it is a analog to digital convertor using single slope technique.
it is a 4 bit ADC.
here i have tried to simulate the 4 bit ADC using single slope technique.
here i have used MULTISIM software for simulation.
The document presents information on digital to analog conversion (DAC). It discusses the basic concept of DAC, where a digital input is converted to a proportional analog output. It then describes two common types of DAC - the weighted resistor DAC and R-2R ladder DAC. Applications of DACs are also highlighted, such as in digital audio, function generators, and motor controllers. The document provides details on the circuit design and output calculation for both weighted resistor and R-2R ladder DACs. It concludes that the R-2R ladder DAC only requires two resistor values but has slower conversion than the weighted resistor DAC.
This presentation provides an overview of digital signal processing (DSP). It defines key terms like signal and signal processing and explains the basic principles and components of DSP systems. The presentation notes that DSP has advantages over analog processing like accuracy, flexibility, and ease of operation. It provides examples of DSP applications in areas like audio, communications, biomedicine, and more. In conclusion, the presentation emphasizes that DSP involves manipulating digital numbers using programmed instructions and is widely used in modern applications.
This document discusses various methods for measuring electrical quantities like voltage, current and resistance. It begins by describing potentiometers and their use in DC voltage measurements. It then discusses different types of bridges including Wheatstone, Kelvin and Maxwell bridges which are used to measure resistances and impedances. The document also covers topics like electrostatic and electromagnetic interference, grounding techniques and references.
The document introduces different types of current sensors produced by Honeywell, including digital/inductive, closed loop, and open loop current sensors. Digital/inductive current sensors use feedback control and provide accurate outputs proportional to measured current. Closed loop sensors provide a digital output indicating when sensed current exceeds a threshold, while open loop sensors output a value proportional to current without feedback. The document provides details on specific sensor models and their applications.
The Kelvin bridge is a modification of the Wheatstone bridge that allows for more accurate measurement of low resistances below 1 ohm. It addresses errors that occur in Wheatstone bridge measurements of low resistances due to the resistance of connecting leads. The Kelvin bridge divides the lead resistance in half by connecting the galvanometer between the leads rather than at the resistance being measured. The Kelvin double bridge further improves accuracy by using two sets of ratio arms to effectively cancel out any remaining lead resistance effects.
This document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It explains that an analog signal is continuous while a digital signal is discrete. An ADC converts an analog signal to a digital signal using two main steps: 1) quantization which breaks down the analog value into discrete states and 2) encoding which assigns a binary number to each state. There are three main types of ADCs: flash ADCs which are very fast but expensive; dual slope ADCs which are slower but cheaper; and successive approximation ADCs which provide a balance between speed and cost. The document provides details on how each type of ADC works.
The document presents information on digital to analog conversion (DAC). It discusses the basic concept of DAC, where a digital input is converted to a proportional analog output. It then describes two common types of DAC - the weighted resistor DAC and R-2R ladder DAC. Applications of DACs are also highlighted, such as in digital audio, function generators, and motor controllers. The document provides details on the circuit design and output calculation for both weighted resistor and R-2R ladder DACs. It concludes that the R-2R ladder DAC only requires two resistor values but has slower conversion than the weighted resistor DAC.
This presentation provides an overview of digital signal processing (DSP). It defines key terms like signal and signal processing and explains the basic principles and components of DSP systems. The presentation notes that DSP has advantages over analog processing like accuracy, flexibility, and ease of operation. It provides examples of DSP applications in areas like audio, communications, biomedicine, and more. In conclusion, the presentation emphasizes that DSP involves manipulating digital numbers using programmed instructions and is widely used in modern applications.
This document discusses various methods for measuring electrical quantities like voltage, current and resistance. It begins by describing potentiometers and their use in DC voltage measurements. It then discusses different types of bridges including Wheatstone, Kelvin and Maxwell bridges which are used to measure resistances and impedances. The document also covers topics like electrostatic and electromagnetic interference, grounding techniques and references.
The document introduces different types of current sensors produced by Honeywell, including digital/inductive, closed loop, and open loop current sensors. Digital/inductive current sensors use feedback control and provide accurate outputs proportional to measured current. Closed loop sensors provide a digital output indicating when sensed current exceeds a threshold, while open loop sensors output a value proportional to current without feedback. The document provides details on specific sensor models and their applications.
