A novel nonlinear missile guidance law against maneuvering targets is designed based on the principles of partial stability. It is demonstrated that in a real approach which is adopted with actual situations, each state of the guidance system must have a special behavior and asymptotic stability or exponential stability of all states is not realistic. Thus, a new guidance law is developed based on the partial stability theorem in such a way that the behaviors of states in the closed-loop system are in conformity with a real guidance scenario that leads to collision. The performance of the proposed guidance law in terms of interception time and control effort is compared with the sliding mode guidance law by means of numerical simulations.
Event triggered control design of linear networked systems with quantizationsISA Interchange
This paper is concerned with the control design problem of event-triggered networked systems with both state and control input quantizations. Firstly, an innovative delay system model is proposed that describes the network conditions, state and control input quantizations, and event-triggering mechanism in a unified framework. Secondly, based on this model, the criteria for the asymptotical stability analysis and control synthesis of event-triggered networked control systems are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
- The document details a state space solver approach for analog mixed-signal simulations using SystemC. It models analog circuits as sets of linear differential equations and solves them using the Runge-Kutta method of numerical integration.
- Two examples are provided: a digital voltage regulator simulation and a digital phase locked loop simulation. Both analog circuits are modeled in state space and simulated alongside a digital design to verify mixed-signal behavior.
- The state space approach allows modeling analog circuits without transistor-level details, improving simulation speed over traditional mixed-mode simulations while still capturing system-level behavior.
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND MODELING FOR INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING TANK S...ijistjournal
System identification from the experimental data plays a vital role for model based controller design. Derivation of process model from first principles is often difficult due to its complexity. The first stage in the development of any control and monitoring system is the identification and modeling of the system. Each model is developed within the context of a specific control problem. Thus, the need for a general system identification framework is warranted. The proposed framework should be able to adapt and emphasize different properties based on the control objective and the nature of the behavior of the system. Therefore, system identification has been a valuable tool in identifying the model of the system based on the input and output data for the design of the controller. The present work is concerned with the identification of transfer function models using statistical model identification, process reaction curve method, ARX model, genetic algorithm and modeling using neural network and fuzzy logic for interacting and non interacting tank process. The identification technique and modeling used is prone to parameter change & disturbance. The proposed methods are used for identifying the mathematical model and intelligent model of interacting and non interacting process from the real time experimental data.
Fault detection based on novel fuzzy modelling csijjournal
The Fault detection which is based on fuzzy modeling is investigated. Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model can
be derived by structure and parameter identification, where only the input-output data of the identified system are available. In the structure identification step, Gustafson-Kessel clustering algorithm (GKCA) is used to detect clusters of different geometrical shapes in the data set and to obtain the point-wise membership function of the premise. In the parameter identification step, Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is
used to estimate the parameters of the premise’s membership function. In the consequence part, Kalman filter (KF) algorithm is applied as a linear regression to estimate parameters of the TS model using the input-output data set. Then, the obtained fuzzy model is used to detect the fault. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Harmonic Analysis Techniques of Power System-A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of harmonic analysis techniques for power systems. It discusses the sources and types of harmonics in power systems, including those from flexible AC transmission systems and power converters. It summarizes commonly used harmonic analysis methods such as time domain modeling, direct frequency domain analysis, and iterative harmonic analysis. It also describes linearized converter models and the need for iterative techniques to account for the effects of harmonic voltages on nonlinear devices.
TEST GENERATION FOR ANALOG AND MIXED-SIGNAL CIRCUITS USING HYBRID SYSTEM MODELSVLSICS Design
In this paper we propose an approach for testing time-domain properties of analog and mixed-signal circuits. The approach is based on an adaptation of a recently developed test generation technique for hybrid systems and a new concept of coverage for such systems. The approach is illustrated by its application to some benchmark circuits.
A NEW TOOL FOR LARGE SCALE POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT SECURITY ASSESSMENTPower System Operation
This document proposes a new method for fast assessment of transient security power limits in large power systems using neural networks. It establishes a nonlinear mapping between transient energy margin and generator power at different fault clearing times and load levels using a self-organizing map. The transient security power limits of generators can then be estimated very quickly by inputting fault clearing time and load level data. Testing on a sample power system shows the proposed method can accurately estimate security limits without needing to calculate analytical sensitivities, providing faster results than traditional methods.
DESIGN OF OBSERVER BASED QUASI DECENTRALIZED FUZZY LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROLLER ...ijfls
This paper proposes Fuzzy Quasi Decentralized Functional Observers (FQDFO) for Load Frequency Control of inter-connected power systems. From the literature, it is well noticed about the need of
Functional Observers (FO’s) for power system applications. In past, conventional Functional Observers are used. Later, these conventional Functional Observers are replaced with Quasi Decentralized
Functional Observers (QDFO) to improve the system performance. In order to increase the efficacy of the
system, intelligent controllers gained importance. Due to their expertise knowledge, which is adaptive in
nature is applied successfully for FQDFO. For supporting the validity of the proposed observer FQDFO,
it is compared with full order Luenberger observer and QDFO for a two-area inter connected power system by taking parametric uncertainties into consideration. Computational results proved the robustness of the proposed observer.
Event triggered control design of linear networked systems with quantizationsISA Interchange
This paper is concerned with the control design problem of event-triggered networked systems with both state and control input quantizations. Firstly, an innovative delay system model is proposed that describes the network conditions, state and control input quantizations, and event-triggering mechanism in a unified framework. Secondly, based on this model, the criteria for the asymptotical stability analysis and control synthesis of event-triggered networked control systems are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
- The document details a state space solver approach for analog mixed-signal simulations using SystemC. It models analog circuits as sets of linear differential equations and solves them using the Runge-Kutta method of numerical integration.
- Two examples are provided: a digital voltage regulator simulation and a digital phase locked loop simulation. Both analog circuits are modeled in state space and simulated alongside a digital design to verify mixed-signal behavior.
- The state space approach allows modeling analog circuits without transistor-level details, improving simulation speed over traditional mixed-mode simulations while still capturing system-level behavior.
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND MODELING FOR INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING TANK S...ijistjournal
System identification from the experimental data plays a vital role for model based controller design. Derivation of process model from first principles is often difficult due to its complexity. The first stage in the development of any control and monitoring system is the identification and modeling of the system. Each model is developed within the context of a specific control problem. Thus, the need for a general system identification framework is warranted. The proposed framework should be able to adapt and emphasize different properties based on the control objective and the nature of the behavior of the system. Therefore, system identification has been a valuable tool in identifying the model of the system based on the input and output data for the design of the controller. The present work is concerned with the identification of transfer function models using statistical model identification, process reaction curve method, ARX model, genetic algorithm and modeling using neural network and fuzzy logic for interacting and non interacting tank process. The identification technique and modeling used is prone to parameter change & disturbance. The proposed methods are used for identifying the mathematical model and intelligent model of interacting and non interacting process from the real time experimental data.
Fault detection based on novel fuzzy modelling csijjournal
The Fault detection which is based on fuzzy modeling is investigated. Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model can
be derived by structure and parameter identification, where only the input-output data of the identified system are available. In the structure identification step, Gustafson-Kessel clustering algorithm (GKCA) is used to detect clusters of different geometrical shapes in the data set and to obtain the point-wise membership function of the premise. In the parameter identification step, Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is
used to estimate the parameters of the premise’s membership function. In the consequence part, Kalman filter (KF) algorithm is applied as a linear regression to estimate parameters of the TS model using the input-output data set. Then, the obtained fuzzy model is used to detect the fault. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Harmonic Analysis Techniques of Power System-A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of harmonic analysis techniques for power systems. It discusses the sources and types of harmonics in power systems, including those from flexible AC transmission systems and power converters. It summarizes commonly used harmonic analysis methods such as time domain modeling, direct frequency domain analysis, and iterative harmonic analysis. It also describes linearized converter models and the need for iterative techniques to account for the effects of harmonic voltages on nonlinear devices.
TEST GENERATION FOR ANALOG AND MIXED-SIGNAL CIRCUITS USING HYBRID SYSTEM MODELSVLSICS Design
In this paper we propose an approach for testing time-domain properties of analog and mixed-signal circuits. The approach is based on an adaptation of a recently developed test generation technique for hybrid systems and a new concept of coverage for such systems. The approach is illustrated by its application to some benchmark circuits.
A NEW TOOL FOR LARGE SCALE POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT SECURITY ASSESSMENTPower System Operation
This document proposes a new method for fast assessment of transient security power limits in large power systems using neural networks. It establishes a nonlinear mapping between transient energy margin and generator power at different fault clearing times and load levels using a self-organizing map. The transient security power limits of generators can then be estimated very quickly by inputting fault clearing time and load level data. Testing on a sample power system shows the proposed method can accurately estimate security limits without needing to calculate analytical sensitivities, providing faster results than traditional methods.
DESIGN OF OBSERVER BASED QUASI DECENTRALIZED FUZZY LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROLLER ...ijfls
This paper proposes Fuzzy Quasi Decentralized Functional Observers (FQDFO) for Load Frequency Control of inter-connected power systems. From the literature, it is well noticed about the need of
Functional Observers (FO’s) for power system applications. In past, conventional Functional Observers are used. Later, these conventional Functional Observers are replaced with Quasi Decentralized
Functional Observers (QDFO) to improve the system performance. In order to increase the efficacy of the
system, intelligent controllers gained importance. Due to their expertise knowledge, which is adaptive in
nature is applied successfully for FQDFO. For supporting the validity of the proposed observer FQDFO,
it is compared with full order Luenberger observer and QDFO for a two-area inter connected power system by taking parametric uncertainties into consideration. Computational results proved the robustness of the proposed observer.
