A new neural networks and time series prediction based method has been discussed to control the complex nonlinear multi variable robotic arm motion system in 3d environment without engaging the complicated and voluminous dynamic equations of robotic arms in controller design stage, the proposed method gives such compatibility to the manipulator that it could have significant changes in its dynamic properties, like getting mechanical loads, without need to change designs of the controller.
Identification and Control of Three-Links Electrically Driven Robot Arm Using...Waqas Tariq
This paper uses a fuzzy neural network (FNN) structure for identifying and controlling nonlinear dynamic systems such three links robot arm. The equation of motion for three links robot arm derived using Lagrange’s equation. This equation then combined with the equations of motion for dc. servo motors which actuated the robot. For the control problem, we present the forward and inverse adaptive control approaches using the FNN. Computer simulation is performed to view the results for identification and control
Hierarchical algorithms of quasi linear ARX Neural Networks for Identificatio...Yuyun Wabula
This document summarizes a research paper on hierarchical algorithms for training a quasi-linear ARX neural network model for identification of nonlinear systems. The key points are:
1) A hierarchical algorithm is proposed that first estimates the system using a linear sub-model and least squares estimation to obtain linear parameters. It then trains a neural network nonlinear sub-model to refine the errors of the linear sub-model.
2) The linear parameter estimates are fixed and used as biases for the neural network, which is trained to minimize the residual errors of the linear sub-model.
3) This hierarchical approach separates the identification into linear and nonlinear parts, allowing analysis of the system linearly while also capturing nonlinearities. The neural
Neural Network Approach to Railway Stand Lateral SKEW Controlcsandit
This document discusses using neural networks to control the lateral skew of a railway wheel set on an experimental railway stand (roller rig). It first describes the roller rig setup and issues with previous control methods using state feedback and cascade PID control. It then discusses using neural networks for adaptive identification and control of the lateral skew. Specifically, it examines using linear neural units and quadratic neural units trained with real-time recurrent learning or backpropagation through time. The results of applying these various neural network approaches to identify and control the lateral skew of the roller rig are analyzed.
Secure Communication and Implementation for a Chaotic Autonomous SystemNooria Sukmaningtyas
In this paper, a three-dimensional chaotic autonomous system is presented. The stability of the
equilibrium and the conditions of the Hopf bifurcation are studied by means of nonlinear dynamics theory.
Then, the circuit of chaotic system is structured out in Multisim platform by the unit circuit. The chaotic
system is applied to secure communications by linear feedback synchronization control. All simulations
results performed on three-dimensional chaotic autonomous system are verified the applicable of secure
communication.
A novel nonlinear missile guidance law against maneuvering targets is designed based on the principles of partial stability. It is demonstrated that in a real approach which is adopted with actual situations, each state of the guidance system must have a special behavior and asymptotic stability or exponential stability of all states is not realistic. Thus, a new guidance law is developed based on the partial stability theorem in such a way that the behaviors of states in the closed-loop system are in conformity with a real guidance scenario that leads to collision. The performance of the proposed guidance law in terms of interception time and control effort is compared with the sliding mode guidance law by means of numerical simulations.
Output feedback trajectory stabilization of the uncertainty DC servomechanism...ISA Interchange
This work proposes a solution for the output feedback trajectory-tracking problem in the case of an uncertain DC servomechanism system. The system consists of a pendulum actuated by a DC motor and subject to a time-varying bounded disturbance. The control law consists of a Proportional Derivative controller and an uncertain estimator that allows compensating the effects of the unknown bounded perturbation. Because the motor velocity state is not available from measurements, a second-order sliding-mode observer permits the estimation of this variable in finite time. This last feature allows applying the Separation Principle. The convergence analysis is carried out by means of the Lyapunov method. Results obtained from numerical simulations and experiments in a laboratory prototype show the performance of the closed loop system.
This document discusses different control methods for vehicle lateral control, including classical control theory, modern control theory, fuzzy logic, sliding mode control, and neural networks. It develops a 2DOF bicycle model of a vehicle and uses pole placement control to design a lateral controller. Simulation results show the vehicle can track a reference input but with large overshoots in yaw rate and velocity. An improved controller is designed with slower response but smaller state variable fluctuations. Future work involves implementing the controller with an observer and designing longitudinal control.
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS USING STOPWATCH PETRI NETSIJCSEA Journal
In this paper, we propose a reliability approach in which feared events define reliability requirements and
taking them into account allows to design systems which will be able to avoid the drift towards a feared
state. The description of feared scenarios since the system design phase enables us to understand the
reasons of the feared behavior in order to envisage the necessary reconfigurations and choose safe
architectures. In order to face the increasing complexity of embedded systems and to represent the
suspension and resumption of task execution we propose to extract directly feared scenarios from
Stopwatch Petri net model avoiding the generation of the associated reachability graph and the eternal
combinative explosion problem.
Identification and Control of Three-Links Electrically Driven Robot Arm Using...Waqas Tariq
This paper uses a fuzzy neural network (FNN) structure for identifying and controlling nonlinear dynamic systems such three links robot arm. The equation of motion for three links robot arm derived using Lagrange’s equation. This equation then combined with the equations of motion for dc. servo motors which actuated the robot. For the control problem, we present the forward and inverse adaptive control approaches using the FNN. Computer simulation is performed to view the results for identification and control
Hierarchical algorithms of quasi linear ARX Neural Networks for Identificatio...Yuyun Wabula
This document summarizes a research paper on hierarchical algorithms for training a quasi-linear ARX neural network model for identification of nonlinear systems. The key points are:
1) A hierarchical algorithm is proposed that first estimates the system using a linear sub-model and least squares estimation to obtain linear parameters. It then trains a neural network nonlinear sub-model to refine the errors of the linear sub-model.
2) The linear parameter estimates are fixed and used as biases for the neural network, which is trained to minimize the residual errors of the linear sub-model.
3) This hierarchical approach separates the identification into linear and nonlinear parts, allowing analysis of the system linearly while also capturing nonlinearities. The neural
Neural Network Approach to Railway Stand Lateral SKEW Controlcsandit
This document discusses using neural networks to control the lateral skew of a railway wheel set on an experimental railway stand (roller rig). It first describes the roller rig setup and issues with previous control methods using state feedback and cascade PID control. It then discusses using neural networks for adaptive identification and control of the lateral skew. Specifically, it examines using linear neural units and quadratic neural units trained with real-time recurrent learning or backpropagation through time. The results of applying these various neural network approaches to identify and control the lateral skew of the roller rig are analyzed.
Secure Communication and Implementation for a Chaotic Autonomous SystemNooria Sukmaningtyas
In this paper, a three-dimensional chaotic autonomous system is presented. The stability of the
equilibrium and the conditions of the Hopf bifurcation are studied by means of nonlinear dynamics theory.
Then, the circuit of chaotic system is structured out in Multisim platform by the unit circuit. The chaotic
system is applied to secure communications by linear feedback synchronization control. All simulations
results performed on three-dimensional chaotic autonomous system are verified the applicable of secure
communication.
A novel nonlinear missile guidance law against maneuvering targets is designed based on the principles of partial stability. It is demonstrated that in a real approach which is adopted with actual situations, each state of the guidance system must have a special behavior and asymptotic stability or exponential stability of all states is not realistic. Thus, a new guidance law is developed based on the partial stability theorem in such a way that the behaviors of states in the closed-loop system are in conformity with a real guidance scenario that leads to collision. The performance of the proposed guidance law in terms of interception time and control effort is compared with the sliding mode guidance law by means of numerical simulations.
Output feedback trajectory stabilization of the uncertainty DC servomechanism...ISA Interchange
This work proposes a solution for the output feedback trajectory-tracking problem in the case of an uncertain DC servomechanism system. The system consists of a pendulum actuated by a DC motor and subject to a time-varying bounded disturbance. The control law consists of a Proportional Derivative controller and an uncertain estimator that allows compensating the effects of the unknown bounded perturbation. Because the motor velocity state is not available from measurements, a second-order sliding-mode observer permits the estimation of this variable in finite time. This last feature allows applying the Separation Principle. The convergence analysis is carried out by means of the Lyapunov method. Results obtained from numerical simulations and experiments in a laboratory prototype show the performance of the closed loop system.
This document discusses different control methods for vehicle lateral control, including classical control theory, modern control theory, fuzzy logic, sliding mode control, and neural networks. It develops a 2DOF bicycle model of a vehicle and uses pole placement control to design a lateral controller. Simulation results show the vehicle can track a reference input but with large overshoots in yaw rate and velocity. An improved controller is designed with slower response but smaller state variable fluctuations. Future work involves implementing the controller with an observer and designing longitudinal control.
