Adeno-associated vector
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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, non-enveloped virus that was first discovered in 1965 as a contaminant in adenovirus isolates. It requires a helper virus like adenovirus or herpes virus to productively infect cells. AAV has a life cycle with both lytic and lysogenic phases - in the presence of a helper virus it undergoes lytic replication and production of new virions, while in the absence of helper virus it can integrate into the host genome and remain latent. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors are used in gene therapy, containing a transgene in place of the viral genes, with only the inverted terminal repeats remaining to function in
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Retroviral Vectors
Retroviral vectors are derived from wild type retroviruses like Moloney murine leukemia virus. They are engineered to carry foreign genes into target cells. The vectors contain cis-acting elements from the viral genome like LTRs and packaging signals but lack the trans-acting genes gag, pol, and env. This prevents replication but allows the vector and its gene of interest to integrate stably into the host cell genome. Retroviral vectors show promise for gene therapy applications but also have limitations like requiring actively dividing cells for transduction and potential risks of insertional mutagenesis leading to cancer.
Adenovirus as an animal vector
Viruses can be used to deliver genetic material into target cells. Viruses are composed of genetic material encapsulated in a protein coat. They inject their DNA into target cells, and the viral DNA can be altered to contain a gene of interest. This allows the gene of interest to be delivered into the target cell without producing new viral particles. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. They are used as vectors for gene delivery by deleting early genes and adding the gene of interest.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
Animal viral vector
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Expression vectors
The document discusses different expression vectors and systems used for recombinant protein expression. It describes key elements required for an expression vector including an origin of replication, selective marker, promoter, multiple cloning site, and terminator. It provides details on commonly used expression systems in E. coli such as the lac, tac, lambda PL, and T7 promoters. It also summarizes protein expression in yeast using the galactose-inducible GAL promoter system.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
Phage display and its applications
This document discusses bacteriophages and their use in phage display. Specifically, it notes that bacteriophages infect bacterial cells and use them to replicate viruses. It then explains that phage display involves fusing foreign genes or proteins to the surface of phages, creating libraries of phages that each display a single protein. These libraries can be exposed to targets, and phages that interact are selected and amplified through multiple rounds. The document outlines several applications of proteins isolated through phage display, such as epitope mapping, drug discovery, and developing new vaccines or treatments that have a specific interaction with a target antigen, protein, or disease.
Recommended
Retroviral Vectors
Retroviral vectors are derived from wild type retroviruses like Moloney murine leukemia virus. They are engineered to carry foreign genes into target cells. The vectors contain cis-acting elements from the viral genome like LTRs and packaging signals but lack the trans-acting genes gag, pol, and env. This prevents replication but allows the vector and its gene of interest to integrate stably into the host cell genome. Retroviral vectors show promise for gene therapy applications but also have limitations like requiring actively dividing cells for transduction and potential risks of insertional mutagenesis leading to cancer.
Adenovirus as an animal vector
Viruses can be used to deliver genetic material into target cells. Viruses are composed of genetic material encapsulated in a protein coat. They inject their DNA into target cells, and the viral DNA can be altered to contain a gene of interest. This allows the gene of interest to be delivered into the target cell without producing new viral particles. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. They are used as vectors for gene delivery by deleting early genes and adding the gene of interest.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
Animal viral vector
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Expression vectors
The document discusses different expression vectors and systems used for recombinant protein expression. It describes key elements required for an expression vector including an origin of replication, selective marker, promoter, multiple cloning site, and terminator. It provides details on commonly used expression systems in E. coli such as the lac, tac, lambda PL, and T7 promoters. It also summarizes protein expression in yeast using the galactose-inducible GAL promoter system.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
Phage display and its applications
This document discusses bacteriophages and their use in phage display. Specifically, it notes that bacteriophages infect bacterial cells and use them to replicate viruses. It then explains that phage display involves fusing foreign genes or proteins to the surface of phages, creating libraries of phages that each display a single protein. These libraries can be exposed to targets, and phages that interact are selected and amplified through multiple rounds. The document outlines several applications of proteins isolated through phage display, such as epitope mapping, drug discovery, and developing new vaccines or treatments that have a specific interaction with a target antigen, protein, or disease.
