Every MANET application has its own policy and they need some special policies to enhance the security. In
MANET, each node acts as the router. The main challenging of the MANET setting up routing paths through the legitimate
nodes only. To make the MANET as the trusted system some external policies or schemes are needed. However, whether
for malicious or selfish purposes, a node may not cooperate during the network events or even try to interrupt them, both
are consider as misbehaviors. Substantial analysis efforts have been made to finding misbehaviors. Both the faulty
behaviors and malicious behavior are generally equally treated as misbehaviors without any further analysis by most of the
malicious behavior detection mechanisms. In this paper, propose the Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable trusted
framework, in which various contextual information, such as battery status weather condition and communication channel
status, are used to identify whether the misbehavior is a result of malicious activity or not.
A REVIEW: TRUST, ATTACKS AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN MANETieijjournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks or MANETs are mostly found in situations where any fixed facilities are just not available. MANET provides some fundamental responsibilities such as routing, packet forwarding communication and network management etc over self structured network. This specially affects the energy, bandwidth and memory computation requirements. Providing trust in MANET is an additional
critical task because of lack of centralized infrastructure. Since during the deployment of MANET nodes that are fresh continue returning and aged ones go from the cluster/network, there is demand for maintaining the record also to provide appropriate certification for the arriving node(s) that are fresh as well as the present node(s) in the network. But due to various types of intrusion threats and attacks it is hard to fully scrutinize any new node so as to allow only safe nodes to get connected with the existing safe system. In a cluster of large size these trusted node(s) will likely be communicating together, all the while
allowing or disallowing entry/communication of the compromised node(s) or trusted model to continue to
maintain a stable, secured, trustworthy group of movable nodes. All the reported techniques have been systematically categorized and their strong and weak points have been discussed.
An Optimal Risk- Aware Mechanism for Countering Routing Attacks in MANETsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
SECURING MOBILE AGENTS IN MANET AGAINST ATTACKS USING TRUSTIJNSA Journal
The document proposes a distributed trust-based framework to protect mobile agents and host platforms in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) from attacks. The framework uses a distributed reputation model where mobile agents deployed in the network collaborate with visited host nodes to form a consistent trust view. Agents share information about suspected malicious nodes. A node's trustworthiness is quantified based on direct observations from agent experiences and indirect observations from neighboring nodes, using concepts from Dempster-Shafer theory. Simulation results show the approach can robustly detect malicious nodes like blackholes and wormholes, even in large networks, helping to secure mobile agents in the dynamic MANET environment.
Elimination of Malicious Node by using Clustering Technique in Mobile Ad Hoc ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for eliminating malicious nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) through clustering. Specifically, it proposes finding a single trusted cluster head node based on both transmission range and highest energy, rather than just highest energy, in order to avoid selecting malicious nodes as cluster heads. The proposed approach is tested through simulation in NS2, showing improved network performance compared to existing techniques. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks pose a challenge in MANETs due to their open nature, and trust-based routing protocols have been developed to help mitigate such attacks by identifying malicious or untrusted nodes.
Risk Assessment for Identifying Intrusion in ManetIOSR Journals
This document presents a risk assessment approach for identifying intrusions in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using Dempster-Shafer theory to combine evidence from an intrusion detection system and routing table changes to assess the risk of attacks and countermeasures. An adaptive decision module then determines the response based on the risk assessment. The approach is evaluated experimentally and shown to effectively mitigate attack damages in MANETs.
Modelling of A Trust and Reputation Model in Wireless Networksijeei-iaes
Security is the major challenge for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The sensor nodes are deployed in non controlled environment, facing the danger of information leakage, adversary attacks and other threats. Trust and Reputation models are solutions for this problem and to identify malicious, selfish and compromised nodes. This paper aims to evaluate varying collusion effect with respect to static (SW), dynamic (DW), static with collusion (SWC), dynamic with collusion (DWC) and oscillating wireless sensor networks to derive the joint resultant of Eigen Trust Model. An attempt has been made for the same by comparing aforementioned networks that are purely dedicated to protect the WSNs from adversary attacks and maintain the security issues. The comparison has been made with respect to accuracy and path length and founded that, collusion for wireless sensor networks seems intractable with the static and dynamic WSNs when varied with specified number of fraudulent nodes in the scenario. Additionally, it consumes more energy and resources in oscillating and collusive environments.
Secure intrusion detection and attack measure selectionUvaraj Shan
This document proposes NICE, a framework for secure intrusion detection and attack mitigation in virtual network systems. NICE uses distributed agents on cloud servers to monitor traffic, detect vulnerabilities, and generate attack graphs. It profiles virtual machines to identify their state and vulnerabilities. When potential attacks are detected, NICE can quarantine suspicious VMs and inspect their traffic. The attack analyzer correlates alerts, constructs attack graphs, and selects appropriate countermeasures based on the graphs. Evaluations show NICE can effectively detect attacks while minimizing performance overhead for the cloud system.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
A REVIEW: TRUST, ATTACKS AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN MANETieijjournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks or MANETs are mostly found in situations where any fixed facilities are just not available. MANET provides some fundamental responsibilities such as routing, packet forwarding communication and network management etc over self structured network. This specially affects the energy, bandwidth and memory computation requirements. Providing trust in MANET is an additional
critical task because of lack of centralized infrastructure. Since during the deployment of MANET nodes that are fresh continue returning and aged ones go from the cluster/network, there is demand for maintaining the record also to provide appropriate certification for the arriving node(s) that are fresh as well as the present node(s) in the network. But due to various types of intrusion threats and attacks it is hard to fully scrutinize any new node so as to allow only safe nodes to get connected with the existing safe system. In a cluster of large size these trusted node(s) will likely be communicating together, all the while
allowing or disallowing entry/communication of the compromised node(s) or trusted model to continue to
maintain a stable, secured, trustworthy group of movable nodes. All the reported techniques have been systematically categorized and their strong and weak points have been discussed.
An Optimal Risk- Aware Mechanism for Countering Routing Attacks in MANETsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
SECURING MOBILE AGENTS IN MANET AGAINST ATTACKS USING TRUSTIJNSA Journal
The document proposes a distributed trust-based framework to protect mobile agents and host platforms in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) from attacks. The framework uses a distributed reputation model where mobile agents deployed in the network collaborate with visited host nodes to form a consistent trust view. Agents share information about suspected malicious nodes. A node's trustworthiness is quantified based on direct observations from agent experiences and indirect observations from neighboring nodes, using concepts from Dempster-Shafer theory. Simulation results show the approach can robustly detect malicious nodes like blackholes and wormholes, even in large networks, helping to secure mobile agents in the dynamic MANET environment.
Elimination of Malicious Node by using Clustering Technique in Mobile Ad Hoc ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for eliminating malicious nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) through clustering. Specifically, it proposes finding a single trusted cluster head node based on both transmission range and highest energy, rather than just highest energy, in order to avoid selecting malicious nodes as cluster heads. The proposed approach is tested through simulation in NS2, showing improved network performance compared to existing techniques. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks pose a challenge in MANETs due to their open nature, and trust-based routing protocols have been developed to help mitigate such attacks by identifying malicious or untrusted nodes.
Risk Assessment for Identifying Intrusion in ManetIOSR Journals
This document presents a risk assessment approach for identifying intrusions in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using Dempster-Shafer theory to combine evidence from an intrusion detection system and routing table changes to assess the risk of attacks and countermeasures. An adaptive decision module then determines the response based on the risk assessment. The approach is evaluated experimentally and shown to effectively mitigate attack damages in MANETs.
Modelling of A Trust and Reputation Model in Wireless Networksijeei-iaes
Security is the major challenge for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The sensor nodes are deployed in non controlled environment, facing the danger of information leakage, adversary attacks and other threats. Trust and Reputation models are solutions for this problem and to identify malicious, selfish and compromised nodes. This paper aims to evaluate varying collusion effect with respect to static (SW), dynamic (DW), static with collusion (SWC), dynamic with collusion (DWC) and oscillating wireless sensor networks to derive the joint resultant of Eigen Trust Model. An attempt has been made for the same by comparing aforementioned networks that are purely dedicated to protect the WSNs from adversary attacks and maintain the security issues. The comparison has been made with respect to accuracy and path length and founded that, collusion for wireless sensor networks seems intractable with the static and dynamic WSNs when varied with specified number of fraudulent nodes in the scenario. Additionally, it consumes more energy and resources in oscillating and collusive environments.