The Kelvin bridge is a modification of the Wheatstone bridge that allows for more accurate measurement of low resistances below 1 ohm. It addresses errors that occur in Wheatstone bridge measurements of low resistances due to the resistance of connecting leads. The Kelvin bridge divides the lead resistance in half by connecting the galvanometer between the leads rather than at the resistance being measured. The Kelvin double bridge further improves accuracy by using two sets of ratio arms to effectively cancel out any remaining lead resistance effects.
This document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It explains that an analog signal is continuous while a digital signal is discrete. An ADC converts an analog signal to a digital signal using two main steps: 1) quantization which breaks down the analog value into discrete states and 2) encoding which assigns a binary number to each state. There are three main types of ADCs: flash ADCs which are very fast but expensive; dual slope ADCs which are slower but cheaper; and successive approximation ADCs which provide a balance between speed and cost. The document provides details on how each type of ADC works.
An oscillator is an amplifier that uses positive feedback to generate an output waveform without any external input signal. Positive feedback occurs when part of the output is fed back to the input in phase with the original signal. For oscillations to occur, the total phase shift around the feedback loop must be 180 degrees and the product of the open loop gain and feedback must equal unity, as stated by Barkhausen's criterion. The document discusses the basic theory, concept of positive feedback, and conditions for oscillations in an oscillator circuit.
Hi friends
This PPT consist of automation information ,what is PLC,need of PLC applications,components of PLC ,PLC operations,Timers , Some Program, etc
instead of this it consists SCADA ,what is SCADA,need of SCADA,brands of SCADA, tags ,features of SCADA, Dynamic process graphic , script security etc.......
Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
This document provides an overview of basic PLC programming. Chapter 1 introduces PLCs, discussing their origins, areas of application, and basic design. PLCs were developed as an alternative to relay-based control systems and are now used widely in industrial automation. A PLC's design includes a processor, memory, and input/output modules. Subsequent chapters cover PLC programming languages, specific PLC systems from manufacturers like Omron, Mitsubishi, and Siemens, and programming examples.
The document describes the operation of a dual slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It consists of an integrator, comparator, counter, and reference voltage. In dual slope ADC, the analog input voltage is integrated for a fixed time and compared against the counter. Then, a reference voltage is integrated in the opposite direction until the integrator output reaches zero, at which point the counter value represents the digital output. The speed is slow but accuracy is high, as it corrects for drifts in the integrator.
The static characteristics are defined for the instruments which measure quantities which do not vary with time. ... The accuracy of a measurement indicates the nearness to the actual/true value of the quantity. 7. 2.Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of change in output of an instrument to the change in input.
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
Chap 5 introduction to intelligent instrumentsLenchoDuguma
Intelligent instruments are measurement devices that incorporate digital signal processing to enhance measurement performance. They go by various names like intelligent instrument, intelligent sensor, smart sensor, and smart transmitter. Intelligent devices process sensor outputs to correct errors and improve accuracy. They perform functions like compensating for environmental disturbances, signal damping, switchable ranges/units, linearization, self-diagnosis, and remote control. Smart sensors have local processing that enables independent operation without a central controller, providing benefits like improved accuracy, stability, and reduced maintenance needs. Smart transmitters have additional functionality like output processing and environmental compensation using secondary sensors. They provide advantages such as improved accuracy, automatic error correction, stability, reduced maintenance needs, and self-diagn
Temperature sensors measure temperature through electrical signals and come in various types. The most common types are thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors. They can measure temperature through direct contact or non-contact methods and are used across many applications including heating/cooling, automobiles, medical devices, and more. RTDs are considered the most accurate as they have good accuracy, linearity, stability and repeatability compared to other sensor types like thermocouples and thermistors.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
This document discusses instrumentation amplifiers. It describes how instrumentation amplifiers can be used for both passive and active transducer measurements. It then discusses different types of instrumentation amplifier circuits including a differential amplifier using a single op-amp, an external circuit instrumentation amplifier, and a three op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The three op-amp instrumentation amplifier is described in more detail, noting that common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and input impedance (Zin) are important attributes, and that Zin can be increased by adding buffers. Some applications of instrumentation amplifiers are also listed, such as in audio amplifiers, biomedical systems, power amplifiers, and analog computers.