Exprssion vector
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Phagemid vector
This document discusses the phagemid vector pBluescript, which can be used in either the positive or negative orientation. pBluescript is a phagemid vector that can be used to clone DNA fragments for sequencing, mutagenesis, protein expression or other molecular biology experiments. References for further information about pBluescript are provided.
Transfection
The document discusses various methods of transfection in animals. Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It describes viral transfection using bacteria like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and viruses. Non-viral methods include chemical transfection using calcium phosphate, liposomes, polyamines. Mechanical transfection employs microinjection or particle bombardment. Common chemical methods are calcium phosphate precipitation, polyplexes, and liposomes/lipoplexes. Viruses used are retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses. Bacterial and viral vectors allow for integration into the host genome while chemical and mechanical are often transient.
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
Shuttle vectors are constructed so that they can propagate in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They contain two origins of replication - one for each host cell type. YEp13 is an example of a shuttle vector that can replicate in yeast (eukaryotic) and E. coli (prokaryotic) cells. It contains sequences from the 2 micron yeast plasmid, including the LEU2 gene as a selectable marker, as well as sequences from the pBR322 plasmid which allow replication in E. coli. Shuttle vectors allow initial cloning experiments and selection to be done in E. coli before introducing the recombinant DNA into yeast cells.
Viral vector
This document discusses viral vectors, which are tools used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. It describes how viruses are efficient at transferring their DNA into host cells and can be modified to insert exogenous genes. The document outlines some key properties of viral vectors like safety through deletion of viral replication genes. It then describes some common viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, lentivirus, and retrovirus. Finally, it discusses some applications of viral vectors like gene therapy and using viruses expressing pathogen proteins as vaccines.
Viruses as vector, binary, shuttle vector
This document discusses different types of vectors that can be used for genetic engineering, including animal viruses, plant viruses, retroviruses, shuttle vectors, and binary vectors. It provides details on the structure and use of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a plant viral vector, describing how foreign genes can be stably replicated and spread systemically in plants using this system. It also summarizes key features of yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), retroviral vectors based on murine leukemia virus, and the binary vector system used for plant transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
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Baculovirus expression vector system
This document summarizes the baculovirus expression system. Baculoviruses can be used as expression vectors by replacing a non-essential viral gene with a gene of interest. The recombinant baculovirus is produced through homologous recombination or using the Bac-to-Bac system. Insect cells are infected with the recombinant baculovirus, which drives high-level expression of the foreign gene. The baculovirus expression system allows safe, scalable production of recombinant proteins for research applications.
Adenoviral vector
Adenoviral vectors are modified adenoviruses that can deliver genetic material into host cells. Adenoviruses are medium-sized, non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA. They can efficiently transfer DNA/RNA into cells and have been used to construct viral vectors. Wild type adenoviruses are modified by deleting non-essential genes and adding exogenous genetic material to create viral vectors. Three generations of adenoviral vectors have been developed for gene therapy, with later generations having improved safety profiles and ability to carry larger DNA payloads.
GENE TRANSFER METHODS IN ANIMALS
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
blue white selection
Gene cloning involves isolating a particular gene or DNA fragment of interest from an organism's total DNA and producing many copies of just that fragment. There are several reasons for cloning DNA, such as determining a gene's nucleotide sequence, identifying control sequences, investigating protein/enzyme function, and engineering organisms for specific purposes like insulin production. Common tools used in cloning include restriction enzymes, ligase, vectors like plasmids and bacteriophages, and host cells. DNA is cut with restriction enzymes, ligated into a vector, and introduced into host cells to replicate the exogenous DNA fragment.
liposome mediated gene delivery
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Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
Reporter genes
1) Reporter genes produce a detectable phenotype that allows transformed cells to be easily identified and selected. They are useful tools for studying gene expression.