Secure intrusion detection and attack measure selectionUvaraj Shan
This document proposes NICE, a framework for secure intrusion detection and attack mitigation in virtual network systems. NICE uses distributed agents on cloud servers to monitor traffic, detect vulnerabilities, and generate attack graphs. It profiles virtual machines to identify their state and vulnerabilities. When potential attacks are detected, NICE can quarantine suspicious VMs and inspect their traffic. The attack analyzer correlates alerts, constructs attack graphs, and selects appropriate countermeasures based on the graphs. Evaluations show NICE can effectively detect attacks while minimizing performance overhead for the cloud system.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
This document summarizes Dr. I.A. Sumra's research on using computing methods to secure vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses how VANETs work and their safety and non-safety applications. It also outlines key security requirements for VANETs like identification, authentication, privacy, and availability. The document then reviews various computing methods that could help secure VANETs, including cloud computing, grid computing, soft computing, trusted computing, quantum computing, pervasive computing, and their relationship to addressing security challenges in VANETs posed by dynamic topologies and attacker behaviors.
A secure alert messaging for vehicular ad hoc networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a secure alert messaging system for vehicular ad hoc networks using clustering and trust relationships. The paper aims to ensure emergency messages in VANETs are genuine and disseminated to all vehicles without delay. It uses clustering to notify vehicles of emergencies and establishes trust between vehicles to protect against malicious actors. The system is designed to assure user privacy through distributed trust establishment and detect fake location or time stamps sent by intruders to increase network security.
An Integrated Multi-level Security Model for Malicious Attacks Resiliency in ...Dr.Irshad Ahmed Sumra
Road accident and traffic congestion are global issues faced by many countries around the world. Road accident led to fatalities and injuries, while traffic congestion led to inconvenient driving and fuel energy wastage. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), as part of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), has the ability to provide safety and non-safety applications to users on roads for safe, reliable and comfort driving. In this paper, propose an integrated multi-level Security model and core purpose of this model is to provide the resiliency against malicious attack and aim to reduce incidents of road accidents, as well as to ease traffic congestion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
An ids scheme against black hole attack to secure aomdv routing in manet pijans
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) all the nodes are freely moves in the absence of without ant
centralized coordination system. Due to that the attackers or malicious nodes are easily affected that kind
of network and responsible for the routing misbehavior. The routing is network is mandatory to deliver
data in between source and destination. In this research we work on security field in MANET and proposed
a novel security scheme against routing misbehavior through Black hole attack. The Ad hoc On demand
Multipath Routing (AOMDV) protocol is consider for routing and also to improves the routing quality as
compare to single path routing protocol. The attacker is affected all the possible paths that is selected by
sender for sending data in network. The malicious nodes are forward optimistic reply at the time of routing
by that their identification is also a complex procedure. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
scheme is identified the attacker information through hop count mechanism. The routing information of
actual data is reached to which intermediate node and the next hop information is exist at that node is
confirm by IDS scheme. The black hole attacker node Identification (ID) is forward in network by that in
future attacker is not participating in routing procedure. The proposed security scheme detects and
provides the deterrence against routing misbehavior through malicious attack. Here we compare the
routing performance of AOMDV, Attack and IDS scheme. The performance of normal multipath routing
and proposed IDS scheme is almost equal. The attacker has degrades the whole routing performance but
observed that in presence of attacker, routing misbehavior is completely block by the proposed IDS scheme
and recovers 95 % of data as compare to normal routing.
A Study of Sybil and Temporal Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Types, Ch...Editor IJCATR
In recent years, the number of automobiles on the road has increased tremendously. Due to high density and mobility of vehicles,
possible threats and road accidents are increasing. Wireless communication allows sending safety and other critical information. Due to this
inherent wireless characteristic and periodic exchange of safety packets, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vulnerable to number of
security threats like Sybil attack or temporal attack. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on both the type of attacks. With the
help of already published works, some approaches have also been studied which have proved to be of significance in detection of these
attacks.
This document summarizes research on defeating denial-of-service (DoS) attacks in wireless networks in the presence of jammers. It describes common types of jamming attacks like constant, deceptive, random, and reactive jammers. Detection techniques for jammers and methods to reduce the impact of DoS attacks are discussed. The objective is to detect jammers, lessen the effect of DoS attacks, and improve wireless communication security. Key jamming criteria like energy efficiency, detection probability, denial-of-service level, and strength against physical layer techniques are also outlined.
This document discusses an advanced intrusion detection system (IDS) approach to detect wormhole attacks in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It begins by introducing VANETs and some of their vulnerabilities, including wormhole attacks where malicious nodes create private tunnels to manipulate message routing. It then describes the proposed IDS, which evaluates decision packets at destination nodes to detect wormhole attacks. Simulation results are presented showing metrics like positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and specificity to evaluate the IDS's ability to correctly identify attacks. The paper concludes the IDS approach can help detect wormhole attacks, which pose a serious security threat in VANETs.
A DISTRIBUTED TRUST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR DETECTING MALICIOUS PACKET DROPP...IJNSA Journal
In a multi-hop mobile ad hoc network (MANET) mobile nodes communicate with each other forming a cooperative radio network. Security remains a major challenge for these networks due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies, reliance on cooperative algorithms, absence of centralized monitoring points, and lack of any clear lines of defense. Most of the currently existingsecurity algorithms designed for these networks are insecure, in efficient, and have low detection accuracy for nodes’ misbehaviour. In this paper, a new approach has been proposed to bring out the complementary relationship between key distribution and misbehaviour detection for developing an integrated security solution for MANETs. The redundancy of routing inform ation in ad hoc networks is utilized to develop a highly reliable protocol that works even in presence of transient network
partitioning and Byzantine failure of nodes. The proposed mechanism is fully co-operative, and thus it is more robust as the vulnerabilities of the election algorithms used for choosing the subset of nodes for cooperation are absent. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.
This document proposes a defense framework called STREAM to defend against stream-based distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). STREAM works by continuously monitoring network traffic patterns between clustered nodes, comparing the real-time patterns to expected patterns, and detecting anomalies that could indicate a DDoS attack. When an attack is detected, STREAM generates alerts and filters illegitimate traffic while minimizing impacts on legitimate traffic. The framework forms node clusters to evaluate traffic patterns based on source and uses both offline and online detection methods to identify attacks.
Classification and review of security schemesHabitamuAsimare
Mobile computing systems face security challenges due to their vulnerability. This document analyzes security schemes for mobile computing, classifying approaches for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and mobile agents. For MANETs, threats include denial of service attacks and routing attacks. For mobile agents, protecting agents from hostile hosts is difficult. The taxonomy highlights contributions to address different attack types and approaches, identifying limitations and open issues to better secure mobile networks.
A survey on different cross layer attacks and their defenses in manetsKhaleel Husain
This document summarizes various cross-layer attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and their defenses. It first introduces MANETs and discusses their vulnerabilities to security attacks. It then defines cross-layer attacks as attacks that are initiated at one layer but target another layer. The document surveys different types of cross-layer attacks that have been discovered, including interlayer attacks, denial of service attacks, and attacks against cooperation enforcement tools. It also discusses proposed defense mechanisms against these attacks. Finally, it suggests using particle swarm optimization instead of ant colony optimization to improve detection of cross-layer attacks in MANETs.
Review of Security Issues in Mobile Wireless Sensor NetworksEswar Publications
MWSNs are finding applicability in wide range of applications. Applications spread from day to day utilities to military and surveillance, where they may sense information about vehicular movements around border. Considering the importance of data being sent by these nodes, threat of compromising them has also increased. This paper aims to explore various types of attacks and tries to classify them based on some common parameter. Better understanding of various attacks, their style of functioning and point of penetration can help researchers devise better preventive measures.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
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An analysis of security challenges in mobile ad hoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes with restricted
transmission range and resources, no fixed infrastructure and quick and easy setup. Because of
special characteristics, wide-spread deployment of MANET faced lots of challenges like
security, routing and clustering. The security challenges arise due to MANETs selfconfiguration
and self-maintenance capabilities. In this paper, we present an elaborate view of
issues in MANET security. We discussed both security services and attacks in detail. Three
important parameters in MANET security are defined. Each attack has been analyses briefly
based on its own characteristics and behaviour. In addition, defeating approaches against
attacks have been evaluated in some important metrics. After analyses and evaluations, future
scopes of work have been presented
THE NASH’S BALANCE IN THE THEORY OF GAMES FOR A SECURE MODEL MECHANISM IN ROU...ijcisjournal
The present work is dedicated to study attacks and countermeasure in MANET. After a short introduction to what the Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are and network security we present a survey of various attacks in MANETs pertaining to fail routing protocols. We present the different tools used by these attacks and the mechanisms used by the secured routing protocols to counter them. We also study a mechanism of security, named the reputation, proposed for the MANETs and the protocol which implements it. We also propose a secure mechanism which is based on the reputation. Our work ends with a proposal analytical model to the modules of our mechanism and the equilibrium states of our model.