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS USING STOPWATCH PETRI NETSIJCSEA Journal
In this paper, we propose a reliability approach in which feared events define reliability requirements and
taking them into account allows to design systems which will be able to avoid the drift towards a feared
state. The description of feared scenarios since the system design phase enables us to understand the
reasons of the feared behavior in order to envisage the necessary reconfigurations and choose safe
architectures. In order to face the increasing complexity of embedded systems and to represent the
suspension and resumption of task execution we propose to extract directly feared scenarios from
Stopwatch Petri net model avoiding the generation of the associated reachability graph and the eternal
combinative explosion problem.
Improvement of chaotic secure communication scheme based on steganographic me...Massoud Khodadadzadeh
1) The document proposes a novel method for improving chaotic secure communication using steganography and multimodal chaotic maps.
2) It hides a message signal in an image by modifying pixel grey levels, and sends the stego image using chaotic parameter modulation.
3) At the receiver, synchronization is used to estimate system parameters and determine the map set in order to retrieve the hidden message signal.
Event triggered control design of linear networked systems with quantizationsISA Interchange
This paper is concerned with the control design problem of event-triggered networked systems with both state and control input quantizations. Firstly, an innovative delay system model is proposed that describes the network conditions, state and control input quantizations, and event-triggering mechanism in a unified framework. Secondly, based on this model, the criteria for the asymptotical stability analysis and control synthesis of event-triggered networked control systems are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
AN INVESTIGATION ON FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS (TAKAGI-SUGENO & MAMDANI) IN INVE...ijfls
The concept of controlling non-linear systems is one the significant fields in scientific researches for the purpose of which intelligent approaches can provide desirable applicability. Fuzzy systems are systems with ambiguous definition and fuzzy control is an especial type of non-linear control. Inverse pendulum system is one the most widely popular non-linear systems which is known for its specific characteristics such as being intrinsically non-linear and unsteady. Therefore, a controller is required for maintaining stability of the system Present study tries to compare the obtained results from designing fuzzy intelligent controllers in similar conditions and also identify the appropriate controller for holding the inverse pendulum in vertical position on the cart.
Automatic time series forecasting using nonlinear autoregressive neural netwo...journalBEEI
This study aims to determine an automatic forecasting method of univariate time series, using the nonlinear autoregressive neural network model with exogenous input (NARX). In this automatic setting, users only need to supply the input of time series. Then, an automatic forecasting algorithm sets up the appropriate features, estimate the parameters in the model, and calculate forecasts, without the users’ intervention. The algorithm method used include preprocessing, tests for trends, and the application of first differences. The time series were tested for seasonality, and seasonal differences were obtained from a successful analysis. These series were also linearly scaled to [−1, +1]. The autoregressive lags and hidden neurons were further selected through the stepwise and optimization algorithms, respectively. The 20 NARX models were fitted with different random starting weights, and the forecasts were combined using the ensemble operator, in order to obtain the final product. This proposed method was applied to real data, and its performance was compared with several available automatic models in the literature. The forecasting accuracy was also measured by mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and the results showed that the proposed method outperformed the other automatic models.
This document describes using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) and nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous inputs (NARX) to forecast wheat prices. Historical price data from 1978-2012 for wheat, barley, oats, and soybeans was used. Correlation analysis found wheat price positively correlated to the prices of the other grains. BPNN and NARX models were developed and compared. The best BPNN model used 11 hidden nodes and predicted wheat price from the prices of barley, oats, and soybeans. The best NARX model used 8 hidden nodes and 4 tapped delay lines to predict wheat price. NARX was identified as an alternative model for wheat price prediction.
Compensation of Data-Loss in Attitude Control of Spacecraft Systems rinzindorjej
In this paper, a comprehensive comparison of two robust estimation techniques namely, compensated closed-loop Kalman filtering and open-loop Kalman filtering is presented. A common problem of data loss in a real-time control system is investigated through these two schemes. The open-loop scheme, dealing with the data-loss, suffers from several shortcomings. These shortcomings are overcome using compensated scheme, where an accommodating observation signal is obtained through linear prediction technique -- a closed-loop setting and is adopted at a posteriori update step. The calculation and employment of accommodating observation signal causes computational complexity. For simulation purpose, a linear time invariant spacecraft model is however, obtained from the nonlinear spacecraft attitude dynamics through linearization at nonzero equilibrium points -- achieved off-line through Levenberg-Marguardt iterative scheme. Attempt has been made to analyze the selected example from most of the perspectives in order to display the performance of the two techniques.
The document proposes two stochastic variants of an existing deterministic pedestrian motion model called the Linear Trajectory Avoidance (LTA) model. The first approach is based on a particle filter algorithm, but has limitations that make it computationally expensive. The second approach approximates the pedestrian position and velocity probability density function with a mixture of Gaussians, using the LTA model's energy function to determine the mixture parameters. Both stochastic models were implemented and tested on real-world data, showing improvements over the deterministic LTA model in situations where it has significant prediction errors.
Trajectory Control With MPC For A Robot Manipülatör Using ANN ModelIJMER
In this study, in a computer the dynamic motion modelling of manipulator and control of
trajectory with an algorithm this has been tested. First after dynamic motion simulation of manipulator
has been made MPC Control. The result in this study we can observe that computed torque method gives
better results than MPC methods. So in trajectory control it is approved of using computed torque
method. In last part of this study the results are estimated forward development are exemined and
suggested. The model predictive control (MPC) technique for an articulated robot with n joints is
introduced in this paper. The proposed MPC control action is conceptually different with the trajectory
robot control methods in that the control action is determined by optimising a performance index over
the time horizon. A neural network (NN) is used in this paper as the predictive model.
The Polysolenoid Linear Motor (PLM) have been playing a crucial role in many industrial aspects because it provides a straight motion directly without mediate mechanical actuators. Some control methods for PLM based on Rotational Motor are applied to obtain several good performances, but position and velocity constraints which are important in real systems are ignored. In this paper, we analysis control problem of tracking position in PLM under state-independent disturbances via min-max model predictive control. The proposed controller brings tracking position error converge to zero and satisfies state including position and velocity and input constraints. The simulation results validity a good efficiency of the proposed controller.
2-DOF BLOCK POLE PLACEMENT CONTROL APPLICATION TO:HAVE-DASH-IIBTT MISSILEZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
Available transfer capability computations in the indian southern e.h.v power...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents three methods for computing the available transfer capability (ATC). One method is the conventional method known as continuation repeated power flow (CRPF) and other two are the intelligent techniques known as radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), basic adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In these two intelligent techniques, the basic ANFIS works with a multiple input single output (MISO) and it is modified as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) ANFIS using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. The main intension of this proposed method is to utilise the significant features of ANFIS with respect to the multiple outputs, as the basic ANFIS has been proved as the best intelligent techniques in the modelling of any application, but it has a disadvantage of single output and this drawback will be overcome using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. In this paper, the latest Indian southern region extra high voltage (SREHV) 72-bus system considered as test system to obtain the ATC computations using three methods. The ATC computations at desired buses are obtained with and without contingencies and compared the conventional ATC computations with the intelligent techniques. The obtained results are scrupulously verified with different test patterns and observed that the accuracy of proposed method is proved as the best as compared to the other methods for computing ATC. In this way, this paper shows a better way to compute ATC for the different open power market system Keywords— Available Transfer Capability, Total Transfer Capability, Open Power Markets, Repeated Power Flow, Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System etc.
—This paper presents a new image based visual servoing (IBVS) control scheme for omnidirectional wheeled mobile robots with four swedish wheels. The contribution is the proposal of a scheme that consider the overall dynamic of the system; this means, we put together mechanical and electrical dynamics. The actuators are direct current (DC) motors, which imply that the system input signals are armature voltage applied to DC motors. In our control scheme the PD control law and eye-to-hand camera configuration are used to compute the armature voltages and to measure system states, respectively. Stability proof is performed via Lypunov direct method and LaSalle's invariance principle. Simulation and experimental results were performed in order to validate the theoretical proposal and to show the good performance of the posture errors. Keywords—IBVS, posture control, omnidirectional wheeled mobile robot, dynamic actuator, Lyapunov direct method.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the International Conference on Mechatronics in Kumamoto, Japan in May 2007. The paper presents analysis and implementation of exact model knowledge and direct adaptive control schemes for a 4th order ball and beam system. Two controllers are designed - one using the exact model and one using direct adaptive control. Experimental results show that both controllers can track constant and sinusoidal references for the ball position asymptotically on a physical ball and beam system.