2) Common reporter genes include GFP and luciferase, which produce fluorescent and luminescent proteins, respectively, that can be quantified.
3) Selectable marker genes, like antibiotic resistance genes, allow transformed cells to survive selective conditions that kill untransformed cells. This enables isolation of transformed cells.
Microinjection
a proper description about the process microinjection and also about gene transfer. and different types of DNA delivery methods.
with advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications.
Virus resistant transgenic plants
Viral infections in plants can be controlled through several strategies including using certified seed/plants, controlling weeds that harbor viruses, and insecticide use since most viruses are vector-borne. Transgenic virus resistance involves expressing viral genes including coat proteins, replicases, movement proteins, or antisense RNA to interfere with viral replication or movement. The papaya industry was saved through a transgenic papaya resistant to papaya ringspot virus. While virus resistance holds promise, risks like recombination or heterologous encapsidation must be monitored.
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Method of gene transfer
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
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dna and rna Viruses
Viruses are biological agents that reproduce inside host cells. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses come in various shapes and sizes, and there are over 2,000 known virus species that can infect humans and cause diseases like influenza, hepatitis C, and SARS. Viruses have a life cycle where they attach and penetrate a host cell, use the cell to replicate their genetic material and proteins, assemble new virus particles, and are released to infect new cells. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material and structure. Important human virus families include those with RNA genomes like influenza virus and those with DNA genomes like adenovirus.
Medical Virology: by ORIBA DAN LANGOYA
Viruses are complexes consisting of protein and an RNA or DNA genome that lack cellular structure and independent metabolism. They replicate solely by exploiting living cells based on the information in their genome. Viruses come in a variety of sizes and structures, and can have DNA or RNA genomes. They reproduce by first binding to and entering a host cell, then exploiting the cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble new virus particles, which then burst out to infect other cells. Viruses are classified based on properties like their genome, capsid symmetry, presence of an envelope, and more. While they cannot be treated with antibiotics, some antiviral drugs can inhibit specific stages of the viral replication process.
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This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
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This document discusses the phagemid vector pBluescript, which can be used in either the positive or negative orientation. pBluescript is a phagemid vector that can be used to clone DNA fragments for sequencing, mutagenesis, protein expression or other molecular biology experiments. References for further information about pBluescript are provided.
Transfection
The document discusses various methods of transfection in animals. Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It describes viral transfection using bacteria like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and viruses. Non-viral methods include chemical transfection using calcium phosphate, liposomes, polyamines. Mechanical transfection employs microinjection or particle bombardment. Common chemical methods are calcium phosphate precipitation, polyplexes, and liposomes/lipoplexes. Viruses used are retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses. Bacterial and viral vectors allow for integration into the host genome while chemical and mechanical are often transient.
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
Shuttle vectors are constructed so that they can propagate in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They contain two origins of replication - one for each host cell type. YEp13 is an example of a shuttle vector that can replicate in yeast (eukaryotic) and E. coli (prokaryotic) cells. It contains sequences from the 2 micron yeast plasmid, including the LEU2 gene as a selectable marker, as well as sequences from the pBR322 plasmid which allow replication in E. coli. Shuttle vectors allow initial cloning experiments and selection to be done in E. coli before introducing the recombinant DNA into yeast cells.
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This document discusses viral vectors, which are tools used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. It describes how viruses are efficient at transferring their DNA into host cells and can be modified to insert exogenous genes. The document outlines some key properties of viral vectors like safety through deletion of viral replication genes. It then describes some common viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, lentivirus, and retrovirus. Finally, it discusses some applications of viral vectors like gene therapy and using viruses expressing pathogen proteins as vaccines.