This document discusses units, standards, and definitions used in instrumentation. It covers the International System of Units (SI) which defines seven base units and two supplementary units. It also discusses analog and digital representations of data, common units like current and pressure used to transmit analog signals, conversions between analog and digital formats, and different types of control systems from simple on/off control to networked digital control and programmable logic controllers. Finally, it examines sensor time response and how the output of a sensor may lag behind rapid changes in its input due to its finite response time.
The document discusses different types of sensors and transducers used to measure important process parameters such as flow, temperature, pressure, and level. It describes transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another. It then provides details on various sensors used to measure temperature, including thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and pyrometers. It also discusses common pressure measurement techniques like manometric and elastic pressure transducers using devices like Bourdon tubes, bellows, and diaphragms.
The document discusses different types of voltmeters including direct coupled DC voltmeters, chopper type DC voltmeters, solid state DC voltmeters, and AC voltmeters using rectifiers. Direct coupled DC voltmeters use cascaded transistors for amplification but have limited range due to gain. Chopper type voltmeters convert DC to AC using a modulator and demodulator to allow for higher sensitivity measurements down to microvolts. Solid state voltmeters use op-amps and feedback to adjust gain while diodes provide overvoltage protection. AC voltmeters use a bridge rectifier and meter movement to indicate the RMS value of an AC input signal.
The document discusses different types of oscilloscopes including dual trace CROs, dual beam CROs, digital storage oscilloscopes, and sampling oscilloscopes. A dual trace CRO uses a single electron beam but an electronic switch to display two input signals simultaneously. A dual beam CRO has two separate electron beams and deflection systems allowing two signals to be displayed together in real-time. Digital storage oscilloscopes digitize and store input signals, allowing slow signals to be analyzed. Sampling oscilloscopes take samples from input signals over multiple cycles to display high-frequency signals beyond the bandwidth of its amplifiers.
This document provides an overview of basic electronics components and circuits. It begins with an introduction to passive components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. It then covers analog circuits using transistors and operational amplifiers. The document provides details on circuit analysis and different types of filters. It explains concepts like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Examples of common circuits are also presented like voltage dividers, rectifiers, and amplifiers.
This document proposes a weather station using Internet of Things (IoT) that allows users to access real-time weather data anywhere. The weather station will collect data like temperature, humidity, and pressure from sensors using a NodeMCU microcontroller with a built-in WiFi module. The data will be sent to a local server and made available for users to view on their devices. The project aims to provide a way for users to monitor weather conditions and plan activities by getting timely alerts and forecasts. It will follow a Rapid Application Development methodology and include entity relationship and data flow diagrams in the design.
Function generators are electronic test equipment that generate common waveforms like sine, square, and triangular waves over a wide frequency range. They are used to test and develop electronic equipment. Simple function generators generate waveforms by charging and discharging a capacitor with a constant current source, while more advanced arbitrary waveform generators can produce any digitally defined shape using direct digital synthesis techniques. Function generators provide important features like continuous tuning over a broad frequency band, modulation capabilities, and the ability to sweep output frequencies.
This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It begins with an introduction to signals, including definitions of key signal properties such as periodicity, causality, boundedness. It also distinguishes between continuous-time and discrete-time signals. The document then covers fundamental signal types including sinusoidal, exponential, unit step, and impulse signals. It concludes with discussions of signal processing concepts like the Fourier transform and basics of communication systems.
This document contains 76 questions related to linear integrated circuits and applications. The questions cover topics such as calculating output voltages for inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, determining parameters like gain and input/output resistances for operational amplifier circuits, and designing circuits like summers, subtractors, and instrumentation amplifiers using operational amplifiers. The questions range from short calculations to longer problems involving circuit design and analysis.
The document discusses different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes 6 main types - counter/ramp ADC, tracking ADC, successive approximation ADC, flash ADC, delta-sigma ADC, and dual slope integrating ADC. For each type it provides a brief overview of the operating principle and block diagram. It also discusses important ADC specifications and parameters such as resolution, quantization error, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio, aperture delay etc.