S ECURITY C ONSIDERATIONS IN A M ARINE C OMMUNICATION N ETWORK FOR F ISH...IJCI JOURNAL
This document discusses security considerations for a proposed marine communication network for fishermen. It outlines several potential security vulnerabilities at different layers of the network architecture, including physical, data link, network, transport and application layers. Specific issues for the marine environment are also discussed, such as signals crossing maritime borders, boats crossing borders, and spoofing of nodes like access points, customer premise equipment, smartphones and base stations. The document proposes that solutions are needed to address these security vulnerabilities and situational risks.
Este documento explica la tecnología de la nube o cloud computing, la cual ofrece servicios a través de Internet. La nube permite el almacenamiento y procesamiento de información en servidores en lugar de máquinas locales. Existe nube pública, privada e híbrida. La nube ofrece acceso a la información desde cualquier lugar, escalabilidad y procesamiento sin instalar hardware, pero también plantea riesgos de seguridad y dependencia de servicios en línea.
Este documento resume el modelo pedagógico conductista. Explica que el conductismo se desarrolló en el siglo XX y se basa en la observación experimental de estímulos y respuestas. Luego resume las contribuciones de Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner y Albert Bandura al conductismo, incluyendo el condicionamiento clásico, el estímulo-respuesta, el condicionamiento operante y el aprendizaje por observación. Finalmente, resume los postulados conductistas sobre el aprendizaje, el rol del docente y el estudian
This document summarizes Dr. I.A. Sumra's research on using computing methods to secure vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses how VANETs work and their safety and non-safety applications. It also outlines key security requirements for VANETs like identification, authentication, privacy, and availability. The document then reviews various computing methods that could help secure VANETs, including cloud computing, grid computing, soft computing, trusted computing, quantum computing, pervasive computing, and their relationship to addressing security challenges in VANETs posed by dynamic topologies and attacker behaviors.
A secure alert messaging for vehicular ad hoc networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a secure alert messaging system for vehicular ad hoc networks using clustering and trust relationships. The paper aims to ensure emergency messages in VANETs are genuine and disseminated to all vehicles without delay. It uses clustering to notify vehicles of emergencies and establishes trust between vehicles to protect against malicious actors. The system is designed to assure user privacy through distributed trust establishment and detect fake location or time stamps sent by intruders to increase network security.
An Integrated Multi-level Security Model for Malicious Attacks Resiliency in ...Dr.Irshad Ahmed Sumra
Road accident and traffic congestion are global issues faced by many countries around the world. Road accident led to fatalities and injuries, while traffic congestion led to inconvenient driving and fuel energy wastage. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), as part of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), has the ability to provide safety and non-safety applications to users on roads for safe, reliable and comfort driving. In this paper, propose an integrated multi-level Security model and core purpose of this model is to provide the resiliency against malicious attack and aim to reduce incidents of road accidents, as well as to ease traffic congestion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
An ids scheme against black hole attack to secure aomdv routing in manet pijans
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) all the nodes are freely moves in the absence of without ant
centralized coordination system. Due to that the attackers or malicious nodes are easily affected that kind
of network and responsible for the routing misbehavior. The routing is network is mandatory to deliver
data in between source and destination. In this research we work on security field in MANET and proposed
a novel security scheme against routing misbehavior through Black hole attack. The Ad hoc On demand
Multipath Routing (AOMDV) protocol is consider for routing and also to improves the routing quality as
compare to single path routing protocol. The attacker is affected all the possible paths that is selected by
sender for sending data in network. The malicious nodes are forward optimistic reply at the time of routing
by that their identification is also a complex procedure. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
scheme is identified the attacker information through hop count mechanism. The routing information of
actual data is reached to which intermediate node and the next hop information is exist at that node is
confirm by IDS scheme. The black hole attacker node Identification (ID) is forward in network by that in
future attacker is not participating in routing procedure. The proposed security scheme detects and
provides the deterrence against routing misbehavior through malicious attack. Here we compare the
routing performance of AOMDV, Attack and IDS scheme. The performance of normal multipath routing
and proposed IDS scheme is almost equal. The attacker has degrades the whole routing performance but
observed that in presence of attacker, routing misbehavior is completely block by the proposed IDS scheme
and recovers 95 % of data as compare to normal routing.
A Study of Sybil and Temporal Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Types, Ch...Editor IJCATR
In recent years, the number of automobiles on the road has increased tremendously. Due to high density and mobility of vehicles,
possible threats and road accidents are increasing. Wireless communication allows sending safety and other critical information. Due to this
inherent wireless characteristic and periodic exchange of safety packets, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vulnerable to number of
security threats like Sybil attack or temporal attack. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on both the type of attacks. With the
help of already published works, some approaches have also been studied which have proved to be of significance in detection of these
attacks.
This document summarizes research on defeating denial-of-service (DoS) attacks in wireless networks in the presence of jammers. It describes common types of jamming attacks like constant, deceptive, random, and reactive jammers. Detection techniques for jammers and methods to reduce the impact of DoS attacks are discussed. The objective is to detect jammers, lessen the effect of DoS attacks, and improve wireless communication security. Key jamming criteria like energy efficiency, detection probability, denial-of-service level, and strength against physical layer techniques are also outlined.
This document discusses an advanced intrusion detection system (IDS) approach to detect wormhole attacks in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It begins by introducing VANETs and some of their vulnerabilities, including wormhole attacks where malicious nodes create private tunnels to manipulate message routing. It then describes the proposed IDS, which evaluates decision packets at destination nodes to detect wormhole attacks. Simulation results are presented showing metrics like positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and specificity to evaluate the IDS's ability to correctly identify attacks. The paper concludes the IDS approach can help detect wormhole attacks, which pose a serious security threat in VANETs.
A DISTRIBUTED TRUST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR DETECTING MALICIOUS PACKET DROPP...IJNSA Journal
In a multi-hop mobile ad hoc network (MANET) mobile nodes communicate with each other forming a cooperative radio network. Security remains a major challenge for these networks due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies, reliance on cooperative algorithms, absence of centralized monitoring points, and lack of any clear lines of defense. Most of the currently existingsecurity algorithms designed for these networks are insecure, in efficient, and have low detection accuracy for nodes’ misbehaviour. In this paper, a new approach has been proposed to bring out the complementary relationship between key distribution and misbehaviour detection for developing an integrated security solution for MANETs. The redundancy of routing inform ation in ad hoc networks is utilized to develop a highly reliable protocol that works even in presence of transient network
partitioning and Byzantine failure of nodes. The proposed mechanism is fully co-operative, and thus it is more robust as the vulnerabilities of the election algorithms used for choosing the subset of nodes for cooperation are absent. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.
This document proposes a defense framework called STREAM to defend against stream-based distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). STREAM works by continuously monitoring network traffic patterns between clustered nodes, comparing the real-time patterns to expected patterns, and detecting anomalies that could indicate a DDoS attack. When an attack is detected, STREAM generates alerts and filters illegitimate traffic while minimizing impacts on legitimate traffic. The framework forms node clusters to evaluate traffic patterns based on source and uses both offline and online detection methods to identify attacks.
Classification and review of security schemesHabitamuAsimare
Mobile computing systems face security challenges due to their vulnerability. This document analyzes security schemes for mobile computing, classifying approaches for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and mobile agents. For MANETs, threats include denial of service attacks and routing attacks. For mobile agents, protecting agents from hostile hosts is difficult. The taxonomy highlights contributions to address different attack types and approaches, identifying limitations and open issues to better secure mobile networks.
A survey on different cross layer attacks and their defenses in manetsKhaleel Husain
This document summarizes various cross-layer attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and their defenses. It first introduces MANETs and discusses their vulnerabilities to security attacks. It then defines cross-layer attacks as attacks that are initiated at one layer but target another layer. The document surveys different types of cross-layer attacks that have been discovered, including interlayer attacks, denial of service attacks, and attacks against cooperation enforcement tools. It also discusses proposed defense mechanisms against these attacks. Finally, it suggests using particle swarm optimization instead of ant colony optimization to improve detection of cross-layer attacks in MANETs.