Model Validation and Control of an In-Wheel DC Motor Prototype for Hybrid El...Scientific Review SR
In this paper, a mathematical model and a controller for a DC motor are developed for the
construction of an in-wheel motor. In-wheel motors can be used in hybrid electric vehicles to provide traction
force of front or rear wheels. The model identification is achieved using a simple and low cost data acquisition
system. An Arduino Uno embedded board system is used to collect data from sensors to a computer and for
control purposes. Data processing is performed using Matlab/Simulink. Validations of the devel oped
mathematical model and controller performance are carried out by comparing simulation and experimental results.
The results obtained show that the mathematical model is accurate enough to assist in speed controller design and
implementation.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The Bound of Reachable Sets Estimation for Neutral Markovian Jump Systems wit...AI Publications
The problem of finding an bound of reachable sets for neutral markovian jump systems with bounded peak disturbances is studied in this paper. Up to now, the result related to the bound of reachable sets was rarely proposed for neutral markovian jump systems. Based on the modified Lyapunov-Krasovskii type functional and linear matrix inequality technology, we obtain some delay-dependent results expressed in the form of matrix inequalities containing only one non-convex scalar. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our theoretical results.
STATE OBSERVER DESIGNS FOR QUARTER-CAR PASSIVE SUSPENSIONijccmsjournal
This paper presents state observer designs for quarter-car passive suspension. Proposed designs correspond to two theories, full-order state observer and observer on closed-loop system. Those observers are used for states and estimation errors observation. Simulation is done using MATLAB and SIMULINK. MATLAB is used to calculate both feedback gain matrix and observer gain matrix whereas SIMULINK is applied to build state space block. Results show that those observers work effectively and fit observer theories. This work may motivate to continue to other steps of observer designs, observer designs for halfcar and full car passive suspension.
Mechatronics design of ball and beam system education and researchAlexander Decker
This document describes the proposed design of a mechatronics ball and beam system for educational and research purposes. The system aims to test and analyze various control strategies by using a servo motor to continuously adjust the angle of a beam to stabilize a rolling ball. It discusses the requirements, conceptual design, and concurrent selection and integration of subsystems including the mechanical design, sensors, actuators, and control algorithm. Preliminary block diagrams and component layouts are presented and the mechanical system parts are listed. The design is intended to help users visualize and experiment with different control methods on a precise and cost-effective experimental unit.
Macromodel of High Speed Interconnect using Vector Fitting Algorithmijsrd.com
At high frequency efficient macromodeling of high speed interconnects is all time challenging task. We have presented systematic methodologies to generate rational function approximations of high-speed interconnects using vector fitting technique for any type of termination conditions and construct efficient multiport model, which is easily and directly compatible with circuit simulators.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this paper, the optimal control problem of a nonlinear robot manipulator in absence of holonomic constraint force based on the point of view of adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is presented. To begin with, the manipulator was intervened by exact linearization. Then the framework of ADP and Robust Integral of the Sign of the Error (RISE) was developed. The ADP algorithm employs Neural Network technique to tune simultaneously the actor-critic network to approximate the control policy and the cost function, respectively. The convergence of weight as well as position tracking control problem was considered by theoretical analysis. Finally, the numerical example is considered to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed control design.
FUNCTION PROJECTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF NEW CHAOTIC REVERSAL SYSTEMSijcseit
In the present work, Lyapunov stability theory, nonlinear adaptive control law and the parameter update
law were utilized to derive the state of two new chaotic reversal systems after being synchronized by the
function projective method. Using this technique allows for a scaling function instead of a constant thereby
giving a better method in applications in secure communication. Numerical simulations are presented to
demonstrate the effective nature of the proposed scheme of synchronization for the new chaotic reversal
system.
Improvement of chaotic secure communication scheme based on steganographic me...Massoud Khodadadzadeh
1) The document proposes a novel method for improving chaotic secure communication using steganography and multimodal chaotic maps.
2) It hides a message signal in an image by modifying pixel grey levels, and sends the stego image using chaotic parameter modulation.
3) At the receiver, synchronization is used to estimate system parameters and determine the map set in order to retrieve the hidden message signal.
Event triggered control design of linear networked systems with quantizationsISA Interchange
This paper is concerned with the control design problem of event-triggered networked systems with both state and control input quantizations. Firstly, an innovative delay system model is proposed that describes the network conditions, state and control input quantizations, and event-triggering mechanism in a unified framework. Secondly, based on this model, the criteria for the asymptotical stability analysis and control synthesis of event-triggered networked control systems are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
AN INVESTIGATION ON FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS (TAKAGI-SUGENO & MAMDANI) IN INVE...ijfls
The concept of controlling non-linear systems is one the significant fields in scientific researches for the purpose of which intelligent approaches can provide desirable applicability. Fuzzy systems are systems with ambiguous definition and fuzzy control is an especial type of non-linear control. Inverse pendulum system is one the most widely popular non-linear systems which is known for its specific characteristics such as being intrinsically non-linear and unsteady. Therefore, a controller is required for maintaining stability of the system Present study tries to compare the obtained results from designing fuzzy intelligent controllers in similar conditions and also identify the appropriate controller for holding the inverse pendulum in vertical position on the cart.
Automatic time series forecasting using nonlinear autoregressive neural netwo...journalBEEI
This study aims to determine an automatic forecasting method of univariate time series, using the nonlinear autoregressive neural network model with exogenous input (NARX). In this automatic setting, users only need to supply the input of time series. Then, an automatic forecasting algorithm sets up the appropriate features, estimate the parameters in the model, and calculate forecasts, without the users’ intervention. The algorithm method used include preprocessing, tests for trends, and the application of first differences. The time series were tested for seasonality, and seasonal differences were obtained from a successful analysis. These series were also linearly scaled to [−1, +1]. The autoregressive lags and hidden neurons were further selected through the stepwise and optimization algorithms, respectively. The 20 NARX models were fitted with different random starting weights, and the forecasts were combined using the ensemble operator, in order to obtain the final product. This proposed method was applied to real data, and its performance was compared with several available automatic models in the literature. The forecasting accuracy was also measured by mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and the results showed that the proposed method outperformed the other automatic models.
This document describes using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) and nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous inputs (NARX) to forecast wheat prices. Historical price data from 1978-2012 for wheat, barley, oats, and soybeans was used. Correlation analysis found wheat price positively correlated to the prices of the other grains. BPNN and NARX models were developed and compared. The best BPNN model used 11 hidden nodes and predicted wheat price from the prices of barley, oats, and soybeans. The best NARX model used 8 hidden nodes and 4 tapped delay lines to predict wheat price. NARX was identified as an alternative model for wheat price prediction.
Compensation of Data-Loss in Attitude Control of Spacecraft Systems rinzindorjej
In this paper, a comprehensive comparison of two robust estimation techniques namely, compensated closed-loop Kalman filtering and open-loop Kalman filtering is presented. A common problem of data loss in a real-time control system is investigated through these two schemes. The open-loop scheme, dealing with the data-loss, suffers from several shortcomings. These shortcomings are overcome using compensated scheme, where an accommodating observation signal is obtained through linear prediction technique -- a closed-loop setting and is adopted at a posteriori update step. The calculation and employment of accommodating observation signal causes computational complexity. For simulation purpose, a linear time invariant spacecraft model is however, obtained from the nonlinear spacecraft attitude dynamics through linearization at nonzero equilibrium points -- achieved off-line through Levenberg-Marguardt iterative scheme. Attempt has been made to analyze the selected example from most of the perspectives in order to display the performance of the two techniques.
The document proposes two stochastic variants of an existing deterministic pedestrian motion model called the Linear Trajectory Avoidance (LTA) model. The first approach is based on a particle filter algorithm, but has limitations that make it computationally expensive. The second approach approximates the pedestrian position and velocity probability density function with a mixture of Gaussians, using the LTA model's energy function to determine the mixture parameters. Both stochastic models were implemented and tested on real-world data, showing improvements over the deterministic LTA model in situations where it has significant prediction errors.
Trajectory Control With MPC For A Robot Manipülatör Using ANN ModelIJMER
In this study, in a computer the dynamic motion modelling of manipulator and control of
trajectory with an algorithm this has been tested. First after dynamic motion simulation of manipulator
has been made MPC Control. The result in this study we can observe that computed torque method gives
better results than MPC methods. So in trajectory control it is approved of using computed torque
method. In last part of this study the results are estimated forward development are exemined and
suggested. The model predictive control (MPC) technique for an articulated robot with n joints is
introduced in this paper. The proposed MPC control action is conceptually different with the trajectory
robot control methods in that the control action is determined by optimising a performance index over
the time horizon. A neural network (NN) is used in this paper as the predictive model.