The document discusses data acquisition, conversion, and distribution systems in digital control systems. It describes how physical variables are converted to electrical signals via transducers, then amplified and filtered before being multiplexed and converted to digital signals using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It provides examples of calculating quantization levels and ADC outputs. Counter-type and successive-approximation ADCs are discussed as common conversion methods.
An oscillator is an amplifier that uses positive feedback to generate an output waveform without any external input signal. Positive feedback occurs when part of the output is fed back to the input in phase with the original signal. For oscillations to occur, the total phase shift around the feedback loop must be 180 degrees and the product of the open loop gain and feedback must equal unity, as stated by Barkhausen's criterion. The document discusses the basic theory, concept of positive feedback, and conditions for oscillations in an oscillator circuit.
Hi friends
This PPT consist of automation information ,what is PLC,need of PLC applications,components of PLC ,PLC operations,Timers , Some Program, etc
instead of this it consists SCADA ,what is SCADA,need of SCADA,brands of SCADA, tags ,features of SCADA, Dynamic process graphic , script security etc.......
Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
This document provides an overview of basic PLC programming. Chapter 1 introduces PLCs, discussing their origins, areas of application, and basic design. PLCs were developed as an alternative to relay-based control systems and are now used widely in industrial automation. A PLC's design includes a processor, memory, and input/output modules. Subsequent chapters cover PLC programming languages, specific PLC systems from manufacturers like Omron, Mitsubishi, and Siemens, and programming examples.
The document describes the operation of a dual slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It consists of an integrator, comparator, counter, and reference voltage. In dual slope ADC, the analog input voltage is integrated for a fixed time and compared against the counter. Then, a reference voltage is integrated in the opposite direction until the integrator output reaches zero, at which point the counter value represents the digital output. The speed is slow but accuracy is high, as it corrects for drifts in the integrator.
The static characteristics are defined for the instruments which measure quantities which do not vary with time. ... The accuracy of a measurement indicates the nearness to the actual/true value of the quantity. 7. 2.Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of change in output of an instrument to the change in input.
This course is electronics based course dealing with measurements and instrumentation designed for students in Physics Electronics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and allied disciplines. It is a theory course based on the use of electrical and electronics instruments for measurements. The course deals with topics such as Principle of measurements, Errors, Accuracy, Units of measurements and electrical standards, , introduction to the design of electronic equipment’s for temperature, pressure, level, flow measurement, speed etc
Chap 5 introduction to intelligent instrumentsLenchoDuguma
Intelligent instruments are measurement devices that incorporate digital signal processing to enhance measurement performance. They go by various names like intelligent instrument, intelligent sensor, smart sensor, and smart transmitter. Intelligent devices process sensor outputs to correct errors and improve accuracy. They perform functions like compensating for environmental disturbances, signal damping, switchable ranges/units, linearization, self-diagnosis, and remote control. Smart sensors have local processing that enables independent operation without a central controller, providing benefits like improved accuracy, stability, and reduced maintenance needs. Smart transmitters have additional functionality like output processing and environmental compensation using secondary sensors. They provide advantages such as improved accuracy, automatic error correction, stability, reduced maintenance needs, and self-diagn
Temperature sensors measure temperature through electrical signals and come in various types. The most common types are thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors. They can measure temperature through direct contact or non-contact methods and are used across many applications including heating/cooling, automobiles, medical devices, and more. RTDs are considered the most accurate as they have good accuracy, linearity, stability and repeatability compared to other sensor types like thermocouples and thermistors.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
This document discusses instrumentation amplifiers. It describes how instrumentation amplifiers can be used for both passive and active transducer measurements. It then discusses different types of instrumentation amplifier circuits including a differential amplifier using a single op-amp, an external circuit instrumentation amplifier, and a three op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The three op-amp instrumentation amplifier is described in more detail, noting that common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and input impedance (Zin) are important attributes, and that Zin can be increased by adding buffers. Some applications of instrumentation amplifiers are also listed, such as in audio amplifiers, biomedical systems, power amplifiers, and analog computers.