Review of Security Issues in Mobile Wireless Sensor NetworksEswar Publications
MWSNs are finding applicability in wide range of applications. Applications spread from day to day utilities to military and surveillance, where they may sense information about vehicular movements around border. Considering the importance of data being sent by these nodes, threat of compromising them has also increased. This paper aims to explore various types of attacks and tries to classify them based on some common parameter. Better understanding of various attacks, their style of functioning and point of penetration can help researchers devise better preventive measures.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
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An analysis of security challenges in mobile ad hoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes with restricted
transmission range and resources, no fixed infrastructure and quick and easy setup. Because of
special characteristics, wide-spread deployment of MANET faced lots of challenges like
security, routing and clustering. The security challenges arise due to MANETs selfconfiguration
and self-maintenance capabilities. In this paper, we present an elaborate view of
issues in MANET security. We discussed both security services and attacks in detail. Three
important parameters in MANET security are defined. Each attack has been analyses briefly
based on its own characteristics and behaviour. In addition, defeating approaches against
attacks have been evaluated in some important metrics. After analyses and evaluations, future
scopes of work have been presented
THE NASH’S BALANCE IN THE THEORY OF GAMES FOR A SECURE MODEL MECHANISM IN ROU...ijcisjournal
The present work is dedicated to study attacks and countermeasure in MANET. After a short introduction to what the Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are and network security we present a survey of various attacks in MANETs pertaining to fail routing protocols. We present the different tools used by these attacks and the mechanisms used by the secured routing protocols to counter them. We also study a mechanism of security, named the reputation, proposed for the MANETs and the protocol which implements it. We also propose a secure mechanism which is based on the reputation. Our work ends with a proposal analytical model to the modules of our mechanism and the equilibrium states of our model.
S ECURITY C ONSIDERATIONS IN A M ARINE C OMMUNICATION N ETWORK FOR F ISH...IJCI JOURNAL
This document discusses security considerations for a proposed marine communication network for fishermen. It outlines several potential security vulnerabilities at different layers of the network architecture, including physical, data link, network, transport and application layers. Specific issues for the marine environment are also discussed, such as signals crossing maritime borders, boats crossing borders, and spoofing of nodes like access points, customer premise equipment, smartphones and base stations. The document proposes that solutions are needed to address these security vulnerabilities and situational risks.
Este documento explica la tecnología de la nube o cloud computing, la cual ofrece servicios a través de Internet. La nube permite el almacenamiento y procesamiento de información en servidores en lugar de máquinas locales. Existe nube pública, privada e híbrida. La nube ofrece acceso a la información desde cualquier lugar, escalabilidad y procesamiento sin instalar hardware, pero también plantea riesgos de seguridad y dependencia de servicios en línea.
Este documento resume el modelo pedagógico conductista. Explica que el conductismo se desarrolló en el siglo XX y se basa en la observación experimental de estímulos y respuestas. Luego resume las contribuciones de Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner y Albert Bandura al conductismo, incluyendo el condicionamiento clásico, el estímulo-respuesta, el condicionamiento operante y el aprendizaje por observación. Finalmente, resume los postulados conductistas sobre el aprendizaje, el rol del docente y el estudian
Human resource management involves four key activities: staffing, training, motivation, and maintenance. It aims to recruit qualified employees, develop their skills, motivate them, and ensure workplace health and safety. HRM functions include acquisition, development, motivation, and maintenance of employees. It is influenced by internal corporate strategies and external factors like government regulations, technology changes, and economic conditions. Strategic HRM links human resource goals to organizational strategies through job analysis, planning, recruitment, selection, and development of employees.
Urea is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide. It exists as white crystalline prills or granules and contains 46% nitrogen. Urea is synthesized through a two-stage reaction where ammonium carbamate is first formed and then dehydrated to melt urea. The process occurs in a tower reactor at high pressure and temperature. The molten urea is then prilled or granulated and dried. Urea fertilizer is widely used due to its high nitrogen content and low production cost, though it can decompose rapidly if not packaged properly.
Hospital Hospitality and Strategic Management Ravi Kumudesh
This document contains information about hospital hospitality and strategic management. It discusses the importance of delighting internal and external customers. It also discusses quality reports, complaints, patient satisfaction, and the importance of caring for patients. Various management topics are covered like organizational levels, efficiency, effectiveness, and the roles and responsibilities of different types of managers. Human resource management, strategic management, and developing a competitive advantage are also summarized. Key terms and concepts from management, HRM, and strategy are defined.
This document appears to be a cover page for a student report submitted to BUFT, as it includes the student's name, ID number, department, batch, course code, and course name. It also lists the teacher's name, department, and the submission date. The bottom section provides 3 lines to write the topic of the report.
Este documento contém uma prova de Matemática do 7o ano aplicada à tarde. A prova contém 10 questões objetivas e 6 questões dissertativas sobre tópicos como produtos notáveis, fatoração de expressões algébricas, relações entre ângulos e cálculo de áreas e velocidades médias. As instruções orientam os alunos a ler atentamente as questões, usar caneta azul ou preta e lápis para os cálculos e manter postura adequada durante a aplicação do teste.
Wireless Communication, Sensing and REM: A Security PerspectiveIRJET Journal
The document discusses wireless communication security perspectives and proposes a method for detecting Sybil attacks in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It begins by introducing VANETs and the security issues they face, such as Sybil attacks where an attacker generates multiple fake identities. The proposed method is called Improved RSSI-Based Sybil Detection (IRSD) which uses received signal strength indicator (RSSI) time series to compare similarities between received signals and detect Sybil attacks. The method provides distributed detection without relying on position or distance calculations based on average RSSI values. The document concludes the IRSD method can effectively detect Sybil attacks in VANETs and prevent miscommunication compared to other existing methods.
FLOODING ATTACKS DETECTION OF MOBILE AGENTS IN IP NETWORKScsandit
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new framework for detecting flooding attacks in mobile agent networks. The framework integrates divergence measures like Hellinger distance and Chi-square over a sketch data structure. The sketch data structure is used to derive probability distributions from traffic data in fixed memory. Divergence measures compare the current and prior probability distributions to detect deviations indicating attacks. The performance of detecting attacks while minimizing false alarms is evaluated using real network traces with injected flooding attacks. Experimental results show the proposed approach outperforms existing solutions.
A New Way of Identifying DOS Attack Using Multivariate Correlation Analysisijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for identifying denial of service (DoS) attacks using multivariate correlation analysis (MCA). The method involves three main steps: 1) generating basic features from network traffic, 2) using MCA to extract correlations between features and generate triangle area maps, and 3) using an anomaly-based detection mechanism to distinguish attacks from normal traffic based on differences from pre-generated normal profiles. The researchers evaluate their method on the KDD Cup 99 dataset and achieve moderate detection performance. However, they identify issues related to differences in feature scales that reduce detection of some attacks. They propose using statistical normalization to address this.
Third-Party Emergency Alert Systems over Cellular Text Messaging Services Pro...IOSR Journals
This document discusses third-party emergency alert systems that send SMS messages and their security limitations. It proposes a system where when an accident occurs, a software on the mobile phone of the affected person would automatically send a message without them having to type it. This message would be received by a service center using a GSM modem which could then identify the accident location using the mobile number and tower location. The appropriate emergency services like police and fire department would be informed to reduce response times. The document also discusses related work on denial of service attacks, SMS network architecture and address filtering.
A Review on Data Falsification-Based attacks In Cooperative Intelligent Trans...CSCJournals
Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (cITS) is one of IoT applications whose purpose is to enhance drive safety and efficiency. Several components constitute cITS including vehicles, road side units and backend systems. Like many IoT applications and systems, cITSs are susceptible to a wide-range of intruding or misbehaving attacks that could be launched by attackers from inside or outside of the network. Once a vehicle is compromised, it can be used to launch several types of attacks against other vehicles and/or components of cITS. They can also be used to send false information and messages to the neighboring vehicles, causing severe complications such as traffic congestions and accidents. Such attacks impede the momentum of the integration of cITS technology with existing infrastructure. In this paper, a comprehensive and deep analysis of the state-of-the-art solutions in intrusion and misbehavior detection for cITS have been conducted. This paper mainly focuses on the data falsification-based attacks that manipulate the mobility data and messages shared with the neighboring vehicles as it is more challenging and difficult to identify and mitigate. The paper can be of great use for research community to explore more opportunities and new avenues and propose more robust and effective security solutions that protect the potential applications in cITSs.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are based on network technology where cars act as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANETs, routing protocols have a significance regarding the overall network performance since they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. Most of the protocols proposed for VANETs are adapted from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. However, due to the specific characteristics of VANETs, especially high mobility, and dynamic topology, the routing protocols in ad hoc networks do not adapt immediately to VANETs. Therefore, secure routing of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) against attacks, which are of various types, is still a challenging issue. This paper is going to present a synthesis of the most relevant protocols that have addressed the secure routing issue in VANETs. It also establishes a comparison regarding the offered features and the studied performance aspects through which it is notified that a security mechanism depends not only on the level of efficiency but also on the network constraints.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are based on network technology where cars act as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANETs, routing protocols have a significance regarding the overall network performance since they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. Most of the protocols proposed for VANETs are adapted from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. However, due to the specific characteristics of VANETs, especially high mobility, and dynamic topology, the routing protocols in ad hoc networks do not adapt immediately to VANETs. Therefore, secure routing of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) against attacks, which are of various types, is still a challenging issue. This paper is going to present a synthesis of the most relevant protocols that have addressed the secure routing issue in VANETs. It also establishes a comparison regarding the offered features and the studied performance aspects through which it is notified that a security mechanism depends not only on the level of efficiency but also on the network constraints.