Viruses as vector, binary, shuttle vector
This document discusses different types of vectors that can be used for genetic engineering, including animal viruses, plant viruses, retroviruses, shuttle vectors, and binary vectors. It provides details on the structure and use of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a plant viral vector, describing how foreign genes can be stably replicated and spread systemically in plants using this system. It also summarizes key features of yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), retroviral vectors based on murine leukemia virus, and the binary vector system used for plant transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
bacterial artificial chromosome & yeast artificial chromosome
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Viral vectors in virology
definition,converting a virus into a vector,main types og viral vectors,principle of retroviral gene transfer,
Baculovirus expression vector system
This document summarizes the baculovirus expression system. Baculoviruses can be used as expression vectors by replacing a non-essential viral gene with a gene of interest. The recombinant baculovirus is produced through homologous recombination or using the Bac-to-Bac system. Insect cells are infected with the recombinant baculovirus, which drives high-level expression of the foreign gene. The baculovirus expression system allows safe, scalable production of recombinant proteins for research applications.
Adenoviral vector
Adenoviral vectors are modified adenoviruses that can deliver genetic material into host cells. Adenoviruses are medium-sized, non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA. They can efficiently transfer DNA/RNA into cells and have been used to construct viral vectors. Wild type adenoviruses are modified by deleting non-essential genes and adding exogenous genetic material to create viral vectors. Three generations of adenoviral vectors have been developed for gene therapy, with later generations having improved safety profiles and ability to carry larger DNA payloads.
GENE TRANSFER METHODS IN ANIMALS
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
blue white selection
Gene cloning involves isolating a particular gene or DNA fragment of interest from an organism's total DNA and producing many copies of just that fragment. There are several reasons for cloning DNA, such as determining a gene's nucleotide sequence, identifying control sequences, investigating protein/enzyme function, and engineering organisms for specific purposes like insulin production. Common tools used in cloning include restriction enzymes, ligase, vectors like plasmids and bacteriophages, and host cells. DNA is cut with restriction enzymes, ligated into a vector, and introduced into host cells to replicate the exogenous DNA fragment.
liposome mediated gene delivery
liposome mediated gene delivery is the way of transfering gene into the liposome to mediate gene into the cell and perform its desired function.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
Reporter genes
1) Reporter genes produce a detectable phenotype that allows transformed cells to be easily identified and selected. They are useful tools for studying gene expression.
2) Common reporter genes include GFP and luciferase, which produce fluorescent and luminescent proteins, respectively, that can be quantified.
3) Selectable marker genes, like antibiotic resistance genes, allow transformed cells to survive selective conditions that kill untransformed cells. This enables isolation of transformed cells.
Microinjection
a proper description about the process microinjection and also about gene transfer. and different types of DNA delivery methods.
with advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications.
Virus resistant transgenic plants
Viral infections in plants can be controlled through several strategies including using certified seed/plants, controlling weeds that harbor viruses, and insecticide use since most viruses are vector-borne. Transgenic virus resistance involves expressing viral genes including coat proteins, replicases, movement proteins, or antisense RNA to interfere with viral replication or movement. The papaya industry was saved through a transgenic papaya resistant to papaya ringspot virus. While virus resistance holds promise, risks like recombination or heterologous encapsidation must be monitored.
Linker, Adaptor, Homopolymeric Tailing & Terminal Transferase
A brief idea about the problems and solutions in cloning regarding Linker, Adaptor, Homopolymeric Tailing & Terminal Transferase enzyme.
Method of gene transfer
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
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Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
bacterial artificial chromosome & yeast artificial chromosome
bacterial artificial chromosome & yeast artificial chromosome
Linker, Adaptor, Homopolymeric Tailing & Terminal Transferase
Linker, Adaptor, Homopolymeric Tailing & Terminal Transferase
Similar to Adeno-associated vector
dna and rna Viruses
Viruses are biological agents that reproduce inside host cells. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses come in various shapes and sizes, and there are over 2,000 known virus species that can infect humans and cause diseases like influenza, hepatitis C, and SARS. Viruses have a life cycle where they attach and penetrate a host cell, use the cell to replicate their genetic material and proteins, assemble new virus particles, and are released to infect new cells. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material and structure. Important human virus families include those with RNA genomes like influenza virus and those with DNA genomes like adenovirus.