Available transfer capability computations in the indian southern e.h.v power...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents three methods for computing the available transfer capability (ATC). One method is the conventional method known as continuation repeated power flow (CRPF) and other two are the intelligent techniques known as radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), basic adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In these two intelligent techniques, the basic ANFIS works with a multiple input single output (MISO) and it is modified as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) ANFIS using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. The main intension of this proposed method is to utilise the significant features of ANFIS with respect to the multiple outputs, as the basic ANFIS has been proved as the best intelligent techniques in the modelling of any application, but it has a disadvantage of single output and this drawback will be overcome using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. In this paper, the latest Indian southern region extra high voltage (SREHV) 72-bus system considered as test system to obtain the ATC computations using three methods. The ATC computations at desired buses are obtained with and without contingencies and compared the conventional ATC computations with the intelligent techniques. The obtained results are scrupulously verified with different test patterns and observed that the accuracy of proposed method is proved as the best as compared to the other methods for computing ATC. In this way, this paper shows a better way to compute ATC for the different open power market system Keywords— Available Transfer Capability, Total Transfer Capability, Open Power Markets, Repeated Power Flow, Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System etc.
MODELLING ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF DSP BASED NOVEL SPEED SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTRO...IAEME Publication
Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), which is an update d version of EKF, is proposed as a state estimator for speed sensorless field oriented contr ol of induction motors. UKF state update computations, different from EKF, are derivative fr ee and they do not involve costly calculation of Jacobian matrices. Moreover, variance of each state is not assumed Gaussian, therefore a more realistic approach is provided by UKF. In order to examine the rotor speed (state V) estimation performance of UKF experimentally under varying spe ed conditions, a trapezoidal speed reference command is embedded into the DSP code. EKF rotor speed estimation successfully tracks the trapezoidal path. It has been observed that the est imated states are quite close to the measured ones. The magnitude of the rotor flux justifies that the estimated dq components of the rotor flux are estimated accurately. A number of simulations were carried out to verify the performance of the speed estimation with UKF. These simulated results are confirmed with the experimental results. While obtaining the experimental results, the real time stator voltages and currents are processed in Matlab with the associated EKF and UKF programs.
Design of de-coupler for an interacting tanks systemIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of a decoupler for a two-tank interacting system. It first provides background on interacting or coupled multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems and the goal of decoupling. It then presents the mathematical model and dynamics of the two-tank system. Next, it analyzes the interaction between the two tanks' liquid levels and inlet flow rates. The relative gain array (RGA) method is used to determine appropriate control loop configurations to minimize interaction. Finally, the document derives equations to design decouplers to cancel the effect of one tank's flow rate on the other tank's liquid level, thereby rendering the system as two independent single-input single-output loops. Experimental results
Modern Tools for the Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Design of FACTS Assi...Power System Operation
There has recently been an intense development of eigenanalysis tools for power systems dynamics and control. This paper provides an up-to-date review of the major algorithms available. Comments on other relevant but yet unpublished algorithms are also made.
The conventional state-space description is obtained through the elimination of the algebraic variables of the mathematical model. In many applications, the power system case included, the algebraic variables in the model are usually more numerous than the state variables.
The problem of multiple, decentralized controller synthesis in large, FACTS assisted power systems is addressed.
A report in CIGRE [1] recognized the large benefits of working with the unreduced set of differential-algebraic equations linearized at an operating point. The resulting power system Jacobian is large and highly sparse, allowing efficient use of sparsity oriented programming. The computation of all system eigenvalues, not practical for large power systems, was since then replaced by the computation of only the eigenvalues of interest.
A good part of the paper is dedicated to showing the high productivity gains achieved when using a well designed package for graphical display and animation of results.
The pressing needs for better utilization of existing transmission and generation equipment will eventually dictate a wider use of FACTS devices. The higher complexity and stricter requirements on power system controls, under both steady-state and dynamic conditions, calls for the immediate development and use of more sophisticated computer tools. The material in this paper may help the further development of one of these tools.
Many important developments occurred in the last fifteen
Pranešimas XVII mokslinės kompiuterininkų konferencijos
sekcijoje „K8. Statistiniai metodai, optimizavimas ir prognozavimas“
„Kompiuterininkų dienos – 2015“, Panevėžyje, KTU PTVF 2013-09-19
Stability and stabilization of discrete-time systems with time-delay via Lyap...IJERA Editor
The stability and stabilization problems for discrete systems with time-delay are discussed .The stability and
stabilization criterion are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). An effective method
allowing us transforming a bilinear matrix Inequality (BMI) to a linear matrix Inequality (LMI) is developed.
Based on these conditions, a state feedback controller with gain is designed. An illustrative numerical example
is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method and the reliability of the results.
This document provides an overview of modeling systems using Laplace transforms. It discusses:
1) Converting time functions to the frequency domain using Laplace transforms and inverse Laplace transforms
2) Finding transfer functions (TF) from differential equations to model systems
3) Using partial fraction expansions to simplify transfer functions for inverse Laplace transforms
4) Examples of using Laplace transforms to solve differential equations and model various mechanical and electrical systems.
Direct digital control scheme for controlling hybrid dynamic systems using AN...XiaoLaui
An Estimator Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (EBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature, is proposed in this paper. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensembeled Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
1) The document analyzes the boundedness and domain of attraction of a fractional-order wireless power transfer (WPT) system.
2) It establishes a fractional-order piecewise affine model of the WPT system and derives sufficient conditions for boundedness using Lyapunov functions and inequality techniques.
3) The results provide a way to estimate the domain of attraction of the fractional-order WPT system and systems with periodically intermittent control.
Chapter 3 mathematical modeling of dynamic systemLenchoDuguma
The document discusses mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, including obtaining differential equations to represent system dynamics, different representations like transfer functions and impulse response functions, using block diagrams to visualize system components and signal flows, modeling various physical systems like mechanical, electrical, and thermal systems, and representing systems using signal flow graphs. It provides examples of obtaining transfer functions for different system types and using block diagram reduction techniques to find overall transfer functions.
Shunt Faults Detection on Transmission Line by Waveletpaperpublications3
Abstract: Transmission line fault detection is a very important task because major portion of power system fault occurring in transmission system. This paper represents a fast and reliable method of transmission line shunt fault detection. MATLAB Simulink use for modeled an IEEE 9-bus test power system for case study of various faults. In proposed work Daubechies wavelet is applied for decomposition of fault transients. The application of wavelet analysis helps in accurate classification of the various fault patterns. Wavelet entropy measure based on wavelet analysis is able to observe the unsteady signals and complexity of the system at time-frequency plane.
The result shows that the proposed method is capable to detect all the shunt faults.
A Distinctive Scheme for Extraction of Symmetrical Components along with Harm...IOSR Journals
1. The document describes a software program developed in C++ Builder to extract symmetrical components and harmonics from three-phase current signals using digital filters.
2. The software was tested on simulated power systems under balanced, unbalanced, fault, and harmonic conditions and was able to satisfactorily extract the symmetrical components and harmonics.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate the software's ability to extract symmetrical components and harmonics from simulated three-phase systems under various balanced and unbalanced conditions, as well as during different fault scenarios.
This document introduces multi-rate integration algorithms as a promising approach for efficiently simulating large object-oriented models. Multi-rate algorithms allow different components of a model to be integrated with different time steps, using smaller steps for fast subsystems and larger steps for slow subsystems. This is more efficient than single-rate algorithms that use a single small time step for the entire model. The document presents a self-adjusting multi-rate integration scheme and applies it to a test case model of a heating system with centralized heating and multiple user units. Results show the multi-rate approach reduces the number of derivative evaluations and computational time compared to a single-rate approach, especially as the system size increases.
Compensation of Data-Loss in Attitude Control of Spacecraft Systems rinzindorjej
In this paper, a comprehensive comparison of two robust estimation techniques namely, compensated closed-loop Kalman filtering and open-loop Kalman filtering is presented. A common problem of data loss in a real-time control system is investigated through these two schemes. The open-loop scheme, dealing with the data-loss, suffers from several shortcomings. These shortcomings are overcome using compensated scheme, where an accommodating observation signal is obtained through linear prediction technique -- a closed-loop setting and is adopted at a posteriori update step. The calculation and employment of accommodating observation signal causes computational complexity. For simulation purpose, a linear time invariant spacecraft model is however, obtained from the nonlinear spacecraft attitude dynamics through linearization at nonzero equilibrium points -- achieved off-line through Levenberg-Marguardt iterative scheme. Attempt has been made to analyze the selected example from most of the perspectives in order to display the performance of the two techniques.
This document discusses control systems and their analysis using state space models. It defines the key components of a control system and explains how state space representation models systems using state variables and matrices. The document also covers analyzing stability, controllability and observability of state space models.
State Estimation based Inverse Dynamic Controller for Hybrid system using Art...XiaoLaui
Authors have proposed State Estimation Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (SEBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
The document discusses the concepts of controllability and observability in state space analysis of dynamic systems. It defines controllability as the ability to transfer a system state to any desired state using control inputs. Observability is defined as the ability to identify the system state using output measurements. Gilbert's and Kalman's tests are described to check for complete controllability and observability by examining the system and output matrices. No cancellation of poles and zeros in the transfer function is a necessary condition for complete controllability and observability.
This document discusses using an observability index to decompose the Kalman filter into two filters applied sequentially: 1) A filter estimating the transitional process caused by uncertainty in initial conditions, which treats the system as deterministic. 2) A filter estimating the steady state that treats the system as stochastic. The observability index measures observability as a signal-to-noise ratio to evaluate how long it takes to estimate states in the presence of noise. This decomposition simplifies filter implementation and reduces computational requirements by restricting estimated states and dividing the observation period into transitional and steady state estimation.