Cluster Based Misbehaviour Detection and Authentication Using Threshold Crypt...CSCJournals
In mobile ad hoc networks, the misbehaving nodes can cause dysfunction in the network resulting in damage of other nodes. In order to establish secure communication with the group members of a network, use of a shared group key for confidentiality and authentication is required. Distributing the shares of secret group key to the group members securely is another challenging task in MANET. In this paper, we propose a Cluster Based Misbehavior Detection and Authentication scheme using threshold cryptography in MANET. For secure data transmission, when any node requests a certificate from a cluster head (CH), it utilizes a threshold cryptographic technique to issue the certificate to the requested node for authentication. The certificate of a node is renewed or rejected by CH, based on its trust counter value. An acknowledgement scheme is also included to detect and isolate the misbehaving nodes. By simulation results, we show that the proposed approach reduces the overhead.
HOW TO DETECT MIDDLEBOXES: GUIDELINES ON A METHODOLOGYcscpconf
Internet middleboxes such as VPNs, firewalls, and proxies can significantly change handling of traffic streams. They play an increasingly important role in various types of IP networks. If end hosts can detect them, these hosts can make beneficial, and in some cases, crucial improvements in security and performance But because middle boxes have widely varying behavior and effects on the traffic they handle, no single technique has been discovered that can detect all of them.
Devising a detection mechanism to detect any particular type of middle box interference involves many design decisions and has numerous dimensions. One approach to assist with the
complexity of this process is to provide a set of systematic guidelines. This paper is the first attempt to introduce a set of general guidelines (as well as the rationale behind them) to assist researchers with devising methodologies for end-hosts to detect middle boxes by the end-hosts. The guidelines presented here take some inspiration from the previous work of other
researchers using various and often ad hoc approaches. These guidelines, however, are mainly based on our own experience with research on the detection of middle boxes. To assist
researchers in using these guidelines, we also provide an example of how to bring them into play for detection of network compression.
How to detect middleboxes guidelines on a methodologycsandit
Internet middleboxes such as VPNs, firewalls, and proxies can significantly change handling of
traffic streams. They play an increasingly important role in various types of IP networks. If end
hosts can detect them, these hosts can make beneficial, and in some cases, crucial improvements
in security and performance But because middleboxes have widely varying behavior and effects
on the traffic they handle, no single technique has been discovered that can detect all of them.
Devising a detection mechanism to detect any particular type of middlebox interference involves
many design decisions and has numerous dimensions. One approach to assist with the
complexity of this process is to provide a set of systematic guidelines. This paper is the first
attempt to introduce a set of general guidelines (as well as the rationale behind them) to assist
researchers with devising methodologies for end-hosts to detect middleboxes by the end-hosts.
The guidelines presented here take some inspiration from the previous work of other
researchers using various and often ad hoc approaches. These guidelines, however, are mainly
based on our own experience with research on the detection of middleboxes. To assist
researchers in using these guidelines, we also provide an example of how to bring them into
play for detection of network compression
VANET SECURITY AND PRIVACY – AN OVERVIEWIJNSA Journal
Even though vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) bring tremendous benefits to society, yet they raise
many challenges where the security and privacy concerns are the most critical ones. In this paper, we
provide a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art security and privacy requirements in VANET. Also, a
brief of the approachesthat are proposed in the literature to fulfil these requirements is given in this paper.
Besides that, a classification of the various VANET attacks based on the communication system
layersisprovided in this paper. In addition, the different types of VANET adversaries and attackers
arepresented here.In general, this paper aims to provide a good piece of information about VANET
security and privacy, in order to be used as a tool to help researchers in this field in developing secure
privacy-preserving approaches for VANET.
VANET SECURITY AND PRIVACY – AN OVERVIEWIJNSA Journal
Even though vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) bring tremendous benefits to society, yet they raise
many challenges where the security and privacy concerns are the most critical ones. In this paper, we
provide a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art security and privacy requirements in VANET. Also, a
brief of the approachesthat are proposed in the literature to fulfil these requirements is given in this paper.
Besides that, a classification of the various VANET attacks based on the communication system
layersisprovided in this paper. In addition, the different types of VANET adversaries and attackers
arepresented here.In general, this paper aims to provide a good piece of information about VANET
security and privacy, in order to be used as a tool to help researchers in this field in developing secure
privacy-preserving approaches for VANET.
SOTM : A Self Organized Trust Management System for VANET csandit
Security and trust management in Vehicular Adhoc NETworks (VANET) is a crucial research domain
which is the scope of many researches and domains. Although, the majority of the proposed trust
management systems for VANET are based on specific road infrastructure, which may not be present in all
the roads. Therefore, road security should be managed by vehicles themselves. In this paper, we propose a
new Self Organized Trust Management system (SOTM). This system has the responsibility to cut with the
spread of false warnings in the network through four principal components: cooperation, trust
management, communication and security.
SOTM: A SELF ORGANIZED TRUST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR VANET cscpconf
Security and trust management in Vehicular Adhoc NETworks (VANET) is a crucial research domain which is the scope of many researches and domains. Although, the majority of the proposed trust management systems for VANET are based on specific road infrastructure, which may not be present in all the roads. Therefore, road security should be managed by vehicles themselves. In this paper, we propose a new Self Organized Trust Management system (SOTM). This system has the responsibility to cut with the spread of false warnings in the network through four principal components: cooperation, trust management, communication and security.
This document discusses secure data aggregation in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It proposes a scheme called Secure Dynamic Aggregation (SeDyA) that has three phases: 1) an aggregation phase where vehicles compute functions over data to generate aggregate values, 2) a finalization phase where vehicles verify messages and generate multisignatures for security, and 3) a dissemination phase where finalized messages are distributed to vehicles outside the aggregation area. The goal is to efficiently aggregate and securely share information like traffic speed and density while addressing security issues like Sybil, inflation, and impersonation attacks.
Intrusion detection system for imbalance ratio class using weighted XGBoost c...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that proposed an intrusion detection system to address the issue of imbalanced data ratios in classification models. The study used the XGBoost classifier with a weighted approach based on the imbalance ratio of each class to improve detection performance for minority and infrequent attack types in network traffic data. The proposed system was evaluated on the BotIoT dataset and showed improved detection rates compared to other methods, particularly for underrepresented attack classes. Experimental results demonstrated that the weighted XGBoost approach effectively handled class imbalance issues.
A wireless intrusion detection system and a new attack model (synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
The document describes a proposed wireless intrusion detection system and new attack model. It begins by outlining vulnerabilities in mobile wireless networks like susceptibility to eavesdropping and interfering attacks. It then discusses the need for intrusion detection as prevention measures alone are insufficient. The proposed system uses a matching algorithm to compare observed network behaviors and detect anomalies indicative of intrusions. It analyzes evidence from multiple nodes to identify intruders, multicasts intruder addresses to neighbors, and routes data along paths free of detected intruders.
A NEW GENERATION OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE AND SECURITYIJCI JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks are tremendously and very effectively used for safety related applications. Especially
for driver assistance and when it comes to safety of either from an accident or stealing of data VANET is the future of the all such problems.”A New Generation of Driver Assistance and Security” gives a idea about VANET and also provide solutions to various problems comes in this. Authentication will be provided by Group signature and Identity based (ID- based) Signature scheme. The scheme Provides cost effective, highly privacy
preserving of user, efficient message authentication and verification than existing system for VANETs. This
required CA (Central Authority) and LA (Local Authority) where LA is group leader and which has to concern with CA. This safety technique is efficient, robust, and scalable for VANET’s authentication and provide reallife solution match with the standard.