Medical Virology: by ORIBA DAN LANGOYA
Viruses are complexes consisting of protein and an RNA or DNA genome that lack cellular structure and independent metabolism. They replicate solely by exploiting living cells based on the information in their genome. Viruses come in a variety of sizes and structures, and can have DNA or RNA genomes. They reproduce by first binding to and entering a host cell, then exploiting the cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble new virus particles, which then burst out to infect other cells. Viruses are classified based on properties like their genome, capsid symmetry, presence of an envelope, and more. While they cannot be treated with antibiotics, some antiviral drugs can inhibit specific stages of the viral replication process.
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
plant biotechnology, biotechnological tools, indirect gene transfer, vector mediated gene transfer, viral vector, DNA viral vector and RNA vector
Ques-7Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonuc.pdf
Ques-7:
Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic
material, and they reproduce in the host cells. Bacteriophage is a type of virus that can infect
bacteria and inject its genome into the host, the bacteria then produces dozens of viral lineages.
Retrovirus such as HIV (human immune deficiency virus) reproduces in a different way, as they
contain reverse transcriptase enzyme. In this, a complementary DNA is transcribed from the
RNA genome, and it is called as DNA provirus.
The rate of evolution in RNA-based viruses (microcosm), like HIV-1 has million times higher
mutation rate when compared to that of DNA-based organisms (bacteria humans etc). It can
rapidly changes its genome components under biological conditions to acquire adaptations for
survival (resistance against drugs, immune components) in the biological host cell medium
compared to the DNA based organisms in which lower rate of evolutionary adaptations were
observed. This property of high genomic mutation rate in HIV-1 retrovirus is due to the
following mechanisms.
Viral genome transcribe via reverse transcription finally proved HIV-1 mRNA (after splicing)
with Rev 350 nucleotide sequences. These Rev produced once the viral mRNA transferred to the
cytoplasm from the nucleus for translation. Virulence is the factor of causing extensive damage
to the host cell and infecting new host cell in which pathogen is going to undergo extensive rate
of reproduction & phase variation along with genome modification to defend host immune
system. This is the main basis of evolution and an example ahs described below.
Several mutated viral lineages are produced due to the nucleotide integration into the host cells
& change their genome finally code for the enzymatic proteins such as reverse transcriptase,
ribonuclease, and integrase in order to promote severe multiplication of integrated host genome
with viral protein predominanlty result in several lineages (multiple capies of virions).
For example: Viral evolution mechanism with new genome & producetion of several viral
lineages
1. After viral particle entry, viral genome integrates into the host cell genome and replicate
followed by expression. Later the novel synthesized viral proteins are going to be transported to
specific sites for assembly into progeny virus thereby-----> more assembly/progeny
2. Even though viral assembly is going to takes place in the host cell plasma membrane, but a
variety of viral genomes initiate assembly in intracellular organelles or nucleus predominantly.
Thereby further particle/plaque forming units associate with exocytosis of the viral and host cell
integrated genome after lysis. Finally again mature viral lineages are going to target new cells.
Reverse transcriptase induced complementary DNA synthesis followed by mRNA synthesis for
viral protein -coding repoitre. This enzyme enables to produce more viral genome particle by
integrating into the host cell followed by vir.
вирус.ppt
Viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and rely on host cells to replicate. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Viruses infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and differ from other organisms in their structure, biology, and reproduction. Viruses are classified into groups based on their structure and method of replication, with the Baltimore system categorizing viruses into 7 groups depending on their nucleic acid and method of replication.
virus multipication strategies.pdf
1. The viral replication cycle consists of 7 stages: attachment, entry, uncoating, transcription/mRNA production, synthesis of viral components, virion assembly, and release.