This document discusses units, standards, and definitions used in instrumentation. It covers the International System of Units (SI) which defines seven base units and two supplementary units. It also discusses analog and digital representations of data, common units like current and pressure used to transmit analog signals, conversions between analog and digital formats, and different types of control systems from simple on/off control to networked digital control and programmable logic controllers. Finally, it examines sensor time response and how the output of a sensor may lag behind rapid changes in its input due to its finite response time.
The document discusses different types of sensors and transducers used to measure important process parameters such as flow, temperature, pressure, and level. It describes transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another. It then provides details on various sensors used to measure temperature, including thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and pyrometers. It also discusses common pressure measurement techniques like manometric and elastic pressure transducers using devices like Bourdon tubes, bellows, and diaphragms.
The document discusses different types of voltmeters including direct coupled DC voltmeters, chopper type DC voltmeters, solid state DC voltmeters, and AC voltmeters using rectifiers. Direct coupled DC voltmeters use cascaded transistors for amplification but have limited range due to gain. Chopper type voltmeters convert DC to AC using a modulator and demodulator to allow for higher sensitivity measurements down to microvolts. Solid state voltmeters use op-amps and feedback to adjust gain while diodes provide overvoltage protection. AC voltmeters use a bridge rectifier and meter movement to indicate the RMS value of an AC input signal.
The document discusses different types of oscilloscopes including dual trace CROs, dual beam CROs, digital storage oscilloscopes, and sampling oscilloscopes. A dual trace CRO uses a single electron beam but an electronic switch to display two input signals simultaneously. A dual beam CRO has two separate electron beams and deflection systems allowing two signals to be displayed together in real-time. Digital storage oscilloscopes digitize and store input signals, allowing slow signals to be analyzed. Sampling oscilloscopes take samples from input signals over multiple cycles to display high-frequency signals beyond the bandwidth of its amplifiers.
This document provides an overview of basic electronics components and circuits. It begins with an introduction to passive components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. It then covers analog circuits using transistors and operational amplifiers. The document provides details on circuit analysis and different types of filters. It explains concepts like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Examples of common circuits are also presented like voltage dividers, rectifiers, and amplifiers.
This document proposes a weather station using Internet of Things (IoT) that allows users to access real-time weather data anywhere. The weather station will collect data like temperature, humidity, and pressure from sensors using a NodeMCU microcontroller with a built-in WiFi module. The data will be sent to a local server and made available for users to view on their devices. The project aims to provide a way for users to monitor weather conditions and plan activities by getting timely alerts and forecasts. It will follow a Rapid Application Development methodology and include entity relationship and data flow diagrams in the design.
Function generators are electronic test equipment that generate common waveforms like sine, square, and triangular waves over a wide frequency range. They are used to test and develop electronic equipment. Simple function generators generate waveforms by charging and discharging a capacitor with a constant current source, while more advanced arbitrary waveform generators can produce any digitally defined shape using direct digital synthesis techniques. Function generators provide important features like continuous tuning over a broad frequency band, modulation capabilities, and the ability to sweep output frequencies.
This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It begins with an introduction to signals, including definitions of key signal properties such as periodicity, causality, boundedness. It also distinguishes between continuous-time and discrete-time signals. The document then covers fundamental signal types including sinusoidal, exponential, unit step, and impulse signals. It concludes with discussions of signal processing concepts like the Fourier transform and basics of communication systems.
This document contains 76 questions related to linear integrated circuits and applications. The questions cover topics such as calculating output voltages for inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, determining parameters like gain and input/output resistances for operational amplifier circuits, and designing circuits like summers, subtractors, and instrumentation amplifiers using operational amplifiers. The questions range from short calculations to longer problems involving circuit design and analysis.
The document discusses different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes 6 main types - counter/ramp ADC, tracking ADC, successive approximation ADC, flash ADC, delta-sigma ADC, and dual slope integrating ADC. For each type it provides a brief overview of the operating principle and block diagram. It also discusses important ADC specifications and parameters such as resolution, quantization error, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio, aperture delay etc.