Computational Complexity Comparison Of Multi-Sensor Single Target Data Fusion...ijccmsjournal
This document compares the computational complexity of four multi-sensor data fusion methods based on the Kalman filter using MATLAB simulations. The four methods are: group-sensor method, sequential-sensor method, inverse covariance form, and track-to-track fusion. The results show that the inverse covariance method has the best computational performance if the number of sensors is above 20. For fewer sensors, other methods like the group sensors method are more appropriate due to lower computational loads when inverting smaller matrices.
This presentation was given on Dec. 19, 2016, during a technical assistance workshop on how to apply for HOME funds, which are used within Chattanooga City limits to create or rehabilitate housing for people who earn low/moderate income and for seniors, homeless, veterans, or people with disabilities.
Este documento describe el proceso de contratación de un profesor de inglés para un colegio de alto rendimiento en Lambayeque, Perú. Se especifican los requisitos, funciones, cronograma y proceso de selección. Los candidatos serán evaluados en base a su hoja de vida, evaluación psicotécnica y entrevista para cubrir el puesto de 3 meses con un salario de 4500 soles.
Available transfer capability computations in the indian southern e.h.v power...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents three methods for computing the available transfer capability (ATC). One method is the conventional method known as continuation repeated power flow (CRPF) and other two are the intelligent techniques known as radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), basic adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In these two intelligent techniques, the basic ANFIS works with a multiple input single output (MISO) and it is modified as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) ANFIS using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. The main intension of this proposed method is to utilise the significant features of ANFIS with respect to the multiple outputs, as the basic ANFIS has been proved as the best intelligent techniques in the modelling of any application, but it has a disadvantage of single output and this drawback will be overcome using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. In this paper, the latest Indian southern region extra high voltage (SREHV) 72-bus system considered as test system to obtain the ATC computations using three methods. The ATC computations at desired buses are obtained with and without contingencies and compared the conventional ATC computations with the intelligent techniques. The obtained results are scrupulously verified with different test patterns and observed that the accuracy of proposed method is proved as the best as compared to the other methods for computing ATC. In this way, this paper shows a better way to compute ATC for the different open power market system Keywords— Available Transfer Capability, Total Transfer Capability, Open Power Markets, Repeated Power Flow, Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System etc.
MODELLING ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF DSP BASED NOVEL SPEED SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTRO...IAEME Publication
Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), which is an update d version of EKF, is proposed as a state estimator for speed sensorless field oriented contr ol of induction motors. UKF state update computations, different from EKF, are derivative fr ee and they do not involve costly calculation of Jacobian matrices. Moreover, variance of each state is not assumed Gaussian, therefore a more realistic approach is provided by UKF. In order to examine the rotor speed (state V) estimation performance of UKF experimentally under varying spe ed conditions, a trapezoidal speed reference command is embedded into the DSP code. EKF rotor speed estimation successfully tracks the trapezoidal path. It has been observed that the est imated states are quite close to the measured ones. The magnitude of the rotor flux justifies that the estimated dq components of the rotor flux are estimated accurately. A number of simulations were carried out to verify the performance of the speed estimation with UKF. These simulated results are confirmed with the experimental results. While obtaining the experimental results, the real time stator voltages and currents are processed in Matlab with the associated EKF and UKF programs.
Design of de-coupler for an interacting tanks systemIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of a decoupler for a two-tank interacting system. It first provides background on interacting or coupled multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems and the goal of decoupling. It then presents the mathematical model and dynamics of the two-tank system. Next, it analyzes the interaction between the two tanks' liquid levels and inlet flow rates. The relative gain array (RGA) method is used to determine appropriate control loop configurations to minimize interaction. Finally, the document derives equations to design decouplers to cancel the effect of one tank's flow rate on the other tank's liquid level, thereby rendering the system as two independent single-input single-output loops. Experimental results
Modern Tools for the Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Design of FACTS Assi...Power System Operation
There has recently been an intense development of eigenanalysis tools for power systems dynamics and control. This paper provides an up-to-date review of the major algorithms available. Comments on other relevant but yet unpublished algorithms are also made.
The conventional state-space description is obtained through the elimination of the algebraic variables of the mathematical model. In many applications, the power system case included, the algebraic variables in the model are usually more numerous than the state variables.
The problem of multiple, decentralized controller synthesis in large, FACTS assisted power systems is addressed.
A report in CIGRE [1] recognized the large benefits of working with the unreduced set of differential-algebraic equations linearized at an operating point. The resulting power system Jacobian is large and highly sparse, allowing efficient use of sparsity oriented programming. The computation of all system eigenvalues, not practical for large power systems, was since then replaced by the computation of only the eigenvalues of interest.
A good part of the paper is dedicated to showing the high productivity gains achieved when using a well designed package for graphical display and animation of results.
The pressing needs for better utilization of existing transmission and generation equipment will eventually dictate a wider use of FACTS devices. The higher complexity and stricter requirements on power system controls, under both steady-state and dynamic conditions, calls for the immediate development and use of more sophisticated computer tools. The material in this paper may help the further development of one of these tools.
Many important developments occurred in the last fifteen
Pranešimas XVII mokslinės kompiuterininkų konferencijos
sekcijoje „K8. Statistiniai metodai, optimizavimas ir prognozavimas“
„Kompiuterininkų dienos – 2015“, Panevėžyje, KTU PTVF 2013-09-19
Stability and stabilization of discrete-time systems with time-delay via Lyap...IJERA Editor
The stability and stabilization problems for discrete systems with time-delay are discussed .The stability and
stabilization criterion are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). An effective method
allowing us transforming a bilinear matrix Inequality (BMI) to a linear matrix Inequality (LMI) is developed.
Based on these conditions, a state feedback controller with gain is designed. An illustrative numerical example
is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method and the reliability of the results.
This document provides an overview of modeling systems using Laplace transforms. It discusses:
1) Converting time functions to the frequency domain using Laplace transforms and inverse Laplace transforms
2) Finding transfer functions (TF) from differential equations to model systems
3) Using partial fraction expansions to simplify transfer functions for inverse Laplace transforms
4) Examples of using Laplace transforms to solve differential equations and model various mechanical and electrical systems.
Direct digital control scheme for controlling hybrid dynamic systems using AN...XiaoLaui
An Estimator Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (EBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature, is proposed in this paper. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensembeled Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
1) The document analyzes the boundedness and domain of attraction of a fractional-order wireless power transfer (WPT) system.
2) It establishes a fractional-order piecewise affine model of the WPT system and derives sufficient conditions for boundedness using Lyapunov functions and inequality techniques.
3) The results provide a way to estimate the domain of attraction of the fractional-order WPT system and systems with periodically intermittent control.
Chapter 3 mathematical modeling of dynamic systemLenchoDuguma
The document discusses mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, including obtaining differential equations to represent system dynamics, different representations like transfer functions and impulse response functions, using block diagrams to visualize system components and signal flows, modeling various physical systems like mechanical, electrical, and thermal systems, and representing systems using signal flow graphs. It provides examples of obtaining transfer functions for different system types and using block diagram reduction techniques to find overall transfer functions.
Shunt Faults Detection on Transmission Line by Waveletpaperpublications3
Abstract: Transmission line fault detection is a very important task because major portion of power system fault occurring in transmission system. This paper represents a fast and reliable method of transmission line shunt fault detection. MATLAB Simulink use for modeled an IEEE 9-bus test power system for case study of various faults. In proposed work Daubechies wavelet is applied for decomposition of fault transients. The application of wavelet analysis helps in accurate classification of the various fault patterns. Wavelet entropy measure based on wavelet analysis is able to observe the unsteady signals and complexity of the system at time-frequency plane.
The result shows that the proposed method is capable to detect all the shunt faults.
A Distinctive Scheme for Extraction of Symmetrical Components along with Harm...IOSR Journals
1. The document describes a software program developed in C++ Builder to extract symmetrical components and harmonics from three-phase current signals using digital filters.
2. The software was tested on simulated power systems under balanced, unbalanced, fault, and harmonic conditions and was able to satisfactorily extract the symmetrical components and harmonics.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate the software's ability to extract symmetrical components and harmonics from simulated three-phase systems under various balanced and unbalanced conditions, as well as during different fault scenarios.
This document introduces multi-rate integration algorithms as a promising approach for efficiently simulating large object-oriented models. Multi-rate algorithms allow different components of a model to be integrated with different time steps, using smaller steps for fast subsystems and larger steps for slow subsystems. This is more efficient than single-rate algorithms that use a single small time step for the entire model. The document presents a self-adjusting multi-rate integration scheme and applies it to a test case model of a heating system with centralized heating and multiple user units. Results show the multi-rate approach reduces the number of derivative evaluations and computational time compared to a single-rate approach, especially as the system size increases.
Compensation of Data-Loss in Attitude Control of Spacecraft Systems rinzindorjej
In this paper, a comprehensive comparison of two robust estimation techniques namely, compensated closed-loop Kalman filtering and open-loop Kalman filtering is presented. A common problem of data loss in a real-time control system is investigated through these two schemes. The open-loop scheme, dealing with the data-loss, suffers from several shortcomings. These shortcomings are overcome using compensated scheme, where an accommodating observation signal is obtained through linear prediction technique -- a closed-loop setting and is adopted at a posteriori update step. The calculation and employment of accommodating observation signal causes computational complexity. For simulation purpose, a linear time invariant spacecraft model is however, obtained from the nonlinear spacecraft attitude dynamics through linearization at nonzero equilibrium points -- achieved off-line through Levenberg-Marguardt iterative scheme. Attempt has been made to analyze the selected example from most of the perspectives in order to display the performance of the two techniques.
This document discusses control systems and their analysis using state space models. It defines the key components of a control system and explains how state space representation models systems using state variables and matrices. The document also covers analyzing stability, controllability and observability of state space models.