2. Viruses hijack the host cell's machinery and resources to produce copies of their genetic material and viral proteins. Most steps occur either in the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus depending on whether the virus contains DNA or RNA.
3. Viruses are classified into 7 categories based on their genome type (DNA or RNA) and replication strategy, such as forming a DNA intermediate or using reverse transcriptase. The classification system provides insight into the diverse mechanisms viruses use to replicate.
virus multipication diagram.pdf
1. The viral replication cycle consists of 7 stages: attachment, entry, uncoating, transcription/mRNA production, synthesis of viral components, virion assembly, and release.
2. Viruses hijack the host cell's machinery and resources to produce copies of their genetic material and viral proteins. Most steps occur either in the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus depending on whether the virus contains DNA or RNA.
3. Viruses are classified into 7 categories based on their genome type (DNA or RNA) and replication strategy, such as forming a DNA intermediate or using reverse transcriptase. The classification system provides insight into the diverse mechanisms viruses use to replicate.
General properties of viruses
Virology is the study of viruses and their relationship with hosts. Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They have nucleic acid genomes and use host cell machinery to assemble new viral particles. Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and some have envelopes derived from host cell membranes. They enter host cells, express their genes, replicate their genomes, assemble new viral particles, and exit host cells to infect new targets. Viruses are cultivated using various methods including cell cultures, embryonated eggs, and animal models to study viral replication and pathogenesis.
Pathogenicity control of plant viruses
Viruses infect plants through wounds or insect vectors and use host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce proteins. They move between cells via plasmodesmata or transport streams. Pathogenesis involves implantation, local replication, spread to target organs, and shedding from the plant. Strategies to control plant viruses include eliminating sources and infected plants, controlling vectors, breeding resistance, and using cross-protection methods like satellite RNAs or transgenic expression of antiviral genes. RNA interference is now a primary tool for inducing virus resistance by degrading viral genomes.
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
This document discusses the molecular features of two virus families. Herpesviridae viruses have a DNA genome, undergo nuclear replication, and can integrate into the host cell's genome. Poxviridae viruses have a large, complex structure, a DNA genome, undergo nuclear replication, and have an envelope surrounding the virion. They also have a core wall surrounding the viral genome.
Replication-of-Virus.pdf
Viruses replicate inside host cells using the cell's machinery. There are three phases to viral replication: initiation, replication of the viral genome, and assembly/release. Initiation involves attachment and penetration of the host cell. Replication varies depending on whether the virus has DNA or RNA as its genome. RNA viruses must first transcribe their genome into mRNA before it can be translated. DNA viruses can use the host's transcription machinery directly. Assembly involves packaging of new viral particles, which are then released to infect new host cells.
Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
Dna replication in virus ppt
Viruses replicate inside host cells by first attaching to and entering the cell. They then release their genome and use the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components. The virus assembles inside the cell and is released, either through cell lysis or budding, to infect new host cells. Key steps in the viral replication cycle include attachment, entry, genome release, replication, assembly, and exit from the host cell.
Ebola Virus
The document provides information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola virus disease first appeared in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire. It belongs to the filovirus family and species Zaire ebolavirus which caused the 2014 West African outbreak. The virus infects and kills its host efficiently by attacking the lymph nodes and bloodstream. While there is no proven cure, several vaccine candidates and antiviral treatments are being studied.
Morphology of virus
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors, then undergo a replication process involving uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of new virions. Their structure can be enveloped or nonenveloped, with capsids that have different symmetries and surface proteins important for infection.
Vector vacccine
This document presents information on vector vaccines. It defines vector vaccines as using live, attenuated microorganisms like viruses or bacteria that have been genetically modified to express antigens from pathogenic organisms. This allows the vector to act as an antigen delivery system, stimulating an immune response against the pathogen. Common viral vectors discussed are vaccinia virus and adenovirus, while bacterial vectors include attenuated Salmonella. The document outlines the process of producing a vaccinia vector vaccine and discusses advantages like strong immunogenicity and ability to induce different types of immune responses. However, it also notes disadvantages such as high production costs and safety concerns in immunocompromised individuals.