The Polysolenoid Linear Motor (PLM) have been playing a crucial role in many industrial aspects because it provides a straight motion directly without mediate mechanical actuators. Some control methods for PLM based on Rotational Motor are applied to obtain several good performances, but position and velocity constraints which are important in real systems are ignored. In this paper, we analysis control problem of tracking position in PLM under state-independent disturbances via min-max model predictive control. The proposed controller brings tracking position error converge to zero and satisfies state including position and velocity and input constraints. The simulation results validity a good efficiency of the proposed controller.
2-DOF BLOCK POLE PLACEMENT CONTROL APPLICATION TO:HAVE-DASH-IIBTT MISSILEZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
Available transfer capability computations in the indian southern e.h.v power...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents three methods for computing the available transfer capability (ATC). One method is the conventional method known as continuation repeated power flow (CRPF) and other two are the intelligent techniques known as radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), basic adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In these two intelligent techniques, the basic ANFIS works with a multiple input single output (MISO) and it is modified as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) ANFIS using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. The main intension of this proposed method is to utilise the significant features of ANFIS with respect to the multiple outputs, as the basic ANFIS has been proved as the best intelligent techniques in the modelling of any application, but it has a disadvantage of single output and this drawback will be overcome using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. In this paper, the latest Indian southern region extra high voltage (SREHV) 72-bus system considered as test system to obtain the ATC computations using three methods. The ATC computations at desired buses are obtained with and without contingencies and compared the conventional ATC computations with the intelligent techniques. The obtained results are scrupulously verified with different test patterns and observed that the accuracy of proposed method is proved as the best as compared to the other methods for computing ATC. In this way, this paper shows a better way to compute ATC for the different open power market system Keywords— Available Transfer Capability, Total Transfer Capability, Open Power Markets, Repeated Power Flow, Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System etc.
—This paper presents a new image based visual servoing (IBVS) control scheme for omnidirectional wheeled mobile robots with four swedish wheels. The contribution is the proposal of a scheme that consider the overall dynamic of the system; this means, we put together mechanical and electrical dynamics. The actuators are direct current (DC) motors, which imply that the system input signals are armature voltage applied to DC motors. In our control scheme the PD control law and eye-to-hand camera configuration are used to compute the armature voltages and to measure system states, respectively. Stability proof is performed via Lypunov direct method and LaSalle's invariance principle. Simulation and experimental results were performed in order to validate the theoretical proposal and to show the good performance of the posture errors. Keywords—IBVS, posture control, omnidirectional wheeled mobile robot, dynamic actuator, Lyapunov direct method.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the International Conference on Mechatronics in Kumamoto, Japan in May 2007. The paper presents analysis and implementation of exact model knowledge and direct adaptive control schemes for a 4th order ball and beam system. Two controllers are designed - one using the exact model and one using direct adaptive control. Experimental results show that both controllers can track constant and sinusoidal references for the ball position asymptotically on a physical ball and beam system.
Model Validation and Control of an In-Wheel DC Motor Prototype for Hybrid El...Scientific Review SR
In this paper, a mathematical model and a controller for a DC motor are developed for the
construction of an in-wheel motor. In-wheel motors can be used in hybrid electric vehicles to provide traction
force of front or rear wheels. The model identification is achieved using a simple and low cost data acquisition
system. An Arduino Uno embedded board system is used to collect data from sensors to a computer and for
control purposes. Data processing is performed using Matlab/Simulink. Validations of the devel oped
mathematical model and controller performance are carried out by comparing simulation and experimental results.
The results obtained show that the mathematical model is accurate enough to assist in speed controller design and
implementation.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The Bound of Reachable Sets Estimation for Neutral Markovian Jump Systems wit...AI Publications
The problem of finding an bound of reachable sets for neutral markovian jump systems with bounded peak disturbances is studied in this paper. Up to now, the result related to the bound of reachable sets was rarely proposed for neutral markovian jump systems. Based on the modified Lyapunov-Krasovskii type functional and linear matrix inequality technology, we obtain some delay-dependent results expressed in the form of matrix inequalities containing only one non-convex scalar. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our theoretical results.
STATE OBSERVER DESIGNS FOR QUARTER-CAR PASSIVE SUSPENSIONijccmsjournal
This paper presents state observer designs for quarter-car passive suspension. Proposed designs correspond to two theories, full-order state observer and observer on closed-loop system. Those observers are used for states and estimation errors observation. Simulation is done using MATLAB and SIMULINK. MATLAB is used to calculate both feedback gain matrix and observer gain matrix whereas SIMULINK is applied to build state space block. Results show that those observers work effectively and fit observer theories. This work may motivate to continue to other steps of observer designs, observer designs for halfcar and full car passive suspension.
Mechatronics design of ball and beam system education and researchAlexander Decker
This document describes the proposed design of a mechatronics ball and beam system for educational and research purposes. The system aims to test and analyze various control strategies by using a servo motor to continuously adjust the angle of a beam to stabilize a rolling ball. It discusses the requirements, conceptual design, and concurrent selection and integration of subsystems including the mechanical design, sensors, actuators, and control algorithm. Preliminary block diagrams and component layouts are presented and the mechanical system parts are listed. The design is intended to help users visualize and experiment with different control methods on a precise and cost-effective experimental unit.
Macromodel of High Speed Interconnect using Vector Fitting Algorithmijsrd.com
At high frequency efficient macromodeling of high speed interconnects is all time challenging task. We have presented systematic methodologies to generate rational function approximations of high-speed interconnects using vector fitting technique for any type of termination conditions and construct efficient multiport model, which is easily and directly compatible with circuit simulators.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this paper, the optimal control problem of a nonlinear robot manipulator in absence of holonomic constraint force based on the point of view of adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is presented. To begin with, the manipulator was intervened by exact linearization. Then the framework of ADP and Robust Integral of the Sign of the Error (RISE) was developed. The ADP algorithm employs Neural Network technique to tune simultaneously the actor-critic network to approximate the control policy and the cost function, respectively. The convergence of weight as well as position tracking control problem was considered by theoretical analysis. Finally, the numerical example is considered to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed control design.
FUNCTION PROJECTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF NEW CHAOTIC REVERSAL SYSTEMSijcseit
In the present work, Lyapunov stability theory, nonlinear adaptive control law and the parameter update
law were utilized to derive the state of two new chaotic reversal systems after being synchronized by the
function projective method. Using this technique allows for a scaling function instead of a constant thereby
giving a better method in applications in secure communication. Numerical simulations are presented to
demonstrate the effective nature of the proposed scheme of synchronization for the new chaotic reversal
system.
FUNCTION PROJECTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF NEW CHAOTIC REVERSAL SYSTEMSijcseit
In the present work, Lyapunov stability theory, nonlinear adaptive control law and the parameter update
law were utilized to derive the state of two new chaotic reversal systems after being synchronized by the
function projective method. Using this technique allows for a scaling function instead of a constant thereby
giving a better method in applications in secure communication. Numerical simulations are presented to
demonstrate the effective nature of the proposed scheme of synchronization for the new chaotic reversal
system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Unmanned Rotorcraft System with Embedded DesignIOSR Journals
This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for an unmanned rotorcraft. It uses a backstepping control law with state estimation provided by an extended Kalman filter using data from a marker-based vision system and inertial measurement unit. A self-organizing map is used to select local operating regimes for modeling the nonlinear dynamics. The control algorithm was tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation and able to track spiral paths in 3D space with the embedded controller implemented on a Freescale MPC555 processor.
In the present work, Lyapunov stability theory, nonlinear adaptive control law and the parameter update
law were utilized to derive the state of two new chaotic reversal systems after being synchronized by the
function projective method. Using this technique allows for a scaling function instead of a constant thereby
giving a better method in applications in secure communication. Numerical simulations are presented to
demonstrate the effective nature of the proposed scheme of synchronization for the new chaotic reversal
system.