State Estimation based Inverse Dynamic Controller for Hybrid system using Art...XiaoLaui
Authors have proposed State Estimation Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (SEBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
The document discusses the concepts of controllability and observability in state space analysis of dynamic systems. It defines controllability as the ability to transfer a system state to any desired state using control inputs. Observability is defined as the ability to identify the system state using output measurements. Gilbert's and Kalman's tests are described to check for complete controllability and observability by examining the system and output matrices. No cancellation of poles and zeros in the transfer function is a necessary condition for complete controllability and observability.
This document discusses using an observability index to decompose the Kalman filter into two filters applied sequentially: 1) A filter estimating the transitional process caused by uncertainty in initial conditions, which treats the system as deterministic. 2) A filter estimating the steady state that treats the system as stochastic. The observability index measures observability as a signal-to-noise ratio to evaluate how long it takes to estimate states in the presence of noise. This decomposition simplifies filter implementation and reduces computational requirements by restricting estimated states and dividing the observation period into transitional and steady state estimation.
Computational Complexity Comparison Of Multi-Sensor Single Target Data Fusion...ijccmsjournal
This document compares the computational complexity of four multi-sensor data fusion methods based on the Kalman filter using MATLAB simulations. The four methods are: group-sensor method, sequential-sensor method, inverse covariance form, and track-to-track fusion. The results show that the inverse covariance method has the best computational performance if the number of sensors is above 20. For fewer sensors, other methods like the group sensors method are more appropriate due to lower computational loads when inverting smaller matrices.
This presentation was given on Dec. 19, 2016, during a technical assistance workshop on how to apply for HOME funds, which are used within Chattanooga City limits to create or rehabilitate housing for people who earn low/moderate income and for seniors, homeless, veterans, or people with disabilities.
Este documento describe el proceso de contratación de un profesor de inglés para un colegio de alto rendimiento en Lambayeque, Perú. Se especifican los requisitos, funciones, cronograma y proceso de selección. Los candidatos serán evaluados en base a su hoja de vida, evaluación psicotécnica y entrevista para cubrir el puesto de 3 meses con un salario de 4500 soles.
Does a gap exist between resurrection of the just and unjustAllThingsFulfilled
Slides on the judgment of the righteous and the wicked. Does a gap of 1000 years exist between the resurrection of the dead and the judgment of the wicked per Revelation 20:4-6?
This document provides data on the sex ratios and mortality rates of four countries: Bangladesh, India, Japan, and the United States. For Bangladesh, it lists population statistics and notes the infant mortality rate is 45.67 deaths per 1,000 live births. For India, it states the 2011 sex ratio was 940 females per 1,000 males, up from 933 in 2001. India's under-5 mortality rate in 2013 was 52.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. Japan's 2010 population was 128 million, and it has one of the highest life expectancies at 81.25 years but low birth rates. The US data includes population breakdowns by age and sex as well as median age and mortality rates differing by
The document discusses the process of due diligence for mergers and acquisitions. It defines due diligence as a careful and methodical investigation and risk assessment of a potential business transaction. The key points made are:
1) Due diligence involves conducting a comprehensive investigation and analysis of all aspects of the target company, including its business, finances, legal issues, operations, and technologies.
2) It is an important process that can help determine whether a deal will succeed or fail, as deals may look good initially but pose risks that are uncovered through due diligence.
3) Due diligence allows investors to properly assess the risks involved and understand the target business in order to accurately value it and negotiate the
U.S. Paper Bag And Coated And Treated Paper Market. Analysis And Forecast to ...IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: “U.S. Paper Bag And Coated And Treated Paper Market. Analysis And Forecast to 2020”.
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the U.S. paper bag and coated and treated paper market. It presents the latest data of the market size and volume, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and turnover in the industry. In addition, the report contains insightful information about the industry, including industry life cycle, business locations, productivity, employment and many other crucial aspects. The Company Profiles section contains relevant data on the major players in the industry.
Graph database can be used in social media, fraud detection, Identity management, real time recommendation and various other fields. Neo4J is a graph database that offers native graph processing along with ACID support, flexibility and agility. When it comes to querying the database, cypher is the query language that is created by Neo4J in order to express graph model into user defined queries.
United states breast cancer diagnostic devices market 2010 2020 brochurePharmaion
According to Pharmaion “United States Breast Cancer Diagnostic Devices Market Opportunities, 2010 - 2020” report studies the market size and share of various segments and sub-segments of the breast cancer diagnostic devices market in the United States during the period 2010 - 2020.
Khalid Aziz is seeking a position as an accountant where he can utilize over 15 years of experience in financial accounting. He has extensive skills in accounts payable/receivable, financial reporting, budgeting, and computer accounting systems. His career includes roles as an accounting supervisor, senior accountant, and accountant for various companies in Pakistan and the UAE. He has a B.Com degree and certifications in IT and COBOL programming. Khalid aims to contribute his accounting knowledge, problem-solving abilities, and strong work ethic to an esteemed organization.
The document discusses various types of filters, including low pass, high pass, bandpass, and notch filters. It provides schematics and output data like voltage and decibels (dB) at different frequencies for butterworth filters of orders 1 through 4. It also examines narrow bandpass filters. Probe outputs are shown to find cutoff frequencies for -3dB attenuation.
This document discusses concepts and principles of health education. It defines health education as a process that informs, motivates, and helps people adopt healthy practices. The document outlines several objectives and dimensions of health education, including defining it, identifying principles and models, and determining who health educators are. It describes the role of nurses as health educators and lists appropriate settings for health education. Finally, it discusses principles that should guide health educators, such as being aware of community needs and evaluating teaching effectiveness.
Este documento describe el proceso de contratación de un docente para la enseñanza de Comunicación y Literatura en un colegio de alto rendimiento en Lambayeque. Incluye la identificación del puesto, funciones, requisitos de formación académica, experiencia, conocimientos, habilidades, condiciones del contrato y el cronograma del proceso de selección.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi tentang cara hidup sihat dengan menjelaskan aspek-aspek penting seperti senaman, makanan bergizi, menghindari merokok, mengontrol tekanan darah dan emosi. Dokumen ini juga menyoroti kempen hidup sihat di Malaysia serta manfaat menjalani gaya hidup yang seimbang bagi kesihatan fizikal dan mental.
Hussnain Raza has over 10 years of experience in human resources, administration, training, and research. He has held positions such as HR Manager, Training Coordinator, and Research Scholar. Currently he works as the Manager of HR and Administration at Deokjae Group of Companies, where he has developed HR policies and procedures, conducted training needs analyses, and managed various projects. He holds an MBA in human resource management and has received several training certifications.
Hybrid Chaos Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Newton-Leipnik Systems by Slidin...ijctcm
This paper investigates the hybrid chaos synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Newton-Leipnik systems (Ghosh and Bhattacharya, 2010) by sliding mode control. The stability results derived in this paper for the hybrid chaos synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Newton-Leipnik systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Hybrid synchronization of hyperchaotic Newton-Leipnik systems is achieved through the complete synchronization of first and third states of the systems and the anti-synchronization of second and fourth states of the master and slave systems. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the sliding mode control is very effective and convenient to achieve hybrid chaos synchronization of the identical hyperchaotic Newton-Leipnik systems. Numerical simulations are shown to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the synchronization schemes derived in this paper.
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (...IJITCA Journal
The International Journal of Information Technology, Control and Automation (IJITCA) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Information Technology (IT), Control Systems and Automation Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of IT, Control Systems and Automation with applications in real-world engineering and scientific problems. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on information technology, control engineering, automation, modeling concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Authors are invited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Information Technology, Control Systems and Automation.
Anti-Synchronization Of Four-Scroll Chaotic Systems Via Sliding Mode Control IJITCA Journal
In this paper, new results are derived for the anti-synchronization of identical Liu-Chen four-scroll chaotic systems (Liu and Chen, 2004) and identical Lü-Chen-Cheng four-scroll chaotic systems (Lü,Chen and Cheng, 2004) by sliding mode control. The stability results derived in this paper for the antisynchronization of identical four-scroll chaotic systems are established using sliding mode control and Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the sliding mode control method is very effective and convenient to achieve anti-synchronization of the identical four-scroll chaotic systems. Numerical simulations are shown to illustrate and validate the antisynchronization schemes derived in this paper for the identical four-scroll systems
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
The document presents an adaptive tracking control method for a welding mobile manipulator. The mobile manipulator consists of a three-linked planar manipulator mounted on a two-wheeled mobile platform. Controllers are designed using Lyapunov stability analysis to guarantee the end-effector tracks a desired welding trajectory despite unknown dimensional parameters of the manipulator. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive controllers.
Kane/DeAlbert dynamics for multibody system Tadele Belay
The document discusses Kane's method for modeling multi-body systems. It begins with an introduction to multi-body systems and generalized coordinates. It then covers Kane's method which uses generalized speeds and forces to develop equations of motion in a compact form. The method encapsulates both holonomic and non-holonomic constraints. Kane's method is considered superior to other methods for modeling complex multi-body systems. The document provides details on deriving Kane's equations using virtual work principles and generalized speeds and coordinates.
SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF SHIMIZU-MORIOKA CHAOTIC...ijistjournal
This paper investigates the global chaos synchronization of identical Shimizhu-Morioka chaotic systems (Shimizu and Morioka, 1980) by sliding mode control. The stability results derived in this paper for the complete synchronization of identical Shimizu-Morioka chaotic systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the sliding mode control method is very effective and convenient to achieve global chaos synchronization of the identical Shimizu-Morioka chaotic systems. Numerical simulations are shown to illustrate and validate the synchronization schemes derived in this paper for the identical Shimizu-Morioka systems.
SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF SHIMIZU-MORIOKA CHAOTIC...ijistjournal
This paper investigates the global chaos synchronization of identical Shimizhu-Morioka chaotic systems (Shimizu and Morioka, 1980) by sliding mode control. The stability results derived in this paper for the complete synchronization of identical Shimizu-Morioka chaotic systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the sliding mode control method is very effective and convenient to achieve global chaos synchronization of the identical Shimizu-Morioka chaotic systems. Numerical simulations are shown to illustrate and validate the synchronization schemes derived in this paper for the identical Shimizu-Morioka systems.
1) The document discusses dynamics modeling for robotic manipulators using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation and Lagrangian mechanics. It describes using the Euler-Lagrange method to derive equations of motion for robotic links by computing kinetic and potential energy terms.
2) As an example, dynamics equations are derived for a simple 1 degree-of-freedom robotic arm. Kinetic and potential energy expressions are written and the Lagrangian is computed to obtain the equation of motion.
3) State-space modeling basics are reviewed using the example of a damped spring-mass system, showing how to write the system dynamics as state-space matrices to evaluate responses like step response.
Modified Projective Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Noise Disturbance,...IJECEIAES
The synchronization problem of chaotic systems using active modified projective non- linear control method is rarely addressed. Thus the concentration of this study is to derive a modified projective controller to synchronize the two chaotic systems. Since, the parameter of the master and follower systems are considered known, so active methods are employed instead of adaptive methods. The validity of the proposed controller is studied by means of the Lyapunov stability theorem. Furthermore, some numerical simulations are shown to verify the validity of the theoretical discussions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in both speed and accuracy points of views.
Super-twisting sliding mode based nonlinear control for planar dual arm robotsjournalBEEI
This document describes a super-twisting sliding mode controller developed for a planar dual arm robot. The controller is designed to improve tracking ability and reduce chattering compared to a basic sliding mode controller. Mathematical models are developed to describe the kinematics and dynamics of the dual arm robot. A super-twisting algorithm is then applied within a sliding mode control framework to stabilize the robot and drive it to follow a desired trajectory. Simulations show the super-twisting controller has better tracking performance and less chattering than a conventional sliding mode controller.
Sliding Mode Controller Design for Hybrid Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Che...ijcsa
This paper derives new results for the design of sliding mode controller for the hybrid synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Chen systems (Jia, Dai and Hui, 2010). The synchronizer results derived in this paper for the hybrid synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Chen systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the sliding mode control method is very effective and convenient to achieve hybrid synchronization of the
identical hyperchaotic Chen systems. Numerical simulations are shown to illustrate and validate the hybrid synchronization schemes derived in this paper for the identical hyperchaotic Chen systems.
Adaptive Projective Lag Synchronization of T and Lu Chaotic Systems IJECEIAES
In this paper, the synchronization problem of T chaotic system and Lu chaotic system is studied. The parameter of the drive T chaotic system is considered unknown. An adaptive projective lag control method and also parameter estimation law are designed to achieve chaos synchronization problem between two chaotic systems. Then Lyapunov stability theorem is utilized to prove the validity of the proposed control method. After that, some numerical simulations are performed to assess the performance of the proposed method. The results show high accuracy of the proposed method in control and synchronization of chaotic systems.
The document provides information about state variable models and transfer functions. It discusses:
- Modeling systems using state variables and representing them with first-order differential equations in matrix form.
- Obtaining transfer functions from state variable models by taking the Laplace transform of the state equations.
- Examples of modeling an RLC circuit and calculating its transfer function from the state equations.
- Using state variable models and feedback to design state variable feedback control systems. This involves estimating unmeasured states with observers and connecting the observer to the full-state feedback control law.
In this paper, we propose a study by software MATLAB/Simulink of the adaptive nonlinear controller of permanent magnet linear synchronous machine. The lumped uncertainties due for saturation magnetic and temperature and distribution load effects in performances of the system control. To resolve this problem the sliding mode controller is designed with estimator of load force by MRAS method the simulation results prove clearly the robustness of controlling law and estimator method.
Oscillatory motion control of hinged body using controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Due to technological revolution , there is change in daily life usuage of instrument & equipment.These usuage may be either for leisure or necessary and compulsory for life to live. In past there is necessity of a person to help other person but today`s fast life has restricted this helpful nature of human. This my project will helpful eliminate such necessity in certain cases. Oscillatory motion is very common everywhere. But its control is not upto now deviced tactfully. So it is tried to automate it keeping mind constraints such as cost, power consumption, safety,portability and ease of operating. Proper amalgamation of hardware and software make project flexible and stuff. The repetitive , monotonous and continuous operation is made simple by use of PIC microcontroller. There does not existing prototype or research paper on this subject. It probable first in it type.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
THE LEFT AND RIGHT BLOCK POLE PLACEMENT COMPARISON STUDY: APPLICATION TO FLIG...ieijjournal1
It is known that if a linear-time-invariant MIMO system described by a state space equation has a number
of states divisible by the number of inputs and it can be transformed to block controller form, we can
design a state feedback controller using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block
poles. These may be left or right block poles. The idea is to compare both in terms of system’s response.
THE LEFT AND RIGHT BLOCK POLE PLACEMENT COMPARISON STUDY: APPLICATION TO FLIG...ieijjournal
It is known that if a linear-time-invariant MIMO system described by a state space equation has a number of states divisible by the number of inputs and it can be transformed to block controller form, we can design a state feedback controller using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles. These may be left or right block poles. The idea is to compare both in terms of system’s response.
SLIDING CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THE GLOBAL CHAOS SYNCHRONIZATION OF IDENTICAL H...ijait
This paper establishes new results for the sliding controller design for the global chaos synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Yujun systems (2010). Hyperchaotic systems are chaotic nonlinear systems having more than one positive Lyapunov exponent. Because of the complex dynamics properties of hyperchaotic system such as high capacity, high security and high efficiency, they are very useful in secure
communication devices and data encryption. Using sliding mode control theory and Lyapunov stability theory, a general result has been obtained for the global chaos synchronization of identical chaotic nonlinear systems. As an application of this general result, this paper designs a sliding controller for the
global chaos synchronization of hyperchaotic Yujun systems. Numerical results and simulations are shown to validate the proposed sliding controller design and demonstrate its effectiveness in achieving global chaos synchronization of hyperchaotic Yujun systems.
This document summarizes research on designing nonlinear observers for Lotka-Volterra (L-V) predator-prey models. The author applies Sundarapandian's theorem on nonlinear observer design to construct exponential observers for two-species L-V systems near an equilibrium point. Numerical simulations demonstrate the observers accurately estimate the states of an example L-V system. The results provide a method for monitoring population dynamics in ecological models using nonlinear observer theory.
Similar to Partial stabilization based guidance (20)
An optimal general type-2 fuzzy controller for Urban Traffic NetworkISA Interchange
This document presents an optimal general type-2 fuzzy controller (OGT2FC) for controlling traffic signal scheduling and phase succession to minimize wait times and average queue length. The OGT2FC uses a combination of general type-2 fuzzy logic sets and the Modified Backtracking Search Algorithm (MBSA) to optimize the membership function parameters. Simulation results show the OGT2FC performs better than conventional type-1 fuzzy controllers in regulating urban traffic flow.
Embedded intelligent adaptive PI controller for an electromechanical systemISA Interchange
In this study, an intelligent adaptive controller approach using the interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is presented. The proposed controller consists of a lower level proportional - integral (PI) controller, which is the main controller and an upper level IT2FNN which tuning on-line the parameters of a PI controller. The proposed adaptive PI controller based on IT2FNN (API-IT2FNN) is implemented practically using the Arduino DUE kit for controlling the speed of a nonlinear DC motor-generator system. The parameters of the IT2FNN are tuned on-line using back-propagation algorithm. The Lyapunov theorem is used to derive the stability and convergence of the IT2FNN. The obtained experimental results, which are compared with other controllers, demonstrate that the proposed API-IT2FNN is able to improve the system response over a wide range of system uncertainties.
State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using fractional order sl...ISA Interchange
This paper presents a state of charge (SOC) estimation method based on fractional order sliding mode observer (SMO) for lithium-ion batteries. A fractional order RC equivalent circuit model (FORCECM) is firstly constructed to describe the charging and discharging dynamic characteristics of the battery. Then, based on the differential equations of the FORCECM, fractional order SMOs for SOC, polarization voltage and terminal voltage estimation are designed. After that, convergence of the proposed observers is analyzed by Lyapunov’s stability theory method. The framework of the designed observer system is simple and easy to implement. The SMOs can overcome the uncertainties of parameters, modeling and measurement errors, and present good robustness. Simulation results show that the presented estima- tion method is effective, and the designed observers have good performance.
Fractional order PID for tracking control of a parallel robotic manipulator t...ISA Interchange
This paper presents the tracking control for a robotic manipulator type delta employing fractional order PID controllers with computed torque control strategy. It is contrasted with an integer order PID controller with computed torque control strategy. The mechanical structure, kinematics and dynamic models of the delta robot are descripted. A SOLIDWORKS/MSC-ADAMS/MATLAB co-simulation model of the delta robot is built and employed for the stages of identification, design, and validation of control strategies. Identification of the dynamic model of the robot is performed using the least squares algorithm. A linearized model of the robotic system is obtained employing the computed torque control strategy resulting in a decoupled double integrating system. From the linearized model of the delta robot, fractional order PID and integer order PID controllers are designed, analyzing the dynamical behavior for many evaluation trajectories. Controllers robustness is evaluated against external disturbances employing performance indexes for the joint and spatial error, applied torque in the joints and trajectory tracking. Results show that fractional order PID with the computed torque control strategy has a robust performance and active disturbance rejection when it is applied to parallel robotic manipulators on tracking tasks.