The document discusses data acquisition, conversion, and distribution systems in digital control systems. It describes how physical variables are converted to electrical signals via transducers, then amplified and filtered before being multiplexed and converted to digital signals using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It provides examples of calculating quantization levels and ADC outputs. Counter-type and successive-approximation ADCs are discussed as common conversion methods.
This document provides information about analog to digital conversion and digital to analog conversion. It discusses different types of converters including flash ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, dual slope ADCs, R-2R ladder DACs, and weighted resistor DACs. It also covers analog and digital signals, the conversion processes, and applications of ADCs and DACs in areas like data acquisition and fiber optic communication.
The document summarizes information about analog to digital converters (ADCs). It discusses several types of ADCs including counter type, successive approximation, flash, delta-sigma, dual slope, and their basic principles and components. It provides examples of ADC calculations including determining the digital output and conversion time for a given analog input. The document aims to explain key ADC concepts such as resolution, speed, accuracy and sources of error like quantization noise.
The document provides information about signal conditioning and electro-mechanical drives. It discusses topics such as signal conditioning including hardware, filtering noise, digital signal processing, and data acquisition systems. It also covers electro-mechanical drives including relays, solenoids, stepper motors, DC motors, servo motors, and pulse width modulation.
This document discusses digital voltmeters (DVMs). It explains that DVMs display voltage measurements as numerical readings rather than using an analog needle gauge. The document covers various types of DVMs including ramp type, dual slope integrating type, successive approximation type, and microprocessor-based versions. It provides block diagrams and explanations of the operating principles for different DVM designs. Advantages of DVMs like accuracy, ease of reading, and versatility are also summarized.
The document describes several types of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs): dual slope, flash, successive approximation, and sigma-delta. It explains the basic functioning of each type, including their key components and steps in the conversion process. For each ADC type, it provides a brief summary of their pros and cons in terms of speed, accuracy, cost, and resolution. The document serves to introduce the fundamental concepts and tradeoffs of different ADC architectures.
This document discusses analog to digital converters (ADCs). It defines an ADC as a device that converts analog signals to digital signals. It notes that embedded systems often involve analog signals that need to be converted to digital for processing by microcontrollers. The document describes the basic components and functions of an ADC, including registers like the ADMUX and ADCSRA. It outlines several types of ADCs, including counter type, integrating type, parallel type, and successive approximation type. It concludes by mentioning some applications of ADCs like music recording and digital signal processing.
A digital voltmeter measures and displays voltage using LCDs or LEDs. It has scales ranging from 0-0.3v to 0-300v. It uses an integrator to stabilize the voltage before an analog to digital converter converts it to a digital number. The digital voltmeter also has a precision zero reference and can automatically switch scales if the display overflows. It displays the voltage with four or more digits of accuracy including a decimal point and is used to accurately measure voltages in electronics labs and industry.
digital anlage c converter for digital .pptAbdullahOmar64
This document discusses digital to analog conversion (DAC) and analog to digital conversion (ADC). It explains that DAC converts a digital signal from a computer into an analog voltage. This can be done using a resistor ladder network or R-2R ladder. ADC converts a real-world analog voltage into a digital number that a computer can process. Common ADC types include counter, dual-slope integrating, flash, and successive approximation. Successive approximation ADCs are widely used as they provide good speed and accuracy at a reasonable cost.
This document discusses data converter fundamentals including ideal and practical analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. It describes the basic concepts of converting between analog and digital signals, types of A/D converters including flash, successive approximation, and counter converters. It also discusses performance limitations, quantization noise, and interfacing temperature sensors.
ADC stands for analog to digital converter,it is use to convert analog signal to digital.In Embedded system this is very important because various device give analog input but micro-controller is process only digital input.
An analog to digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. The main steps are sampling and holding the input signal, then quantizing and encoding it into a digital output with a number of discrete levels determined by the number of bits of the ADC. Common types of ADCs include successive approximation, dual slope, pipeline, delta-sigma, and flash ADCs. A digital to analog converter (DAC) performs the opposite conversion, taking a digital input and producing an analog output signal. DACs can use a system of weighted resistors or an R-2R ladder network to perform the conversion. ADCs and DACs are widely used in applications like digital signal processing, scientific instruments, and
Chapter-1 Digital Measuring Instruments.pptxramkumarraja7
Digital measuring instruments provide accurate measurements in a digital format. There are several types of digital voltmeters (DVM) that use different techniques to convert an analog voltage input into a digital output reading. The successive approximation type DVM works by using a digital-to-analog converter to successively approximate the unknown input voltage through binary comparisons until the correct digital reading is obtained. Digital instruments offer advantages over analog instruments like higher accuracy, no parallax error, and compatibility with digital equipment.