2-DOF Block Pole Placement Control Application To: Have-DASH-IIBITT MissileZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
2-DOF Block Pole Placement Control Application To: Have-DASH-IIBITT MissileZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
Flatness Based Nonlinear Sensorless Control of Induction Motor SystemsIAES-IJPEDS
This paper deals with the flatness-based approach for sensorless control of
the induction motor systems. Two main features of the proposed flatness
based control are worth to be mentioned. Firstly, the simplicity of
implementation of the flatness approach as a nonlinear feedback linearization
control technique. Secondly, when the chosen flat outputs involve non
available state variable measurements a nonlinear observer is used to
estimate them. The main advantage of the used observer is its ability to
exploite the properties of the system nonlinearties. The simulation results are
presented to illustrate the effectiness of the proposed approach for sensorless
control of the considered induction motor.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF A FOUR-WING HYPERCHAOTIC SYSTEMijccmsjournal
This paper presents synchronization of a four-dimensional autonomous hyperchaotic system based on the
generalized augmented Lü system. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory an active control law is derived
such that the two four-dimensional autonomous hyper-chaotic systems are to be synchronized. Numerical
simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the synchronization schemes.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF A FOUR-WING HYPERCHAOTIC SYSTEMijccmsjournal
This paper presents synchronization of a four-dimensional autonomous hyperchaotic system based on the
generalized augmented Lü system. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory an active control law is derived
such that the two four-dimensional autonomous hyper-chaotic systems are to be synchronized. Numerical
simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the synchronization schemes.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF A FOUR-WING HYPERCHAOTIC SYSTEMijccmsjournal
This document summarizes research on synchronization of a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system. It presents a four-wing hyperchaotic system and derives an active control law to synchronize two identical systems based on Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulations demonstrate effective synchronization of the states and attractors between the two systems using the proposed active control method. The synchronization errors converge to zero, indicating synchronization is achieved.
Modified Projective Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Noise Disturbance,...IJECEIAES
The synchronization problem of chaotic systems using active modified projective non- linear control method is rarely addressed. Thus the concentration of this study is to derive a modified projective controller to synchronize the two chaotic systems. Since, the parameter of the master and follower systems are considered known, so active methods are employed instead of adaptive methods. The validity of the proposed controller is studied by means of the Lyapunov stability theorem. Furthermore, some numerical simulations are shown to verify the validity of the theoretical discussions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in both speed and accuracy points of views.
Comparative Study of the Success of PI and PI-Fuzzy Controller for Induction ...inventionjournals
Asynchronous motors have a wide range of applications in the industry.Therefore, speed control of asynchronous motors is of great importance.Speed control of asynchronous motors based on vector control techniques to achieve high performance.The vector control technique, motor flux and moment variables can be controlled independently of each other.Because of the nonlinear and complex model of asynchronous motors, the speed control applications of these motors are not provided with great efficiency by classical control methods.Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC), which were successful in many areas, present great performance in speed control of an asynchronous motor.In this study, a simulation study regarding speed control of a threephase squirrel cage asynchronous motor was carried out with a PI-Fuzzy type FLC and a conventional PI type controller.The data obtained by simulation are evaluated and the performances of the control methods are compared.
On line Tuning Premise and Consequence FIS: Design Fuzzy Adaptive Fuzzy Slidi...Waqas Tariq
This document presents a study on tuning premise and consequence parts of fuzzy inference system rules online to design an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller for a robot manipulator. Classical sliding mode controllers are robust but suffer from chattering. Previous work has combined fuzzy systems and sliding mode control to address chattering and model uncertainties, but require large rule bases. The proposed method uses an adaptive law to tune fuzzy rule parameters online, ensuring moderate computational load while approximating the uncertain nonlinear system dynamics. Simulation results will demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Design Novel Nonlinear Controller Applied to Robot Manipulator: Design New Fe...Waqas Tariq
This document describes a novel adaptive feedback linearization fuzzy controller for robot manipulators. It begins by discussing limitations of traditional feedback linearization controllers, such as sensitivity to parameter uncertainty. It then proposes designing a feedback linearization fuzzy controller to address this issue. The key steps are: 1) designing the fuzzy controller, including fuzzifying inputs/outputs and developing a rule base, 2) developing an adaptive feedback linearization fuzzy controller by adding an adaptive law to tune fuzzy rule parameters online and improve disturbance rejection. The goal is to develop a robust position controller for robot manipulators that maintains acceptable performance despite nonlinearities and uncertainty.
Design and Implementation of Model Reference Adaptive Controller using Coeffi...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and implementation of a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) using the coefficient diagram method (CDM) for a nonlinear process. It begins by introducing MRAC for single-input single-output plants, developing the MRAC design and control law. It then provides basics of the CDM design approach. The document applies the CDM-MRAC to a spherical tank level process in simulation, comparing its performance to a linear PI controller. Simulation results show the CDM-MRAC has faster rise time and settling time than the PI controller.
Controller Design Based On Fuzzy Observers For T-S Fuzzy Bilinear Models ijctcm
This article is devoted to the design of a fuzzy-observer-based control for a class of nonlinear systems with bilinear terms. The class of systems considered is the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy bilinear model. A new procedure to design the observer-based fuzzy controller for this class of systems is proposed. The aim is to design the fuzzy controller and the fuzzy observer of the augmented system separately in order to guarantee that the error between the state and its estimation converges faster to zero. By using the Lyapunov function, sufficient conditions are derived such that the closed-loop system is globally asymptotically stable. Moreover, sufficient conditions for controller design based on state estimation for robust stabilization of TS FBS with parametric uncertainties is proposed. The observer and controller gains are obtained by solving some linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Similar to Adaptive Control of a Robotic Arm Using Neural Networks Based Approach (20)
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetWaqas Tariq
Widget is a kind of application provides a single service such as a map, news feed, simple clock, battery-life indicators, etc. This kind of interactive software object has been developed to facilitate user interface (UI) design. A user interface (UI) function may be implemented using different widgets with the same function. In this article, we present the widget as a platform that is generally used in various applications, such as in desktop, web browser, and mobile phone. We also describe a visual menu of Java Swing’s components that will be used to establish widget. It will assume that we have successfully compiled and run a program that uses Swing components.
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
Passive sensing of the 3D geometric posture of the human hand has been studied extensively over the past decade. However, these research efforts have been hampered by the computational complexity caused by inverse kinematics and 3D reconstruction. In this paper, our objective focuses on 3D hand posture estimation based on a single 2D image with aim of robotic applications. We introduce the human hand model with 27 degrees of freedom (DOFs) and analyze some of its constraints to reduce the DOFs without any significant degradation of performance. A novel algorithm to estimate the 3D hand posture from eight 2D projected feature points is proposed. Experimental results using real images confirm that our algorithm gives good estimates of the 3D hand pose. Keywords: 3D hand posture estimation; Model-based approach; Gesture recognition; human- computer interface; machine vision.
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
Camera mouse has been widely used for handicap person to interact with computer. The utmost important of the use of camera mouse is must be able to replace all roles of typical mouse and keyboard. It must be able to provide all mouse click events and keyboard functions (include all shortcut keys) when it is used by handicap person. Also, the use of camera mouse must allow users troubleshooting by themselves. Moreover, it must be able to eliminate neck fatigue effect when it is used during long period. In this paper, we propose camera mouse system with timer as left click event and blinking as right click event. Also, we modify original screen keyboard layout by add two additional buttons (button “drag/ drop” is used to do drag and drop of mouse events and another button is used to call task manager (for troubleshooting)) and change behavior of CTRL, ALT, SHIFT, and CAPS LOCK keys in order to provide shortcut keys of keyboard. Also, we develop recovery method which allows users go from camera and then come back again in order to eliminate neck fatigue effect. The experiments which involve several users have been done in our laboratory. The results show that the use of our camera mouse able to allow users do typing, left and right click events, drag and drop events, and troubleshooting without hand. By implement this system, handicap person can use computer more comfortable and reduce the dryness of eyes.
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledWaqas Tariq
The Web is providing unprecedented access to information and interaction for people with disabilities. This paper presents a Web accessibility framework which offers the ease of the Web accessing for the disabled Arab users and facilitates their lifelong learning as well. The proposed framework system provides the disabled Arab user with an easy means of access using their mother language so they don’t have to overcome the barrier of learning the target-spoken language. This framework is based on analyzing the web page meta-language, extracting its content and reformulating it in a suitable format for the disabled users. The basic objective of this framework is supporting the equal rights of the Arab disabled people for their access to the education and training with non disabled people. Key Words : Arabic Moon code, Arabic Sign Language, Deaf, Deaf-blind, E-learning Interactivity, Moon code, Web accessibility , Web framework , Web System, WWW.
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
The document proposes a new method for real-time blinking detection based on Gabor filters. It begins by reviewing existing methods and their limitations in dealing with noise, variations in eye shape, and blinking speed. The proposed method uses a Gabor filter to extract the top and bottom arcs of the eye from an image. It then measures the distance between these arcs and compares it to a threshold: a distance below the threshold indicates a closed eye, while a distance above indicates an open eye. The document claims this Gabor filter-based approach is robust to noise, variations in eye shape and blinking speed. It presents experimental results showing the method can accurately detect blinking across different users.
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
A method for computer input with human eyes-only using two Purkinje images which works in a real time basis without calibration is proposed. Experimental results shows that cornea curvature can be estimated by using two light sources derived Purkinje images so that no calibration for reducing person-to-person difference of cornea curvature. It is found that the proposed system allows usersf movements of 30 degrees in roll direction and 15 degrees in pitch direction utilizing detected face attitude which is derived from the face plane consisting three feature points on the face, two eyes and nose or mouth. Also it is found that the proposed system does work in a real time basis.