A COMBINATION OF TEMPORAL SEQUENCE LEARNING AND DATA DESCRIPTION FOR ANOMALYB...IJNSA Journal
Through continuous observation and modelling of normal behavior in networks, Anomaly-based Network Intrusion Detection System (A-NIDS) offers a way to find possible threats via deviation from the normal model. The analysis of network traffic based on time series model has the advantage of exploiting the relationship between packages within network traffic and observing trends of behaviors over a period of time. It will generate new sequences with good features that support anomaly detection in network traffic and provide the ability to detect new attacks. Besides, an anomaly detection technique, which focuses on the normal data and aims to build a description of it, will be an effective technique for anomaly detection in imbalanced data. In this paper, we propose a combination model of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) architecture for processing time series and a data description Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) for anomaly detection in A-NIDS to obtain the advantages of them. This model helps parameters in LSTM and SVDD are jointly trained with joint optimization method. Our experimental results with KDD99 dataset show that the proposed combined model obtains high performance in intrusion detection, especially DoS and Probe attacks with 98.0% and 99.8%, respectively.
A COMBINATION OF TEMPORAL SEQUENCE LEARNING AND DATA DESCRIPTION FOR ANOMALYB...IJNSA Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes combining long short-term memory (LSTM) and support vector data description (SVDD) for anomaly detection in anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems (A-NIDS). The paper argues that analyzing network traffic as a time series using LSTM can capture relationships between packets, but LSTM alone does not directly optimize for anomaly detection. It also notes that A-NIDS often only have normal data available for training. Therefore, the paper proposes combining LSTM to learn temporal features from network traffic with SVDD, an anomaly detection technique that builds a description of normal data. The combined model trains LSTM and SVDD parameters jointly using a joint optimization method. An evaluation on the KDD99 dataset
Similar to Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted System for Security Enhancement in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (20)
Beaglebone Black Webcam Server For SecurityIJTET Journal
Web server security using BeagleBone Black is based on ARM Cortex-A8 processor and Linux operating system
is designed and implemented. In this project the server side consists of BeagleBone Black with angstrom OS and interfaced
with webcam. The client can access the web server by proper authentication. The web server displays the web page forms
like home, video, upload, settings and about. The home web page describes the functions of Web Pages. The video Web page
displays the saved videos in the server and client can view or download the videos. The upload web page is used by the client
to upload the files to server. The settings web page is used to change the username, password and date if needed. The about web page provides the description of the project
Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry PiIJTET Journal
This document discusses a biometrics authentication system using fingerprint recognition on a Raspberry Pi. It uses a fingerprint reader module connected to a Raspberry Pi. Fingerprint images are captured using a GUI application and converted to binary templates. The templates are stored in a PostgreSQL database. A Python script is used to match fingerprints by comparing templates and identifying matching ridge patterns between fingerprints. The system was able to accurately match fingerprints from the same finger and distinguish fingerprints from different fingers based on the ridge patterns. Future work involves improving the matching accuracy and developing the system for real-time high-end applications.
Conceal Traffic Pattern Discovery from Revealing Form of Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Number of techniques has been planned supported packet secret writing to safeguard the
communication in MANETs. STARS functioning supported stastical characteristics of captured raw traffic.
STARS discover the relationships of offer to destination communication. To forestall STAR attack associate
offer hidding technique is introduced.The pattern aims to derive the source/destination probability distribution.
that's the probability for each node to entire traffic captured with link details message source/destination and
conjointly the end-to-end link probability distribution that's the probability for each strive of nodes to be
associate end-to-end communication strive. thence construct point-to-point traffic originate and then derive the
end-to-end traffic with a set of traffic filtering rules; thus actual traffic protected against revelation attack.
Through this protective mechanism efficiency of traffic enlarged by ninety fifth from attacked traffic. For a lot of
sweetening to avoid overall attacks second shortest path is chosen.
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
Prevention of Malicious Nodes and Attacks in Manets Using Trust worthy MethodIJTET Journal
In Manet the first demand is co-operative communication among nodes. The malicious nodes might cause security issues like grey hole and cooperative attacks. To resolve these attack issue planning Dynamic supply routing mechanism, that is referred as cooperative bait detection theme (CBDS) that integrate the advantage of each proactive and reactive defence design is used. In region attacks, a node transmits a malicious broadcast informing that it's the shortest path to the destination, with the goal of intercepting messages. During this case, a malicious node (so-called region node) will attract all packets by victimisation solid Route Reply (RREP) packet to incorrectly claim that “fake” shortest route to the destination then discard these packets while not forwarding them to the destination. In grey hole attacks, the malicious node isn't abs initio recognized in and of itself since it turns malicious solely at a later time, preventing a trust-based security resolution from detective work its presence within the network. It then by selection discards/forwards the info packets once packets undergo it. During this we have a tendency to focus is on detective work grey hole/collaborative region attacks employing a dynamic supply routing (DSR)-based routing technique.
Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
Wireless detector nodes are a promising technology to play three-dimensional applications. Even it
will sight correct lead to could on top of ground and underground. In solid underground watching system makes
some challenges are there to propagating the signals. The detector node is moving entire the underground
pipeline and sending information to relay node that's placed within the on top of ground. If any relay node is
unsuccessful during this condition suggests that it'll not sending the info. In this watching system can specially
designed as a heterogeneous networks. Every high power relay nodes most covers minimum 2 low power relay
node. If any relay node is unsuccessful within the network, the constellation can modification mechanically
supported the heterogeneous network. The high power relay node is change the unsuccessful node and sending
the condition of pipeline. The benefits are thought-about to be extremely distributed, improved packet delivery
Raspberry Pi Based Client-Server Synchronization Using GPRSIJTET Journal
A low cost Internet-based attendance record embedded system for students which uses wireless technology to
transfer data between the client and server is designed. The proposed system consist of a Raspberry Pi which acts as a
client which stores the details of the students in the database by using user login system using web. When the user logs
into the database the data is sent through GPRS to the server machine which maintains the records of the employees and
the attendance is updated in the server database. The GPRS module provides a bidirectional real-time data transfer
between the client and server. This system can be implemented to any real time application so as to retrieve information
from a data source of the client system and send a file to the remote server through GPRS. The main aim is to avoid the
limitations in Ethernet connection and design a low cost and efficient attendance record system where the data is
transferred in a secure way from the client database and updated in the server database using GPRS technology
ECG Steganography and Hash Function Based Privacy Protection of Patients Medi...IJTET Journal
Data hiding can hide sensitive information into signals for covert communication. Most data hiding
techniques will distort the signal in order to insert additional messages. The distortion is often small; the irreversibility is
not admissible to some sensitive techniques. Most of the applications, lossless data hiding is desired to extract the
embedded data and the original host signal. The project proposes the enhancement of protection system for secret data
communication through encrypted data concealment in ECG signals of the patient. The proposed encryption technique
used to encrypt the confidential data into unreadable form and not only enhances the safety of secret carrier information by
making the information inaccessible to any intruder having a random method. For that we use twelve square ciphering
techniques. The technique is used make the communication between the sender and the receiver to be authenticated is hash
function. To evaluate the effectiveness of ECG wave at the proposed technique, distortion measurement techniques of two
are used, the percentage residue difference (PWD) and wavelets weighted PRD. Proposed technique provides high security protection for patient data with low distortion is proven in this proposed system.
An Efficient Decoding Algorithm for Concatenated Turbo-Crc CodesIJTET Journal
In this paper, a hybrid turbo decoding algorithm is used, in which the outer code, Cyclic Redundancy Check code is
not used for detection of errors as usual but for error correction and improvement. This algorithm effectively combines the iterative
decoding algorithm with Rate-Compatible Insertion Convolution Turbo Decoding, where the CRC code and the turbo code are
regarded as an integrated whole in the Decoding process. Altogether we propose an effective error detecting method based on
normalized Euclidean distance to compensate for the loss of error detection capability which should have been provided by CRC
code. Simulation results show that with the proposed approach, 0.5-2dB performance gain can be achieved for the code blocks
with short information length
Improved Trans-Z-source Inverter for Automobile ApplicationIJTET Journal
In this paper a new technology is proposed with a replacement of conventional voltage source/current
source inverter with Improved Trans-Z-source inverter in automobile applications. The improved Trans-Z-source
inverter has a high boost inversion capability and continues input current. Also this new inverter can suppress the
resonant current at the startup; this resonant current in the startup may lead the device to permanent damage. In
improved Trans-Z-source inverter a couple inductor is needed, instead of this coupled inductor a transformer is used.