Fuzzy logic for plant-wide control of biological wastewater treatment process...ISA Interchange
The application of control strategies is increasingly used in wastewater treatment plants with the aim of improving effluent quality and reducing operating costs. Due to concerns about the progressive growth of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), these are also currently being evaluated in wastewater treatment plants. The present article proposes a fuzzy controller for plant-wide control of the biological wastewater treatment process. Its design is based on 14 inputs and 6 outputs in order to reduce GHG emissions, nutrient concentration in the effluent and operational costs. The article explains and shows the effect of each one of the inputs and outputs of the fuzzy controller, as well as the relationship between them. Benchmark Simulation Model no 2 Gas is used for testing the proposed control strategy. The results of simulation results show that the fuzzy controller is able to reduce GHG emissions while improving, at the same time, the common criteria of effluent quality and operational costs.
Design and implementation of a control structure for quality products in a cr...ISA Interchange
In recent years, interest for petrochemical processes has been increasing, especially in refinement area. However, the high variability in the dynamic characteristics present in the atmospheric distillation column poses a challenge to obtain quality products. To improve distillates quality in spite of the changes in the input crude oil composition, this paper details a new design of a control strategy in a conventional crude oil distillation plant defined using formal interaction analysis tools. The process dynamic and its control are simulated on Aspen HYSYS dynamic environment under real operating conditions. The simulation results are compared against a typical control strategy commonly used in crude oil atmospheric distillation columns.
Model based PI power system stabilizer design for damping low frequency oscil...ISA Interchange
This paper explores a two-level control strategy by blending a local controller with a centralized controller for the low frequency oscillations in a power system. The proposed control scheme provides stabilization of local modes using a local controller and minimizes the effect of inter-connection of sub-systems performance through a centralized control. For designing the local controllers in the form of proportional-integral power system stabilizer (PI-PSS), a simple and straight forward frequency domain direct synthesis method is considered that works on use of a suitable reference model which is based on the desired requirements. Several examples both on one machine infinite bus and multi-machine systems taken from the literature are illustrated to show the efficacy of the proposed PI-PSS. The effective damping of the systems is found to be increased remarkably which is reflected in the time-responses; even unstable operation has been stabilized with improved damping after applying the proposed controller. The proposed controllers give remarkable improvement in damping the oscillations in all the illustrations considered here and as for example, the value of damping factor has been increased from 0.0217 to 0.666 in Example 1. The simulation results obtained by the proposed control strategy are favorably compared with some controllers prevalent in the literature.
A comparison of a novel robust decentralized control strategy and MPC for ind...ISA Interchange
This document summarizes a research article that compares a novel decentralized control strategy based on override control to a model predictive controller (MPC) for controlling an industrial high purity methanol distillation column. Both controllers were able to maintain tight product purity and high recovery specifications under disturbances. The MPC provided tighter control of product purity but used more energy, while the proposed override control provided tighter recovery control and had lower costs. An economic analysis showed the optimal choice depends on factors like energy costs.
Fault detection of feed water treatment process using PCA-WD with parameter o...ISA Interchange
This research article proposes a new fault detection algorithm called PCA-WD that combines wavelet denoising (WD) with principal component analysis (PCA) to improve fault detection performance for feed water treatment processes (FWTP). The algorithm is applied to operational data from a FWTP sustaining two 1000 MW coal-fired power plants. Parameter selection for the PCA-WD algorithm is formulated as an optimization problem solved using particle swarm optimization to determine optimal parameters automatically rather than relying on individual experience. Results show that WD effectively reduces noise in PCA statistics, improving fault detection. The optimized PCA-WD algorithm outperforms classical PCA and a related method in detecting various faults in the FWTP data.
Model-based adaptive sliding mode control of the subcritical boiler-turbine s...ISA Interchange
As higher requirements are proposed for the load regulation and efficiency enhancement, the control performance of boiler-turbine systems has become much more important. In this paper, a novel robust control approach is proposed to improve the coordinated control performance for subcritical boiler-turbine units. To capture the key features of the boiler-turbine system, a nonlinear control-oriented model is established and validated with the history operation data of a 300 MW unit. To achieve system linearization and decoupling, an adaptive feedback linearization strategy is proposed, which could asymptotically eliminate the linearization error caused by the model uncertainties. Based on the linearized boiler-turbine system, a second-order sliding mode controller is designed with the super-twisting algorithm. Moreover, the closed-loop system is proved robustly stable with respect to uncertainties and disturbances. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, which achieves excellent tracking performance, strong robustness and chattering reduction.
A Proportional Integral Estimator-Based Clock Synchronization Protocol for Wi...ISA Interchange
Clock synchronization is an issue of vital importance in applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes a proportional integral estimator-based protocol (EBP) to achieve clock synchronization for wireless sensor networks. As each local clock skew gradually drifts, synchronization accuracy will decline over time. Compared with existing consensus-based approaches, the proposed synchronization protocol improves synchronization accuracy under time-varying clock skews. Moreover, by restricting synchronization error of clock skew into a relative small quantity, it could reduce periodic re-synchronization frequencies. At last, a pseudo-synchronous implementation for skew compensation is introduced as synchronous protocol is unrealistic in practice. Numerical simulations are shown to illustrate the performance of the proposed protocol.
An artificial intelligence based improved classification of two-phase flow patte...ISA Interchange
Flow pattern recognition is necessary to select design equations for finding operating details of the process and to perform computational simulations. Visual image processing can be used to automate the interpretation of patterns in two-phase flow. In this paper, an attempt has been made to improve the classification accuracy of the flow pattern of gas/ liquid two- phase flow using fuzzy logic and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The videos of six different types of flow patterns namely, annular flow, bubble flow, churn flow, plug flow, slug flow and stratified flow are re- corded for a period and converted to 2D images for processing. The textural and shape features extracted using image processing are applied as inputs to various classification schemes namely fuzzy logic, SVM and SVM with PCA in order to identify the type of flow pattern. The results obtained are compared and it is observed that SVM with features reduced using PCA gives the better classification accuracy and computationally less intensive than other two existing schemes. This study results cover industrial application needs including oil and gas and any other gas-liquid two-phase flows.
New Method for Tuning PID Controllers Using a Symmetric Send-On-Delta Samplin...ISA Interchange
In this paper we present a new method for tuning PI controllers with symmetric send-on-delta (SSOD) sampling strategy. First we analyze the conditions that produce oscillations in event based systems considering SSOD sampling strategy. The Describing Function is the tool used to address the problem. Once the conditions for oscillations are established, a new robustness to oscillation performance measure is introduced which entails with the concept of phase margin, one of the most traditional measures of relative stability in closed-loop control systems. Therefore, the application of the proposed robustness measure is easy and intuitive. The method is tested by both simulations and experiments. Additionally, a Java application has been developed to aid in the design according to the results presented in the paper.
Load estimator-based hybrid controller design for two-interleaved boost conve...ISA Interchange
This paper is devoted to the development of a hybrid controller for a two-interleaved boost converter dedicated to renewable energy and automotive applications. The control requirements, resumed in fast transient and low input current ripple, are formulated as a problem of fast stabilization of a predefined optimal limit cycle, and solved using hybrid automaton formalism. In addition, a real time estimation of the load is developed using an algebraic approach for online adjustment of the hybrid controller. Mathematical proofs are provided with simulations to illustrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed controller despite different disturbances. Furthermore, a fuel cell system supplying a resistive load through a two-interleaved boost converter is also highlighted.
Effects of Wireless Packet Loss in Industrial Process Control SystemsISA Interchange
Timely and reliable sensing and actuation control are essential in networked control. This depends on not only the precision/quality of the sensors and actuators used but also on how well the communications links between the field instruments and the controller have been designed. Wireless networking offers simple deployment, reconfigurability, scalability, and reduced operational expenditure, and is easier to upgrade than wired solutions. However, the adoption of wireless networking has been slow in industrial process control due to the stochastic and less than 100% reliable nature of wireless communications and lack of a model to evaluate the effects of such communications imperfections on the overall control performance. In this paper, we study how control performance is affected by wireless link quality, which in turn is adversely affected by severe propagation loss in harsh industrial environments, co-channel interference, and unintended interference from other devices. We select the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Model (TE) for our study. A decentralized process control system, first proposed by N. Ricker, is adopted that employs 41 sensors and 12 actuators to manage the production process in the TE plant. We consider the scenario where wireless links are used to periodically transmit essential sensor measurement data, such as pressure, temperature and chemical composition to the controller as well as control commands to manipulate the actuators according to predetermined setpoints. We consider two models for packet loss in the wireless links, namely, an independent and identically distributed (IID) packet loss model and the two-state Gilbert-Elliot (GE) channel model. While the former is a random loss model, the latter can model bursty losses. With each channel model, the performance of the simulated decentralized controller using wireless links is compared with the one using wired links providing instant and 100% reliable communications. The sensitivity of the controller to the burstiness of packet loss is also characterized in different process stages. The performance results indicate that wireless links with redundant bandwidth reservation can meet the requirements of the TE process model under normal operational conditions. When disturbances are introduced in the TE plant model, wireless packet loss during transitions between process stages need further protection in severely impaired links. Techniques such as re-transmission scheduling, multi-path routing and enhanced physical layer design are discussed and the latest industrial wireless protocols are compared.
Fault Detection in the Distillation Column ProcessISA Interchange
Chemical plants are complex large-scale systems which need designing robust fault detection schemes to ensure high product quality, reliability and safety under different operating conditions. The present paper is concerned with a feasibility study of the application of the black-box modeling method and Kullback Leibler divergence (KLD) to the fault detection in a distillation column process. A Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous input (NARMAX) polynomial model is firstly developed to estimate the nonlinear behavior of the plant. Furthermore, the KLD is applied to detect abnormal modes. The proposed FD method is implemented and validated experimentally using realistic faults of a distillation plant of laboratory scale. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the fact that proposed method is effective and gives early alarm to operators.