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Waqas Tariq
Mobile multimedia service is relatively new but has quickly dominated people¡¯s lives, especially among young people. To explain this popularity, this study applies and modifies the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to propose a research model and conduct an empirical study. The goal of study is to examine the role of Perceived Enjoyment (PE) and what determinants can contribute to PE in the context of using mobile multimedia service. The result indicates that PE is influencing on Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and directly Behavior Intention (BI). Aesthetics and flow are key determinants to explain Perceived Enjoyment (PE) in mobile multimedia usage.
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeWaqas Tariq
This paper presents recent research into methods used in Australian Indigenous Knowledge sharing and looks at how these can support the creation of suitable collaborative envi- ronments for timely organisational learning. The protocols and practices as used today and in the past by Indigenous communities are presented and discussed in relation to their relevance to a personalised system of knowledge sharing in modern organisational cultures. This research focuses on user models, knowledge acquisition and integration of data for constructivist learning in a networked repository of or- ganisational knowledge. The data collected in the repository is searched to provide collections of up-to-date and relevant material for training in a work environment. The aim is to improve knowledge collection and sharing in a team envi- ronment. This knowledge can then be collated into a story or workflow that represents the present knowledge in the organisation.
Our research aims to propose a global approach for specification, design and verification of context awareness Human Computer Interface (HCI). This is a Model Based Design approach (MBD). This methodology describes the ubiquitous environment by ontologies. OWL is the standard used for this purpose. The specification and modeling of Human-Computer Interaction are based on Petri nets (PN). This raises the question of representation of Petri nets with XML. We use for this purpose, the standard of modeling PNML. In this paper, we propose an extension of this standard for specification, generation and verification of HCI. This extension is a methodological approach for the construction of PNML with Petri nets. The design principle uses the concept of composition of elementary structures of Petri nets as PNML Modular. The objective is to obtain a valid interface through verification of properties of elementary Petri nets represented with PNML.
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardWaqas Tariq
The main aim of this paper is to build a system that is capable of detecting and recognizing the hand gesture in an image captured by using a camera. The system is built based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 board, which contains a Nios II soft core processor. Image processing techniques and a simple but effective algorithm are implemented to achieve this purpose. Image processing techniques are used to smooth the image in order to ease the subsequent processes in translating the hand sign signal. The algorithm is built for translating the numerical hand sign signal and the result are displayed on the seven segment display. Altera’s Quartus II, SOPC Builder and Nios II EDS software are used to construct the system. By using SOPC Builder, the related components on the DE2 board can be interconnected easily and orderly compared to traditional method that requires lengthy source code and time consuming. Quartus II is used to compile and download the design to the DE2 board. Then, under Nios II EDS, C programming language is used to code the hand sign translation algorithm. Being able to recognize the hand sign signal from images can helps human in controlling a robot and other applications which require only a simple set of instructions provided a CMOS sensor is included in the system.
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceWaqas Tariq
A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a proficient result in the research field of human- computer synergy, where direct articulation between brain and an external device occurs resulting in augmenting, assisting and repairing human cognitive. Advanced works like generating brain-computer interface switch technologies for intermittent (or asynchronous) control in natural environments or developing brain-computer interface by Fuzzy logic Systems or by implementing wavelet theory to drive its efficacies are still going on and some useful results has also been found out. The requirements to develop this brain machine interface is also growing day by day i.e. like neuropsychological rehabilitation, emotion control, etc. An overview on the control theory and some advanced works on the field of brain machine interface are shown in this paper.
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
There is growing ageing phenomena with the rise of ageing population throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (2002), the growing ageing population indicates 694 million, or 223% is expected for people aged 60 and over, since 1970 and 2025.The growth is especially significant in some advanced countries such as North America, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and so forth. This growing older adult population has significantly impact the social-culture, lifestyle, healthcare system, economy, infrastructure and government policy of a nation. However, there are limited research studies on the perception and usage of a mobile phone and its service for senior citizens in a developing nation like Malaysia. This paper explores the relationship between mobile phones and senior citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of a developing country. We conducted an exploratory study using contextual interviews with 5 senior citizens of how they perceive their mobile phones. This paper reveals 4 interesting themes from this preliminary study, in addition to the findings of the desirable mobile requirements for local senior citizens with respect of health, safety and communication purposes. The findings of this study bring interesting insight to local telecommunication industries as a whole, and will also serve as groundwork for more in-depth study in the future.
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
Visual techniques for proper arrangement of the elements on the user screen have helped the designers to make the screen look good and attractive. Several visual techniques emphasize the arrangement and ordering of the screen elements based on particular criteria for best appearance of the screen. This paper investigates few significant visual techniques in various web user interfaces and showcases the results for better understanding and their presence.
This document discusses the progress of virtual teams in Albania. It provides context on virtual teams and how they differ from traditional teams in their reliance on technology for communication across distances. The document then examines the use of virtual teams in Albania, noting the growing infrastructure and technology usage that enables virtual collaboration. It highlights some virtual team examples in Albanian government and academic projects.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
A paradox has been observed whereby web site usability is proven to be an essential element in a web site, yet at the same time there exist an abundance of web pages with poor usability. This discrepancy is the result of limitations that are currently preventing web developers in the commercial sector from producing usable web sites. In this paper we propose a framework whose objective is to alleviate this problem by automating certain aspects of the usability evaluation process. Mainstreaming comes as a result of automation, therefore enabling a non-expert in the field of usability to conduct the evaluation. This results in reducing the costs associated with such evaluation. Additionally, the framework allows the flexibility of adding, modifying or deleting guidelines without altering the code that references them since the guidelines and the code are two separate components. A comparison of the evaluation results carried out using the framework against published evaluations of web sites carried out by web site usability professionals reveals that the framework is able to automatically identify the majority of usability violations. Due to the consistency with which it evaluates, it identified additional guideline-related violations that were not identified by the human evaluators.
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
A robot arm utilized having meal support system based on computer input by human eyes only is proposed. The proposed system is developed for handicap/disabled persons as well as elderly persons and tested with able persons with several shapes and size of eyes under a variety of illumination conditions. The test results with normal persons show the proposed system does work well for selection of the desired foods and for retrieve the foods as appropriate as usersf requirements. It is found that the proposed system is 21% much faster than the manually controlled robotics.
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
In recent decades speech interactive systems have gained increasing importance. Performance of an ASR system mainly depends on the availability of large corpus of speech. The conventional method of building a large vocabulary speech recognizer for any language uses a top-down approach to speech. This approach requires large speech corpus with sentence or phoneme level transcription of the speech utterances. The transcriptions must also include different speech order so that the recognizer can build models for all the sounds present. But, for Telugu language, because of its complex nature, a very large, well annotated speech database is very difficult to build. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all the words of any Indian language, where each word may have thousands and millions of word forms. A significant part of grammar that is handled by syntax in English (and other similar languages) is handled within morphology in Telugu. Phrases including several words (that is, tokens) in English would be mapped on to a single word in Telugu.Telugu language is phonetic in nature in addition to rich in morphology. That is why the speech technology developed for English cannot be applied to Telugu language. This paper highlights the work carried out in an attempt to build a voice enabled text editor with capability of automatic term suggestion. Main claim of the paper is the recognition enhancement process developed by us for suitability of highly inflecting, rich morphological languages. This method results in increased speech recognition accuracy with very much reduction in corpus size. It also adapts Telugu words to the database dynamically, resulting in growth of the corpus.