By using a transformer with sufficient turns ratio the size can be reduced. The turn’s ratio of the transformer decides
the input voltage of the inverter. In this paper operating principle, comparison with conventional inverters, working
with automobiles simulation results, THD analysis, Hardware implementation using ATMEGA 328 P are included.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This document presents a wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to a T-source three-phase matrix converter. The system aims to efficiently harness wind power and deliver it to a load. A PMSG is connected to a three-phase diode rectifier and input capacitors, with the output fed to a T-source network and three-phase matrix converter. The converter can boost output voltage regardless of input voltage and regulate it through shoot-through control. MATLAB/Simulink models are developed and simulations show the converter produces controlled output voltage and current waveforms to power the load efficiently with fewer components than traditional converter topologies.
Comprehensive Path Quality Measurement in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
A wireless sensor network mostly relies on multi-hop transmissions to deliver a data packet. It is of essential importance to measure the quality of multi-hop paths and such information shall be utilized in designing efficient routing strategies. Existing metrics like ETF, ETX mainly focus on quantifying the link performance in between the nodes while overlooking the forwarding capabilities inside the sensor nodes. By combining the QoF measurements within a node and over a link, we are able to comprehensively measure the intact path quality in designing efficient multihop routing protocols. We propose QoF, Quality of Forwarding, a new metric which explores the performance in the gray zone inside a node left unattended in previous studies. We implement QoF and build a modified Collection Tree Protocol.
Optimizing Data Confidentiality using Integrated Multi Query ServicesIJTET Journal
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Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Experimental Investigation of Lateral Pressure on Vertical Formwork Systems u...IJTET Journal
The modeling of pressure distribution of fresh concrete poured in vertical formwork are rather dynamic than complex. Many researchers had worked on the pressure distribution modeling of concrete and formulated empirical relationship factors like formwork height, rate of pour, consistency classes of concrete. However, in the current scenario, most of high rise construction uses self compacting concrete(SCC) which is a special concrete which utilizes not only mineral and chemical admixtures but also varied aggregate proportions and hence modeling pressure distribution of SCC over other concrete in vertical formwork systems is necessitated. This research seeks to bridge the gap between the theoretical formulation of pressure distribution with the actual modeled (scaled) vertical formwork systems. The pressure distribution of SCC in the laboratory will be determined using pressure sensors, modeled and analyzed.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted System for Security Enhancement in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Adaptive Circumstance
Knowledgeable Trusted System for Security
Enhancement in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Miss.A.Vidhya1
1
PG Scholar,
Kalasalingam institute of technology,
Virudhunagar.
Vidhya.aathithan7@gmail.com
Mrs.S.Jeevitha2
2
Asst.Prof,
Kalasalingam Institute of Technology,
Virudhunagar.
Jeevitha.ramkumar@gmail.com
Abstract—Every MANET application has its own policy and they need some special policies to enhance the security. In
MANET, each node acts as the router. The main challenging of the MANET setting up routing paths through the legitimate
nodes only. To make the MANET as the trusted system some external policies or schemes are needed. However, whether
for malicious or selfish purposes, a node may not cooperate during the network events or even try to interrupt them, both
are consider as misbehaviors. Substantial analysis efforts have been made to finding misbehaviors. Both the faulty
behaviors and malicious behavior are generally equally treated as misbehaviors without any further analysis by most of the
malicious behavior detection mechanisms. In this paper, propose the Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable trusted
framework, in which various contextual information, such as battery status weather condition and communication channel
status, are used to identify whether the misbehavior is a result of malicious activity or not.
Keywords— Context Information, Misbehavior detection, Mobile Ad-hoc Network, Policy, Security, Trust.
—————————— —————————
1 INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), since can be intended
through its label, is commonly composed of the energetic group
of cooperative nodes that will are willing to pass on packets
pertaining to other nodes a result of the deficiency of any kind of
pre-deployed community commercial infrastructure. The nature
from the cell phone nodes in MANET can make these people
particularly at risk of many different security hazards simply
because they commonly personal reduced computational learning
resource together with brief radio range a result of the constrained
battery power these people bring, and they might be transferring
continually. For that reason, security is amongst the most critical
troubles pertaining to MANET[1, 2]. Node misbehavior can be a
really class of security menace pertaining to Mobile Ad Hoc
networks (MANETs). Moreover, node misbehaviors may well
cover anything from deficiency of assistance to help active
episodes looking from Denial-of- Assistance (DoS) and
subversion associated with site visitors. One example is, with the
constrained means (such since battery power and bandwidth, etc)
that each node can possibly have, the egoistic node may well
choose not to ever cooperate having other nodes to be able to
sustain a unique means [3]. Put simply, every time a egoistic node
can be inquired to help forward a few files packets pertaining to
other nodes, it might decline a part or all of the incoming packets.
By it suggests, it might protect this battery power and monitor a
few additional packets for the health of alone. Conversely, a few
malicious nodes try to affect this network services, and they may
intentionally misroute, drop or modify packets while it is not a
priority for them to save battery lives [4,5].
Nonetheless, several of these misbehaviors also can arise as a
result of environment in addition to freedom related reasons, not
simply malicious motive. It really is simple of which malicious
actions are usually considerably more hazardous as opposed to
flawed actions, due to the fact the aim of your malicious enemies
would be to disturb your circle operations by means of
performing your misbehaviors, although flawed nodes tend not to
seek to blatantly break up your circle in addition to his or her
results usually are self limiting [6, 7]. Therefore, it is vital for you
to effectively identify malicious enemies through flawed nodes.
Allow us to get your site visitors keeping track of system as one
example, which is represented within Determine 1. Existing
generation keeping track of systems use soil receptors in addition
to surveillance cameras. Nonetheless, using increasing computing
in addition to transmission functions set within motor vehicles,
his or her on-ship receptors themselves can be used to keep track
of traffic [8].
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Coming from Fig 1(a), all of us find that a motor vehicle observes
a car accident forward, and it also account this type of instance on
the system. Thus, the visitors security demonstrated with Fig 1(a)
is valid. In contrast, Fig 1(b) exhibits two contradictory visitors
frightens. Provided there's not any crash in this particular
scenario, the auto of which reports this type of instance on the
system is usually misbehaving. Nonetheless, we should instead
even more take a look at the wording to decide in the event this
specific car or truck is usually defective or detrimental. For
instance, when the car or truck is usually travelling as well
quickly or there exists a blizzard, then a sensor for the
misbehaving car or truck might failure and mail a bad crash notify
with no detrimental intent [9, 10].
Via Fig. 2, most of us make sure within the initial step (a), the
observer gathers as well as information the misbehaviors which
can be carried out by means of node 1, a couple of, as well as 3.
Your remark benefits illustrate that will node 1, a couple of, as
well as 3 get altered packets, distributed completely wrong ideas
regarding others (for illustration, purposefully accuse different
nodes associated with giving up packets even if they've definitely
not completed so) as well as delivered constant Request-To-Send
(RTS) frames at the exact same level of 10, respectively. Guess
that these three kinds of misbehaviors are reprimanded with the
exact same price when the trustworthiness of every single node is
usually examined. And then, within the next move (b), the
observer may perhaps bring some sort of finish that all these three
nodes are just as trust-worthy. Therefore, the observer may take
care of node a couple of as well as node 3 just as while it requires
to find out which node to be able to forwards packets and also
which node it will think while trading opinions[11]. Even so, it is
apparent the trustworthiness of node a couple of as well as node 3
isn't equal on the subject of both equally bundle forwarding as
well as judgment trading.
2 RELATED WORKS
In recent years, there has been a rich literature on the topics of
misbehavior detection as well as trust management for ad hoc
networks. Hence, the similar work for these two research topics
will be discussed separately in this section.
i) Misbehavior Detection for Ad hoc Networks
The phrase misbehavior typically identifies a group of abnormal
conduct in which deviates from the pair of conduct that many
node is supposed to be able to carry out inside MANETs [12, 13].
Normally, misbehaviors can happen from each and every coating
inside MANETs, like (1) malicious flooding of the RTS frames in
the MAC layer, (2) drop, modification, and misroute to the
packets in the network layer, and (3) deliberate propagation of
fake opinions regarding the behaviors of other nodes in the
application layer.
ii) Trust Management for MANETs
The principle aim associated with trust operations is usually to
evaluate conduct associated with additional nodes and
consequently build a name for every node good actions
evaluation. Generally, a trust operations program relies on two
kinds of findings to guage your node behaviors [14]. The 1st form
of remark is known as because direct remark, or maybe in other
words, first-hand remark. First-hand remark will be the remark
that is certainly right of a node by itself. One other form of
remark is termed roundabout remark or maybe second-hand
remark. Second-hand remark is often obtained simply by trading
first-hand findings with additional nodes in the network [15]. The
principle drawbacks associated with roundabout findings are
usually relevant to overhead, false.
iii) Policies for Security in Distributed Systems
According to Sloman, insurance policies outline some sort of
marriage among things and tar-gets. Policy-based safety measures
is normally used in systems in which versatility is essential
because users, solutions and entry privileges modify frequently,
for instance cellular ad-hoc communities along with large-scale
sent out systems. Inside these types of sent out systems, it is
essential in order that all the heterogeneous agencies conduct
themselves appropriately [16,17]. Consequently, coverage
dependent safety measures medicine most beneficial procedure
with regard to sent out systems; it truly is possible to be able to
establish exactly how various agencies work without having
adjusting their central mechanisms. Several coverage 'languages'
happen to be studied before few years, for instance Extensible
Admittance Manage Markup Dialect (XACML) and also the Rei
coverage dialect. XACML is a dialect in XML with regard to
expressing entry insurance policies. This allows handle in excess
of behavior and facilitates image resolution involving conflicts
[18].