The document discusses digital to analog (DAC/D/A) and analog to digital (ADC/A/D) conversion. It describes how DACs convert binary digital signals into analog voltages using techniques like weighted resistor networks and R-2R ladder circuits. ADCs convert analog voltages to digital codes, with common types being counter-based, dual-slope integrating, flash, and successive approximation converters. Successive approximation ADCs are widely used in laboratories due to their reasonable cost and conversion speeds of around 10-20ms.
Analog to Digitalconvertor for Blood-Glucose Monitoringcsijjournal
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design of a low-power CMOS current-frequency (I–F) Analog–Digital Converter. The ADC is designed for implantable blood-glucose monitoring. This current frequency ADC uses nArange of input currents to set and compare voltage oscillations against a self-produced reference to resolve 0–32nA with an accuracy of 5-bits at a 225MHz sampling rate. The comparator used is a dynamic latch comparator and the output is fetched from a 5-bit counter. This is designed in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply of 1.8V, it operating voltage taken here is 0.0- 1.8V with power consumption of 12.3nW using Cadence tools.
ANALOG TO DIGITALCONVERTOR FOR BLOOD-GLUCOSE MONITORING csijjournal
This paper presents the design of a low-power CMOS current-frequency (I–F) Analog–Digital Converter. The ADC is designed for implantable blood-glucose monitoring. This current frequency ADC uses nArange of input currents to set and compare voltage oscillations against a self-produced reference to resolve 0–32nA with an accuracy of 5-bits at a 225MHz sampling rate. The comparator used is a dynamic latch comparator and the output is fetched from a 5-bit counter. This is designed in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply of 1.8V, it operating voltage taken here is 0.0- 1.8V with power consumption of 12.3nW using Cadence tools.
1) The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including their basic function of converting continuous analog signals to discrete digital numbers.
2) It describes several types of ADCs - flash, successive approximation, dual slope, and delta-sigma - along with their relative speeds and costs.
3) The document then focuses on the ATD10B8C ADC present on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, outlining its key features, registers, and how to set it up and use it to take single-channel or multi-channel conversions.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
2. 1. Introduction
2. Circuit diagram
3. Working with design
4. Tool
5. Expected output
6. Applications
7. Advantages and disadvantages
8. References
3. In this project, we designed and implemented a
analog to digital converter using single slope ADC
technique.
4. Integrator
Sample and hold circuit
Comparator
Control logic
Counter
Display
5.
6. A counter determines the number of clock pulses that are
required before the integrated value of a reference voltage
is equal to the sampled input signal.
The number of clock pulses is proportional to the actual
value of the input
The output of the counter is the actual digital represntation
of the analog voltage
Since the reference is a dc voltage the output of the
integrator should start at zero
linearly increase with a slope that depends on the gain of
the integrator
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. The integrator output voltage V1 rises
until it reaches Vsampled value. Hence the
conversion time tc is equal to:
19.
20. Used in high-resolution applications
Commonly found in slow-speed, low cost
applications
Digital multi-meters
Panel meters
Voltage or current meters
Monitoring DC signals in the instrumentation and
industrial markets
21. Resolution:
Able To Achieve 14 Bits Or Higher
Very Inexpensive To Produce
Low Power Consumption
Very Low Offset And Gain Errors
Highly Linear
Good Noise Performance
22. Slow Conversion
Typically Less Than A Few Hundred Samples
Per Second
Sensitive (Direct Dependence Of The
Digital Output) To The Values Of:
Resistor R1
Capacitor C1
Negative Reference Voltage -VREF
23. Baker R. Jacob, CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and
Simulation, 3rd Edition, 2010, John Wiley & Sons
http://cmosedu.com/jbaker/courses/ece614/s08/lec26_ece
614.pdf