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalWaqas Tariq
Word ambiguity removal is a task of removing ambiguity from a word, i.e. correct sense of word is identified from ambiguous sentences. This paper describes a model that uses Part of Speech tagger and three categories for word sense disambiguation (WSD). Human Computer Interaction is very needful to improve interactions between users and computers. For this, the Supervised and Unsupervised methods are combined. The WSD algorithm is used to find the efficient and accurate sense of a word based on domain information. The accuracy of this work is evaluated with the aim of finding best suitable domain of word. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, Supervised Training, Unsupervised Learning, Word Ambiguity, Word sense disambiguation
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Waqas Tariq
From the existing research it has been observed that many techniques and methodologies are available for performing every step of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, but the performance (Minimization of Word Error Recognition-WER and Maximization of Word Accuracy Rate- WAR) of the methodology is not dependent on the only technique applied in that method. The research work indicates that, performance mainly depends on the category of the noise, the level of the noise and the variable size of the window, frame, frame overlap etc is considered in the existing methods. The main aim of the work presented in this paper is to use variable size of parameters like window size, frame size and frame overlap percentage to observe the performance of algorithms for various categories of noise with different levels and also train the system for all size of parameters and category of real world noisy environment to improve the performance of the speech recognition system. This paper presents the results of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Accuracy test by applying variable size of parameters. It is observed that, it is really very hard to evaluate test results and decide parameter size for ASR performance improvement for its resultant optimization. Hence, this study further suggests the feasible and optimum parameter size using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for enhancing resultant accuracy in adverse real world noisy environmental conditions. This work will be helpful to give discriminative training of ubiquitous ASR system for better Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Keywords: ASR Performance, ASR Parameters Optimization, Multi-Environmental Training, Fuzzy Inference System for ASR, ubiquitous ASR system, Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Adaptive Control of a Robotic Arm Using Neural Networks Based Approach
1. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 87
Adaptive Control of a Robotic Arm Using Neural Networks
Based Approach
Mahdi Vaezi m.vaezi7777@gmail.com
Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Science and Research Branch of Azad University
Tehran, Iran
Dr. Mohammad Ali Nekouie Manekoui@eetd.kntu.ac.ir
Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering
K. N. T. University of Technology
Tehran, Iran
Abstract
A new neural networks and time series prediction based method has been
discussed to control the complex nonlinear multi variable robotic arm motion
system in 3d environment without engaging the complicated and voluminous
dynamic equations of robotic arms in controller design stage, the proposed
method gives such compatibility to the manipulator that it could have significant
changes in its dynamic properties, like getting mechanical loads, without need to
change designs of the controller.
Keywords: Robotic Arm, Nonlinear Multivariable System, Neural Networks, NARMA-L2 Controller, Speed
Trajectory.
1. INTRODUCTION
The modern nonlinear control theorem’s failure in taming planets which suffer from problems like
lack of certainty or unknown parameters in their modeling, complex or prolix regnant equations
and etc are predictable sequent of this fact that all classical control theorems are based on the
exact identification of systems. This has caused the domination of conventional control theories,
like PID, over today’s practical systems [16]. Common mechanical manipulators are vastly used
systems which make an example of mentioned issue; in [16] and even in discrete form in [17] the
famous sliding mode method has been utilized to control robotic manipulator with its dynamic
equations which has caused to tremendous design and computational efforts, in [7] another
common nonlinear control method ,feedback linearization, has been used for the purpose with
similar results, more computationally voluminous adaptive control has been implied on such
system in [10], even more recent approaches like neural networks has been used to adjust
conventional PIDs in [10]&[3], even most recent neural networks based approaches like NARMA
could be used only for single variable systems as mentioned in [1]and[11]; In this thesis after
describing the relations over a three dimension robotic arm a new control strategy is introduced
with aim of inflicting the reference input trajectory behavior on its wrist point movement .
2. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 88
2. METHODS
The applied controller is based on the NARMA (nonlinear autoregressive moving average)
predictive theorem, the mathematical bases are explained in [6], the representation of dynamic
discrete systems using state equations is well known as is represented in (1):
(1)
The problems of control related to system (1) can be stated at various levels of generality. These
include the cases when we have the following:
1) f and h are known, and the state is accessible.
2) f and h are unknown, but the state is accessible.
3) f and h are unknown, and only the input and output are accessible.
Of course the case 3 is hardest to handle because system identification and control must be
carried out with only observing input and output signals, if a control method can be applied on this
case the two sampler cases are easy to handle.
Relative degree: if
Where the middle term in left side of equation above is the k time iterated composition of f, then
the dynamic system is said to have a related degree of n [14].
In discrete system since by definition the state x(k+n) depends to the input sequence
and the same state sequence so the equation (2) can
be obtained:
(2)
With respect to (1) the equation (3) could be obtained:
(3)
The last equation is similar with the nonlinear ARMA predictive formula [3]. If one extends (3)
around it’s input vector with this term that u(k) is at small amplitude compare to the systems
equilibrium state then (4) could be obtained:
3. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 89
(4)
This theorem still is not suitable to devise a control method, with a little more approximation (5) is
acquirable:
(5)
The last equation is known as NARMA-L2 equation and first described is [13], with authorizing a
suitable training strategy for a block that contains two neural networks which must pattern f & g
functions (this block will emulate the uncontrolled planet) and then rearranging this two networks
to achieve (5) a neural network based adaptive controller block is acquirable; the well known
multilayer perceptrone networks seems to fit perfectly for this objective since they have proved
ability to map any kind of math function between their input and output.
3. THEORY
This thesis contains part of the research that have been accomplished through author’s master of
science level final project about to designing a “3d hand movement trajectory system by a
robotic arm” which focused on controlling the robotic arm, first the specified robotic arm’s
properties must be explained; A three rotational joints robotic arm is considered with length of 40
cm for the first & 20 cm for the second and third links, this establishment of robotic arms is very
common and is known as RRR or humanoid robotic arm (fig,1 & 2) and fits best to emulate
human movements.
FIGURE 1: Common RRR Arm Topology. FIGURE 2: Detailed pattern.
using the standard Denavit-Hartenberg method [16] to analyze this robotic arm, the Jacobean
matrix can be obtained from vector derivation of the direct kinematic matrix(6) , this kind of
Jacobean matrix (7) gives the robot ‘s wrist point speed in three Cartesian directions in respect
to its joints rotational speed(8), and the matrix’s elements are three angelic functions of the
joints angels. Also the invert Jacobean matrix does the inverse relation (9).
4. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 90
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
These are the kinematic relations but there is more to be considered about robotic arms,
equations (10) shows the general form of robotic arms dynamic equation.
(10)
In detailed form it is a extremely voluminous matrix equation with relative factors which explains
the relation between actuators torque and respected joint’s angel, rotational speed and
acceleration through gravity, curiolis and torque terms. This equation is not utilized directly in this
work so we postpone further explaining. The primary necessity for gaining propitious trajectory
behavior is to design a suitable control diagram, with accent to preserve good precision in
regulating an object’s movement it seems adjusting its speed may bring better results than
dealing directly with its position, it is guaranteed that the object will be in right position in right time
if the ration of displacement with respect to time is accurate, so the control diagram in figure (3) is
presented.
5. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 91
FIGURE 3: control diagram for the described system.
With the aim of problem statement the system state equations must be obtained, if x=ߠ is the 3×1
vector as the state variable and with neglecting controller block (k=1) the equation (11) can be
obtained for the X axis, two others are similar.
(11)
This equation shows that in each axis the output is a direct function of input in addition of long
and voluminous terms those are respectful of state variable and its derivatives. But where the
disturbance input comes from? It has been shown in equation 11 that the robotic arm’s dynamic
relations cause a load torque in actuator, since every kind of actuators has a load-velocity profile
with negative slope then the load torque (which is generated by dynamic effects) has the role of
disturbance when the aim is to regulate the robot actuators velocity, for example the typical load-
velocity profile of dc electrical actuator is shown in figure (4) [2]. The exact relations between
input and output are acquirable but the state equations are very massive and this blocks the way
to design any classical controller. It is also obvious that any control theorem that might be
applied must be based on multi variable approach that doubles the required designing efforts and
unguaranteed results; it seems the only remaining option is attending to implement the statistical
approaches like neural networks based ones.
FIGURE 4: typical torque-velocity profile of dc servo actuators
Many researchers and authors have described methods like computing conventional PID
compensator’s factors using neural networks or genetic algorithms and it would be pointless to
6. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 92
focus on such methods. The intended method is based upon the paraphrased NARMA-L2
predictive method, to begin let’s take another look to equation (5) as equation (12), this is also
interesting that (12) is very similar to (11).
(12)
It is obvious that a propitious tracking behavior could be expected neutralizing this theorem when
this is about a SISO system, but the current problem is with a multi input-output extremely
nonlinear a voluminous system then how described NARMA-L2 approach might be useful here?
The answer is acquirable with noting to two separate mathematical theorems:
Kolmogorov’s existence theorem: “Every continuous N variable (input) function could be
approximated using linear additions of nonlinear functions which are only relative with one of the
variables”. [8].
A multi layer percepteron neural network can emulate behavior of any type of mathematical
function with unlimited discontinuous points [5].
So it could be said that a NARMA-L2 controller can emulate & control the described system’s
behavior if it contains two expedient networks and a suitable training strategy is applied, then for
each input axis an individual controller block is needed; in order to train the networks perfectly for
example networks related to controller X are connected to the planet model’s adequate input and
output while two other inputs have random pulse wave inputs in order to motivate all system
modes (fig. 5).