3 CIRCUMSTANCE KNOWLEDGEABLE
TRUSTED FRAMEWORK
In the policy and trust driven framework, there are four major
functional units, namely Data Collection, Policy Management,
Misbehavior Detection, and Trust Management. Figure 3
illustrates the Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable trusted
framework. The Data Collection unit is mainly responsible for
accumulating contextual information and also node behavior
information, and then sending often Policy Management unit, the
Malicious Node Detection unit, or the Trust Management unit.
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The trustworthiness of each node is assessed by the Trust
Management unit, in which both direct observations (made by a
node itself) and indirect observations (obtained from another
node) are both taken into account to evaluate how trustworthy a
node is.
i) Data Collection
In the Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted
framework, two types of data are sensed and collected: node
behaviors and contextual information. The node behaviors are
used by both the Malicious Node Detection and the Trust
Management units to identify misbehaving nodes and evaluate
nodes’ trustworthiness.
The contextual information is used by the Policy Management
unit to specify and enforce policies that can then be used to
capture the truly malicious nodes among those misbehaving
nodes. With the gradually wider deployment of various sensors in
our daily lives, it is easier to better understand the context that
surrounds us. For instance, the deployment of vehicle onboard
sensors makes it even more convenient to collect the contextual
information from additional sources.
ii) Policy Management
In the Policy Management unit, all the contextual information
will be used in policies. For example, as is shown in Figure 1(b),
if a vehicle is found to report inconsistent traffic information, and
then the contextual information is used in this case to determine
whether these inconsistent traffic alerts are possibly caused by
environmental factors or not.
The system can have multiple policies to consider the effects of
various environmental factors. For instance, policies can be
declared as (i) If surrounding temperature is beyond range 0F-
120F then there is a possibility of faulty behavior, (ii) If the
motion speed is more than 20 M/S then there is a possibility of
faulty behavior, (iii) If the current weather conditions are either of
heavy raining, snowing or foggy then there is a possibility of
faulty behavior and (iv) If the altitude is higher than 2000 feet,
weather conditions are snowing and temperature is below then
there is a possibility of faulty behavior.
iii) Misbehaving Node Detection
The goal of the Malicious Node Detection unit is to properly
identify the malicious nodes in MANETs by using the distributed
misbehavior detection mechanism as well as the policies that have
integrated the contextual information. In this unit, we use the
gossip-based outlier detection algorithm to identify the
misbehaving nodes.
Outliers are generally defined as data points that are very
different from the rest of the data with respect to some measure.
The basic observation is that misbehaving nodes generally behave
abnormally from those normal nodes. Thus, we can detect those
misbehaving nodes by means of outlier detection.
The gossip-based outlier detection algorithm contains the
following four methods,
1) local view formation :
Mobile nodes monitor and record the possible abnormal
behaviors of other nodes within their radio range. Each node
generates its local view of outliers based on their own
observations.
2) local view exchange :
Once all the nodes form their local views, they will broadcast the
local views to all of their immediate neighbors, i.e., all the nodes
that are one hop away from them.
3) local view update :
Upon reception of a local view from another node, the recipient
will update its local view based on the received view. Dempster-
Shafer Theory used to combine the local view and the received
external view.
4) global view formation :
When all the nodes hold the same view of outliers, the algorithm
halts, and the view that all the nodes hold is regarded as the
global view of outliers.
Note that in contrast to the regular gossiping algorithm, the more
your nodes that agree to the same view associated with outliers,
your fewer how many fresh communications which are sent.
Ultimately, whenever every one of the nodes hold the identical
view associated with outliers, your algorithm halts, as well as the
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view that each your nodes maintain is undoubtedly your
worldwide view associated with outliers. The pseudo-code from
the gossip-based outlier algorithm is actually presented
throughout Protocol a couple of and utilizes the same notation
because defined previously. Additionally, GV means the ultimate
worldwide view.
i) Trust Management
In the Trust Management unit, the trustworthiness of a node Nk is
assessed in three scales. The three dimensions are
1) Collaboration Trust (CT) – for identify the node
which are refuse to cooperate in route discovering and packet
forwarding
2) Behavioral Trust (BT) – for calculating node trust
based on the packet modification
3) Reference Trust (RT) – for identify the propagation of
fake opinion regarding the behavior of other
CT depends on the way collaborative any node Nk would be
when it is requested in order to participate in several community
routines for example course breakthrough in addition to package
forwarding. BT comes simply by how much unnatural conduct
that will Nk features performed, such as package customization,
package misroute as well as RTS surging episode. RT is usually
computed in line with the correctness with the declaration final
results that will Nk propagates. For instance, in the event that Nk
has become observed regularly delivering fake observations in
order to the friends, next RT must be given a very reduced
importance. Like this, some other nodes can certainly correctly
think of or maybe disregard the observations which is available
from Nk because RT is used because the bodyweight regarding
Nk any time those observations usually are included on the
regional vistas of these nodes by themselves.
4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND
ANALYSIS
In this section, we examine the performance of the Adaptive
Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted Framework, and its
performance is compared to that of the baseline mechanism. The
baseline mechanism that chooses here is the mTrust scheme
discussed in our prior work [19], and our prior work has shown
that SAT framework outperforms other well known mechanisms
[19].
4.1 Performance Evaluation
We use NS2[20] as the simulation platform, and table II lists the
parameters used in the simulation scenarios. We use two
parameters to evaluate the efficiency of the Adaptive
Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted Framework: Precision,
Recall
P =
Num of Truly Malicious Device Caught
TotalNum of Untrustworthy Devices Caught
𝑅 =
Num of TrulyMalicious Device Caught
TotalNum of TrulyMalicious Device
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The simulation results are revealed within Fig 4 and Fig 5. Most
of us locate from Fig 4 and Fig 5 the Adaptive Circumstance
Knowledgeable Trusted framework commonly out performs the
SAT scheme in terms of both precision and recall. Far more
particularly, in according to Fig 4(a) and Fig 5(a) both equally
generate a higher precision and recall value when the node
density is higher. This is true because it is more likely to receive
correct messages from others when there are a higher number of
well-behaved mobile nodes.
Figure 4(c) and Figure 5(c) tell us that both the precision and
recall values decrease when there are a higher percentage of
misbehaving nodes, that is quite obvious, and the Adaptive
Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted framework can still yield
high precision and recall values even when there are a lot of
misbehaving nodes in MANET. We all determine from Fig 4(b)
and Fig 5(b) that the precision and recall beliefs with regard to
each are going to be degraded once the radio selection is actually
lowered. This can be correct because using a smaller sized radio
range, it is more difficult for each and every node to get info from
different nodes. Fig 4(d) and Fig 5(d) display that when these
mobile nodes are generally moving at the higher speed, it will be
more difficult pertaining to each to discover the actual
adversaries.
5 CONCLUSION
In this paper, a Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted
framework is researched with regard to Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
in order to identify the absolutely malicious nodes from the faulty
nodes, the two that may perhaps present misbehaviors. Through
the use of different contextual info, for example channel
reputation, node motion speed, the weather, as well as
transmission signal durability, a new node may figure out your
circumstances beneath that the misbehaviors come about.
Subsequently, node is able to say to no matter if a new node is
compelled to do something to be a misbehaving node or even not
necessarily, as well as expose your absolutely malicious attackers.
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Adaptive Circumstance Knowledgeable Trusted framework is
highly strong in order to malicious attackers, and it also may
accurately discover your malicious nodes from the faulty types
with a limited communication overhead.
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Author Profile:
Miss.A.Vidhya is currently pursuing masters degree program in
computer science and engineering in Kalasalingam Institute of
Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
Vidhya.aathithan7@gmail.com
Mrs.S.Jeevitha is currently working as assistant professor in computer
science and engineering department in Kalasalingam Institute of
Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
jeevitha.ramkumar@gmail.com