Neural Network-Based Actuator Fault Diagnosis for a Non-Linear Multi-Tank SystemISA Interchange
The paper is devoted to the problem of the robust actuator fault diagnosis of the dynamic non-linear systems. In the proposed method, it is assumed that the diagnosed system can be modelled by the recurrent neural network, which can be transformed into the linear parameter varying form. Such a system description allows developing the designing scheme of the robust unknown input observer within H1 framework for a class of non-linear systems. The proposed approach is designed in such a way that a prescribed disturbance attenuation level is achieved with respect to the actuator fault estimation error, while guaranteeing the convergence of the observer. The application of the robust unknown input observer enables actuator fault estimation, which allows applying the developed approach to the fault tolerant control tasks.
A KPI-based process monitoring and fault detection framework for large-scale ...ISA Interchange
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An adaptive PID like controller using mix locally recurrent neural network fo...ISA Interchange
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
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Slides from talk presenting:
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Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. 142 M.H. Shafiei, T. Binazadeh / ISA Transactions 51 (2012) 141–145
and F1(., x2) is locally Lipschitz in x1. Also, F2 : D × Rn2 → Rn2 is
such that for every x1 ∈ D, F2(x1, .) is locally Lipschitz in x2 and
Ix0
= [0, τx0
), 0 < τx0
≤ ∞ is the maximal solution existence
interval (x1(t), x2(t)) of (2) ∀t ∈ Ix0
. Under these conditions,
the existence and uniqueness of the solution is ensured. Now, the
stability of the dynamical system (2) with respect to x1 can be
defined as follows [14].
Definition 1. (i) The nonlinear system (2) is Lyapunov stable
with respect to x1 if for every ε > 0 and x20 ∈ Rn2 , there exists
δ(ε, x20) > 0 such that ‖x10‖ < δ implies ‖x1(t)‖ < ε for all
t ≥ 0.
(ii) The nonlinear system (2) is asymptotically stable with respect
to x1, if it is Lyapunov stable with respect to x1 and for every
x20 ∈ Rn2 , there exists δ = δ(x20) > 0 such that ‖x10‖ < δ
implies limt→∞ x1(t) = 0.
In order to analyze partial stability, the following theorem and its
corollary are taken from [14].
Theorem 1. Nonlinear dynamical system (2) is asymptotically stable
with respect to x1 if there exist a continuously differentiable function
V : D × Rn2 → R and class K functions α(.) and γ (.), such that
V(0, x2) = 0, x2 ∈ Rn2
(3)
α(‖x1‖) ≤ V(x1, x2), (x1, x2) ∈ D × Rn2
(4)
∂V(x1, x2)
∂x1
F1(x1, x2) +
∂V(x1, x2)
∂x2
F2(x1, x2) ≤ −γ (‖x1‖),
(x1, x2) ∈ D × Rn2
. (5)
Proof. See [14].
Corollary 1. Consider the nonlinear dynamical system (2). If there
exist a positive definite, continuously differentiable function V : D →
R and a class K function γ (.), such that
∂V(x1)
∂x1
F1(x1, x2) ≤ −γ (‖x1‖) (x1, x2) ∈ D × Rn2
(6)
then the equilibrium point of the nonlinear dynamical system (2) is
asymptotically stable with respect to x1.
Proof. See [14].
3. Application of partial stability to the missile guidance
problem
3.1. Problem formulation
In this section, a two dimensional air to air engagement is
considered. The vehicles are modeled as point masses and the
relative kinematics equation of motion between the missile and
the target is derived in the planner line of sight (LOS) coordinate
system. The center of the planner LOS coordinate system is located
on the missile. The first axis (XL) is along the LOS vector (i.e. the
vector connecting the missile to the target at each moment
and its direction is toward the target). The second axis (YL) is
perpendicular to the first one. The components of the missile and
target speed vectors (⃗vM and ⃗vT ) in the LOS coordinate system are
shown in Fig. 1.
The representation of the LOS vector in the LOS coordinate
system is as follows:
⃗r =
[
r
0
]
(7)
Fig. 1. LOS coordinate system.
where r is the relative distance between the missile and the target.
Also, the LOS vector makes an angle of θ with respect to the inertia
reference line. The LOS coordinate system rotates with respect to
the inertia reference line and ⃗ωIL – defined below – denotes the
rotation rate of the LOS-frame with respect to the inertia-frame.
The only nonzero element of this vector is perpendicular to the
plane of the LOS coordinate system:
⃗ωIL =
0
0
˙θ
. (8)
The elements of the relative speed vector and the relative
acceleration vector in the LOS coordinate are
L
⃗vr = L
(⃗vT − ⃗vM ) =
[
vT1 − vM1
vT2 − vM2
]
=
[
vr1
vr2
]
(9)
L
⃗ar = L
(⃗aT − ⃗aM ) =
[
aT1 − aM1
aT2 − aM2
]
=
[
ar1
ar2
]
. (10)
Now, by differentiating with respect to time and use of the
Coriolis Theorem [15] the relative equations of motion in the LOS
coordinate can be obtained as follows:
L
⃗vr = L
(DI⃗r) = L
(DL⃗r) + L
⃗ωIL × L
⃗r
=
˙r
0
0
+
0
0
˙θ
×
r
0
0
=
˙r
r ˙θ
0
(11)
where L
⃗vr is the relative speed vector represented in the LOS
coordinate. DI is the differential operator with respect to the inertia
coordinate and DL is the differential operator with respect to the
LOS coordinate.
Note. Since the inner product in the Coriolis Theorem is used, the
LOS vector and its derivation are shown with three elements. Of
course, the third element is always equal to zero.
Therefore, the elements of the relative speed vector in the LOS
coordinate are
[
˙r
r ˙θ
]
=
[
vT1 − vM1
vT2 − vM2
]
=
[
vr1
vr2
]
(12)
where ˙r and r ˙θ are the radial and tangential components of
the relative speed vector, respectively. Now, by differentiating
the relative speed vector, the acceleration elements in the LOS
coordinate can be obtained:
L
⃗ar = L
(DI ⃗vr ) = L
(DL⃗vr ) +L
⃗ωIL × L
⃗vr
=
¨r
r ¨θ + ˙r ˙θ
0
+
0
0
˙θ
×
˙r
r ˙θ
0
=
¨r − r ˙θ2
r ¨θ + 2˙r ˙θ
0
. (13)
3. M.H. Shafiei, T. Binazadeh / ISA Transactions 51 (2012) 141–145 143
As a result, the elements of relative speed in the LOS coordinate are
[
¨r − r ˙θ2
r ¨θ + 2˙r ˙θ
=
]
=
[
aT1 − aM1
aT2 − aM2
]
=
[
ar1
ar2
]
. (14)
The above equations are defined as engagement equations. By
considering [Vr Vθ ] = [˙r r ˙θ], Eq. (14) can be rewritten in the
following way:
d
dt
r
Vr
Vθ
=
Vr
V2
θ /r
−Vr Vθ /r
−
0 0
1 0
0 1
u +
0 0
1 0
0 1
w (15)
where x = [r, Vr , Vθ ]T
is the state vector, w = (w1, w2)T
=
(aT1, aT2)T
and u = (u1, u2)T
= (aM1, aM2)T
are the acceleration
vectors of the target and missile, respectively. Here, the accelera-
tion of the target is assumed as an external bounded disturbance
and only this bound is required in the design of the guidance law
and the accurate measurement of target acceleration during the
maneuver is not necessary. The reason for choosing r ˙θ instead of
˙θ as the third state variable is that it avoids the appearance of the
term 1/r in the control and disturbance coefficient matrix. Thus,
such a selection would make these matrices constant.
Remark 1. The initial conditions of the terminal phase are usually
in such a way that r0 > 0 and Vr0 < 0 (as assumed in the present
work). This means that the target is in front of the missile and the
missile is approaching it.
3.2. Desirable behaviors for each state
For the interception, it is sufficient that r(t) becomes zero at an
instance (r(tf ) = 0 where tf is the interception time) and there
is no need for r(t) to asymptotically converge to zero. In other
words, asymptotic convergence is not an ideal behavior for r(t).
It should be noted that asymptotic convergence behavior means
that the missile initially approaches the target very fast; however,
near the target, the relative distance reduces so slowly that the
missile touches the target in an infinite time. It is evident that such
a behavior is not a desirable behavior in missile guidance which is
intended to hit the target with a non-zero speed in a finite time. For
this purpose, it is sufficient for the relative radial speed between
the missile and the target to satisfy the following proposition.
Proposition 1. In order to intercept the target within a finite time
interval, it is sufficient to have
∃t1 ∈ [t0tf ) s.t. Vr (t) ≤ −ζ < 0 ∀t ∈ [t1tf ]. (16)
Proof. r(t) is positive and continuous. Consequently, to reach a
zero value, i.e. zero-miss-distance, within a finite time, it should
decrease from its value at t1(<tf ) down to a zero value at tf .
Inequality (16) implies r(t)−r(t1) ≤ −ζ(t −t1), which shows that
r(t) reduces within the time interval [t1 t]. Since it is desirable to
have r(tf ) = 0, thus
tf ≤
r(t1) + ζt1
ζ
. (17)
Hence, the expectation is that Vr satisfies Proposition 1. In other
words, the convergence and stability of this state are not under
consideration.