Virus classification by Kainat Ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the
structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex
poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical
composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Virus classification by kainat ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Retroviruses Compressed
Retroviruses can be used as tools in cell biology. They contain an RNA genome and reverse transcriptase enzyme, which allows them to insert their DNA into the host cell genome. Their life cycle involves reverse transcribing their RNA into DNA within the cell. This proviral DNA may then remain latent or produce new viral particles. Retroviral vectors can be engineered to express genes of interest by removing viral genes and adding the gene of interest, allowing them to integrate and persist long-term in infected cells. These vectors have been used to label and study tumor cells, brain development, and the effects of gene expression.
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Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
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For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
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Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus
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Adeno-associated vector
- 1. Adeno –associated Virus BY A.MANOJ KUMAR
- 2. Adeno-associated virus • It was first discovered as a contaminant in an adenoviral isolate in 1965. • It is a small, non-enveloped virus packaging a linear single stranded DNA belonging to Parvovirus family. • It is naturally replication defective thus requiring a helper virus (usually adenovirus or herpes virus) for productive infection. • In human cells, the provirus integrates predominantly into a 4-kb region (AAVS1) on chromosome19. Subsequent infection by adenovirus or herpes virus can ‘rescue’ the provirus and induce lytic infection.
- 4. AAV life cycle • AAV life cycle comprises two phases-lytic and lysogeny. • In the presence of helper virus, AAV undergoes lytic phase comprising genome replication, expression of viral genes and production of virions . • In the absence of helper virus, it undergoes lysogenic phase and integrates into the host cell’s genome as a latent provirus. This latent genome undergoes replication by subsequent infection with helper virus. • Both the stages of life cycle of AAV are controlled by complex interactions between the AAV genome and helper virus, AAV and host proteins.
- 5. Adeno-associated viral genome The AAV genome is small (about 5 kb) and comprises a central region containing rep (replicase) and cap (capsid) genes flanked by 145 base inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). The rep gene is involved in viral replication and integration whereas cap gene encodes viral capsid proteins. ITRs are required for replication, transcription, proviral integration and rescue.
- 6. In earlier AAV vectors, foreign DNA replaced the cap region and was expressed under the control of an endogenous AAV promoter. The transgene expression was inefficient using heterologous promoters due to inhibition of their activity by Rep protein. Rep interference with endogenous promoters resulted in cytotoxic effects of the virus. To overcome the above limitations, such vectors in which both genes were deleted and the transgene was expressed from either an endogenous or a heterologous promoter, were developed. In vitro manipulation of AAV is facilitated by cloning the inverted terminal repeats in a plasmid vector and inserting the transgene between them. Transfection of this construct into cells along with a helper plasmid produced recombinant viral particles.
- 7. AAV Genome, Vector genome and Packaging coil.
- 8. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) is used as an expression cassette containing a reporter or candidate gene of interest. The foreign gene replaces all of the viral genes present in a wild type virus. Only the inverted terminal repeats are left to function as the essential replication/packaging signal.
- 9. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) is used as an expression cassette containing a reporter or candidate gene of interest. The foreign gene replaces all of the viral genes present in a wild type virus. Only the inverted terminal repeats are left to function as the essential replication/packaging signal.
- 10. Advantages • Stable and have a wide host range • Lack of initiating an immune response • The dependence of AAV on a heterologous helper virus provides higher control over vector replication, making AAV vectors safer for use in gene therapy • Potential of targeted/site-specific integration • Non-pathogenic Disadvantages • AAV uses concatemeric replication intermediates • They must be closely screened as they are often contaminated with adenovirus or Herpes Virus. • Insert size is limited (4Kb) • Difficult generation of high virus titres
- 11. THANK YOU...