KIC is expensive and difficult to be done in a number of instances. Figures appearing on literature are a few and coming from different approaches. For this, a couple of master thesis at Padova University, directed by prof. Giovanni Meneghetti, defined theoretically and experimentally a simple design notched cylindrical test probe and an appropriate procedure, suitable to estimate the fracture toughness of Ductile Irons. The procedure will be announced in 2017, however, we are ready to implement the approach at our laboratory.