Remark 2. A common approach in relevant papers is to regulate
Vr to a negative constant c. Although this approach guarantees the
interception of the non-maneuvering target within a finite time,
it is not efficient for intercepting a highly maneuvering target in
an acceptable interception time. In such a case, to improve the
Fig. 2. Interception and non-interception regions.
performance, c should vary with time; however, to determine it,
the maneuvering model of the target should be known for the
missile, which is not always practically possible.
For the third state variable, Vθ , asymptotic convergence
behavior to zero is desirable. This results in equality of vM2 and
vT2, that is equivalent to stating that the LOS vectors remain
parallel with each other (stopping in LOS rotation). The following
discussion will clarify the reason for the acceptability of such a
behavior [16].
Consider the first equation of engagement equations (14):
¨r = r ˙θ2
+ (aT1 − aM1). (18)
Assume ˙θ is temporarily fixed and the resulting radial
acceleration components are negligible. Then the solution of this
differential equation is as follows:
r = c1eαt
+ c2e−αt
(19)
where c1 = 0.5(r0 + Vr0/α), α = |˙θ| and r0, Vr0 are the initial
conditions of engagement. Usually, these initial conditions are such
that r0 > 0 and Vr0 < 0 (refer to Remark 1). This means that the
target is in front of the missile and the missile is approaching it.
Based on these initial values, three cases might occur (in the third
quarter of the r − Vr plane).
- If c1 < 0 or r0 < −Vr0/α, then the first term in expression (19)
is negative which results in reduction of the relative distance
(r) with time. Therefore, the missile will intercept the target.
So, this area is called the ‘‘interception region’’.
- If c1 > 0 or r0 > −Vr0/α, then the relative distance increases
with time and the missile does not intercept the target. This area
is called the ‘‘non-interception region’’.
- If c1 = 0 or r0 = −Vr0/α, then there is a linear relation between
r and Vr at all moments. This line is the boundary between the
interception and non-interception regions.
These regions are shown in Fig. 2. As observed, it is obvious that
a smaller |˙θ| will result in a larger interception region. Thus, it is
desirable that ˙θ converges to zero (quickly) and stays on it. As a
result, asymptotic stability behavior is desirable for convergence of
˙θ. Also, the appropriate behavior for Vθ is the same. This is because
stopping in LOS rotation leads to a zero value for Vθ .
Therefore, the state vector may be separated into x1 = Vθ and
x2 = [r Vr ] where asymptotic stability behavior only for x1 is
desirable. By modeling the system (14) in x1 − x2 coordinates, the
following can be obtained:
˙x1 =
−Vr Vθ
r
− u2 + w2
˙x2 =
Vr
V2
θ
r
− u1 + w1
.
(20)
It is evident that only the second component of the input vector
appears in the ˙x1-equation. Therefore, the asymptotic convergence
of Vθ may be achieved by u2. In the meantime, the appropriate
behavior of x2 could be obtained by u1.
4. 144 M.H. Shafiei, T. Binazadeh / ISA Transactions 51 (2012) 141–145
3.3. Guidance law design
First, consider Eq. (15) where w = 0. This is equivalent to
a non-maneuvering target. Taking the Lyapunov function to be
V(x1) = 0.5x2
1 = 0.5V2
θ , the time derivative of V(x1) in the line
of the system’s trajectory is
˙V(x1) = Vθ
−Vr Vθ
r
− u2
. (21)
Take
u2 =
−Vr Vθ
r
+ NVθ . (22)
Thus, the derivative of V(x1) will satisfy the condition ˙V(x1) ≤
−γ (‖x1‖) where γ (‖x1‖) = N V2
θ . Therefore, according to Corol-
lary 1, asymptotic convergence towards zero is achieved for x1.
Also, by choosing
u1 =
V2
θ
r
− σVr σ > 0, (23)
one has ˙Vr = σVr , and consequently
Vr (t) = Vr0eσt
(24)
where Vr0 < 0 (according to Remark 1). As a result, Vr (t) ≤ Vr0
< 0. Therefore, Proposition 1 is satisfied.
Remark 3. Clearly, higher values of σ cause a shorter interception
time; however, its adjustment should be made with respect to the
physical limitations. It is worth noting that σ adjustment can also
be made in an adaptive manner and it may decrease as r decreases.
For example, it can decrease linearly as follows:
σ(t) =
[
r(t)
r0
]
σ0 +
[
1 −
r(t)
r0
]
σf (25)
where σ0 and σf denote the initial and final values of σ,
respectively.
Now, assume w ̸= 0. In this case, the target may have any ar-
bitrary maneuver with a bounded acceleration. Additional control
components, v1 and v2, may be designed in such a way as to make
the guidance law robust with respect to w. By taking
u2new (x) = u2(x) + v2(x)
= −
Vr Vθ
r
+ NVθ + v2(x) (26)
one has
˙V(x1) = −NV2
θ − Vθ (v2 − w2) (27)
where the last term, i.e., −Vθ (v2 − w2), is the effect of the control
component (v2) and disturbance term (w2). Assume |w2| ≤ η2;
therefore,
− Vθ (v2 − w2) ≤ −Vθ v2 + |Vθ ||w2|
≤ −Vθ v2 + η2|Vθ |. (28)
By choosing v2 = η2 sgn(Vθ ), one has
− Vθ (v2 − w2) ≤ −η2|Vθ | + η2|Vθ | = 0. (29)
Thus, ˙V(x1) ≤ −γ (‖x1‖) when w2 is present. Now, the addi-
tional term, v1, could be designed in such a way that the control
law, u1new (x) = u1(x) + v1(x), guarantees the specified behavior
for x2 in the presence of w1.
u1new (x) =
V2
θ
r
− σVr + v1. (30)
Assume |w1| ≤ η1, and take v1 = −η1 sgn(Vr ). Since Vr is sup-
posed to be negative, thus sgn(Vr ) = −1 and v1 = η1. By inserting
u1new in the dynamic equation (15), one has:
˙Vr = σVr − η1 + w1. (31)
Thus,
Vr (t) = Vr0eσt
+
∫ t
0
(−η1 + w1)eσ(t−τ)
dτ
≤ Vr0eσt
−
∫ t
0
η1eσ(t−τ)
dτ +
∫ t
0
η1eσ(t−τ)
dτ
≤ Vr0eσt
. (32)
Choosing −ζ = Vr0 < 0 results in Vr (t) ≤ −ζ < 0 for
t ∈ [0 tf ], for which Proposition 1 is satisfied.
Remark 4. Since discontinuous controllers suffer from chattering,
one way to alleviate this problem is to consider an approximation
of the signum function by a saturation function with a high
slope (1
ε
).
Consequently, the guidance law (33) guarantees interception of
the maneuvering target within a finite interception and zero-miss
distance:
u1new (x) =
V2
θ
r
− σVr + η1 σ, η1 > 0
u2new (x) = −
Vθ Vr
r
+ NVθ + η2sat
Vθ
ε
N, ε, η2 > 0.
(33)
3.4. Computer simulations
Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the effective-
ness of the designed nonlinear guidance law.
The initial conditions of engagement are specified as
r(0) = 5000 m,
Vr (0) = −300 m/s,
Vθ (0) = 100/s
(34)
and the designed guidance law (33) is compared with the
sliding mode guidance law presented by the following guidance
command [8]:
u1 =
V2
θ
r
+ η1 sat
Vr − c
ε
u2 = −(N + 1)
Vr Vθ
r
+ η2 sat
Vθ
ε
.
(35)
The sliding mode guidance law has been compared with some
existing guidance laws [8]. This guidance law has obtained better
performance in terms of interception time and control effort
compared to other existing guidance laws. In this paper, it is shown
that our proposed guidance law achieves better performance
compared to the sliding mode guidance law. In both cases, a
highly maneuvering target with the following acceleration vector
is considered:
aT (t) =
200 sin
π
6
t
200 sin
π
4
t
. (36)
The initial conditions in the inertia-frame of the missile and the
target for nonlinear simulation are given by the following.
- For the missile: xM (0) = yM (0) = 0 m.
- For the target: xT (0) = 5000 cos θ0 m, yT (0) = 5000 sin θ0 m,
vTx(0) = −200 m/s, vTy(0) = 0 m/s.
5. M.H. Shafiei, T. Binazadeh / ISA Transactions 51 (2012) 141–145 145
Fig. 3. (a) Trajectories of the missile and target. (b) Relative radial speed (Vr ).
Fig. 4. (a) Radial guidance command (u1). (b) Tangential guidance command (u2).
θ0 is set to be π/6. The initial values of the missile speed
components can be obtained based on the initial relative speed
components (34) and the initial values of target speeds.
The constant N is chosen as 4, while η1 and η2 are set to be 200.
Also, ε = 1, β = 0.1, σ = 0.05 and c = −800 are selected.
Fig. 3(a) shows the trajectories of the missile and the target and
Fig. 3(b) depicts the relative radial speed (Vr ). Fig. 4(a) and (b)
reflect the guidance commands.
Fig. 3(a) illustrates the collision points, C1 and C2, for the
proposed guidance law and the sliding mode guidance law,
respectively. The interception time is 7.26 s for the proposed
guidance law and 8.38 s for the sliding mode guidance law. Fig. 4(a)
demonstrates that the amount of change of radial control effort for
the proposed law is less than for the sliding mode guidance law.
Also Fig. 4(b) shows that the proposed guidance law requires less
tangential control effort than the sliding mode guidance law.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a new approach to the missile guidance problem
was presented. It became clear that in a successful missile
guidance scenario, which leads to target interception, the desirable
behaviors of the state variables are different from each other
and asymptotic convergence behavior is not ideal for all the
state variables. Therefore, based on the partial stability theorem,
a new robust missile guidance law was developed and its
effectiveness in finite time interception of maneuvering targets
was analytically shown. Also, the proposed guidance law provided
better performance in comparison with the sliding mode guidance
law.
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