FIGURE 5: training strategy
In general three separated networks are used and each one has several delayed inputs and two
out puts (parallel networks) to train and emulate f and g functions, in this case we don’t know the
exact state equations of the plant so the control method is called NARMA-L2 , if we knew the
state equations this method would have been called neural based feedback linearization method,
however figure 6 shows the networks general form in the simplest shape.
7. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 93
FIGURE 6: general formation of NARMA-L2 control made in MATLAB SIMULINK
There is only one neuron in hidden layer in fig. 6 but in practice more neurons are needed,
usually between 10-13 hidden layer’s neurons could handle the job , also number of delayed
input is an important matter, since we don’t know the degree of the plant’s model (NARMA-L2
case) then number of delayed inputs must be obtained by examining in simulation, as described
commonly robotic arms have very complicated and extensive ruling relations, in this works not
less than 5 delayed inputs showed the suitable behavior. After getting the trained NARMA-L2
controller it must be connected to the plant, the general connection shape is shown in figure 7.
FIGURE 7: general shape for connecting the NARMA-L2 controller, error output could be useful for further
experimentations.
And at last figure 8 shows the created formation of three NARMA-L2 controller in this work, note
that in figure 3 there is feedback lines those are needed in classic control methods but in
NARMA-L2 the conventional feedback is not used and the similar signal lines are needed to
provide delayed inputs for the inside networks. The training performed using levenberg –
marquardt method (trainlm), this presents a nonlinear algorithm for training multi layer
perceptrones based on the Newton’s method for minimizing functions which are consisted of
linear sum of nonlinear functions squared form, this method has better performance and results
8. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 94
that many others but is profable only until several hundred neuron establishment of a network
because of its high memory capacity requirement, the learning rule is shown in (13):
(13)
Where µ is a factor which in small amount learning rule is Newton’s formula with a hessian matrix
and in larger amounts of µ this is gradient descent with small step size, since first form has faster
and more accurate performance near a performance function’s minimum point training’s goal
must be to reduce µ in every step’ thus µ is always reduced and only in case of errors in crescent
it steps up, and J is Jacobean matrix consisted of error’s derivations with respect to weight
factors variation shown in (14).
(14)
FIGURE 8: experimental formation of NARMA-L2 control of described three input-output robotic arm plant.
9. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 95
3. SIMULATION EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The whole system could be simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK, after making the planets model the
three NARMA-L2 controllers trained executing the paraphrased strategy, the following figures are
the three stage of networks training (training, testing and validating sets), figures 9 for NARMA-L2
controller X, 10 for Y & 11 for Z.
FIGURE 9: training, testing and validation sets for the NARMA-L2 controller in axis X, this figures also show
the untamed plant’s respond to puls inputs.
FIGURE 10: training, testing and validation sets for the NARMA-L2 controller in axis Y, this figures also
show the untamed plant’s respond to puls inputs.
10. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 96
FIGURE 11: training, testing and validation sets for the NARMA-L2 controller in axis Z, this figures also
show the untamed plant’s respond to puls inputs.
After some retryings in training procedure a suitable reffrence tracking behaviore could be
obtained, it seems that NARMA-L2 controller does the best about this system with 14 hidden
layers and 5 delaied input-outputs; figue 12 shows the trajectory profile in X axis and the two
other for Y and Z.
FIGURE 12: controled plant’s refrence tracking profile in axis X neutralizing NARMA-L2 control method.
FIGURE 13: controled plant’s refrence tracking profile in axis Y neutralizing NARMA-L2 control method.
11. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 97
FIGURE 14: controled plant’s refrence tracking profile in axis Z neutralizing NARMA-L2 control method.
4. CONCLUSION
This new approach for the robot control porpuse suffers from the extra ordiniary training
properties, all neural networks based methods have a training phase but in this particular case
training is a little more prolix and needs more efforts. There is also several concession point, like
profable trajectory behaviore and not a very coplicated designing, then again it could be said that
the proposed control strategy may eliminate the necessarily of complex driver boards for the
actuator’s control [12]; most importantly because all dynamic quandaries have the disturbance
role in control loop but they could be included during the training procces, like manipulating a load
with the robotic arm in addition of a gripper, the convinsing PWM shaped output provided by
NARMA-L2 controlers for DC actuators are sufficient evidence for this claim. But after all it seems
that the most important properties of this input trajectory system is that this control method has
forced a similar output for step inputs in all manners, this is not guaranteed that a nonlinear
system shows such behaviore (nonlinear systems respond is extremly related to their initial
conditions, chaos theorem) but now with a suitable control method and training strategy it seems
that the nonlinear multi input-output systems respond to step input similarily during simulation,
now the way is clear to identify the whole system as three linear second degree systems and
present a conventional PID controller for each input in order to further improvement in robotic
arm’s refrence trajectory profile.
Yet the advantages of this control methods should be counted as follow:
1- elimination of relativly expensive robot actuator’s driver board’s necessity.
2- the explained extremly nonlinear system has been seen showing a behaviore like simple
identifiable linear system.
3- the whole control method should need less hardware equipments compare to those are
necessary to establish complicated nonlineare controlers.
4- the utilized neural networks based control method has a discrete nature which is most
desirable when it comes to implanting the system on digital chipsets.
5- while simulation some times errors accured when the robotic arm’s configoration approach
singulare configuration, but situations got handeled by reducing the simulation’s time step, it
seems the NARMA-L2 controlers can handle the conditions; since this control system is designed
for input signal which is generated in wrist trajectory and hand operation stimulation (speed and
12. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 98
position in 3d) so in practice such situation should never accure becouse human arm’s operation
space is limited and it doesn’t reach singular configuration which happen in arm’s far reaches.
Further research and expansion outlines should be to investigate that if further changes in
mechanical properties of system (like grasping an object) could be handles by adjusting a PID
controler to whole now linearized system (or the training may be resumed),as the main fallback in
neural networks based control methods is the fact that with any change in system trait obliges the
training procedure repeated (yet it is worse in nonlinear controlers becouse whole design must be
changed) , and to investigate how much training effort is required in practice.
5. REFFRENCES
[1] D.Beldekas. ”Comparative Control of A Nonlinear First Order Velocity System By A Neural
Network NARMA Method”. Issn 1392 – 1215 Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika.2004. Nr. 6(55):1-4,
2004.
[2] R.Bishop. “Mechatronics”, Taylor & Francis Group, PP. 129-136 (2006).
[3] C.Cox. “Modern Adaptive Control with Neural Networks”. International Conference on Neural
Networks Information Processing, Iconip 96, Hong Kong, 1996.
[4] M.Haggan. “neural networks design”, PWS publishing company, PP.391-399 (1996).
[5] S.Hawkins. ” Neural Networks”, Prentice Hall, PP. 130-170 (1999).
[6] Hen Yu, Hen. “Handbook of Neural Network Signal Processing”, CRC Press, PP. 34-39, 42-
71, 249-267 (2002).
[7] M.Koot. “Identification And Control Of The RRR-Robot”. M.Sc thesis, Eindhoven University
Of Technology,Serbia, 2001.
[8] R.Lippmann. ” An Introduction To Computing With Neural Nets”. IEEE ASSP Magazine: 4-22,
1987.
[9] L.Guoping. “Variable Neural Networks for Adaptive Control Of Nonlinear Systems” IEEE
Transactions On Systems, Man, And Cybernetics—Part C: Applications And Reviews: 1-3, 1999.
[10] L.Marton. “Robust-Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Single variable Mechatronic System”. PhD
thesis, Budapest University of Technology And Economics, 2006.
[11] H. Mokri. “Real Time Implementation of NARMA Control of a Single Link Manipulator”.
American Journal Of Applied Sciences 5 (12): 1642-1649, 2008.
[12] G.Moleykutty. “Speed Control of Separately Excited Dc Motor”. PhD Thesis, Multimedia
University Melaka Campus, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia, 2008. [13] Narendra.
“Identification And Control Of Dynamical Systems Using Neural Networks”. IEEE Transaction of
Neural Networks: 4-27, 1990.
[14] H.Nijmeijer. “Nonlinear Dynamic Control Systems”. Springer, PP.130-160 (1990)
13. Mahdi Vaezi & Mohammad Ali Nekouie
International Journal of Robotics and Automation, (IJRA), Volume: (1), Issue: (5) 99
[15] Pandian, Shunmugham. “Model-Based Sliding Mode Control of Underwater Robot
Manipulators”. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISSN 1053-5381) Vol.
16, No. 3, September 2006: PP. 210–217, 2006.
[16] M.Spong. “Robot Dynamic And Control”, Springer, PP: 61-83,99-153,175-193,231-300
(2004).
[17] G.Van Der Zalm. “Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Control of the RRR-Robot” PhD Thesis,
Eindhoven University Of Technology, 2003.