Acute limb ischaemia
Joel Arudchelvam
MBBS (COL), MD (SUR). MRCS (ENG)
Consultant Vascular and Transplant Surgeon
The National Hospital of Sri Lanka , Colombo
Definition
Causes
Differentiating thrombosis and embolism
1. The document discusses peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD), which refers to obstruction of arteries outside the heart and brain.
2. Risk factors for PAOD include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, older age, male sex, family history of vascular disease, and certain ethnicities.
3. Symptoms range from intermittent claudication to critical limb ischemia with rest pain and tissue loss. Physical exam findings and tests like the ankle-brachial pressure index can help in diagnosis.
4. Management options discussed include conservative treatment for mild cases as well as endovascular and surgical revascularization procedures for more severe cases.
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASES- INTRODUCTION- Limb Ischemia
Dear Viewers,
Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
Today I am uploading an introductory video on “Peripheral Arterial Diseases”. In this video I have discussed the surgical anatomy, modes of presentation, symptoms, signs, investigations and a diagnostic algorithm of Peripheral Arterial Diseases. In the subsequent three videos I will discuss about chronic lower limb ischemia, acute lower limb ischemia and upper limb ischemia. I hope you will enjoy these series of teaching videos. You can watch these videos in the following links:
surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
youtube/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video.
Postoperative ileus is caused by neurogenic, hormonal, inflammatory, and pharmacological factors. Sympathetic overactivity and the release of corticotropin-releasing factor and nitric oxide contribute to the neurogenic and hormonal components. Inflammation is driven by macrophages and prostaglandins released during intestinal manipulation. Opioids inhibit intestinal motility pharmacologically by blocking excitatory neurons. Prevention strategies include laparoscopic surgery, which reduces inflammation, and alvimopan, a peripheral mu-opioid receptor blocker. Treatments include early enteral feeding and epidural analgesia to inhibit reflex arcs, though no single treatment is completely effective.
This document provides an overview of chronic limb ischemia, including:
- The anatomy of the arteries of the upper and lower limbs.
- The main causes of chronic limb ischemia are atherosclerosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, aorto-arteritis, and Raynaud's disease. Risk factors include age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
- Clinical features include pain, paresthesia, pallor, absent pulses, skin changes, ulcers, and gangrene. Diagnosis involves history, examination of pulses and skin, Doppler ultrasound, and angiography. Management depends on the severity and includes risk factor modification, medications, angioplasty, stenting
A 64-year-old man presented with sudden onset of pain and loss of sensation in his right leg. Examination found absent pulses, decreased sensation, and an inability to move his toes, indicating acute limb ischemia. The document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, investigations including Doppler ultrasound and angiography, and treatment approaches for acute limb ischemia including thrombolytics, surgery, and amputation. The goal of therapy is to restore blood flow, preserve the limb if possible, and prevent recurrence through anticoagulation.
This document discusses post-cholecystectomy syndrome, beginning with case studies of patients who developed symptoms after gallbladder removal surgery. It then defines post-cholecystectomy syndrome as the persistence or development of new symptoms after cholecystectomy. The document outlines that 15% of patients develop symptoms, which can be due to functional disorders, prior surgery complications, or other underlying causes affecting the biliary tract, pancreas, or other organs. Investigation and management depends on identifying the specific cause, which can be found in 95% of cases, through imaging, endoscopy, or surgery to address conditions like sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
1. The document discusses peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD), which refers to obstruction of arteries outside the heart and brain.
2. Risk factors for PAOD include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, older age, male sex, family history of vascular disease, and certain ethnicities.
3. Symptoms range from intermittent claudication to critical limb ischemia with rest pain and tissue loss. Physical exam findings and tests like the ankle-brachial pressure index can help in diagnosis.
4. Management options discussed include conservative treatment for mild cases as well as endovascular and surgical revascularization procedures for more severe cases.
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASES- INTRODUCTION- Limb Ischemia
Dear Viewers,
Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
Today I am uploading an introductory video on “Peripheral Arterial Diseases”. In this video I have discussed the surgical anatomy, modes of presentation, symptoms, signs, investigations and a diagnostic algorithm of Peripheral Arterial Diseases. In the subsequent three videos I will discuss about chronic lower limb ischemia, acute lower limb ischemia and upper limb ischemia. I hope you will enjoy these series of teaching videos. You can watch these videos in the following links:
surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
youtube/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video.
Postoperative ileus is caused by neurogenic, hormonal, inflammatory, and pharmacological factors. Sympathetic overactivity and the release of corticotropin-releasing factor and nitric oxide contribute to the neurogenic and hormonal components. Inflammation is driven by macrophages and prostaglandins released during intestinal manipulation. Opioids inhibit intestinal motility pharmacologically by blocking excitatory neurons. Prevention strategies include laparoscopic surgery, which reduces inflammation, and alvimopan, a peripheral mu-opioid receptor blocker. Treatments include early enteral feeding and epidural analgesia to inhibit reflex arcs, though no single treatment is completely effective.
This document provides an overview of chronic limb ischemia, including:
- The anatomy of the arteries of the upper and lower limbs.
- The main causes of chronic limb ischemia are atherosclerosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, aorto-arteritis, and Raynaud's disease. Risk factors include age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
- Clinical features include pain, paresthesia, pallor, absent pulses, skin changes, ulcers, and gangrene. Diagnosis involves history, examination of pulses and skin, Doppler ultrasound, and angiography. Management depends on the severity and includes risk factor modification, medications, angioplasty, stenting
A 64-year-old man presented with sudden onset of pain and loss of sensation in his right leg. Examination found absent pulses, decreased sensation, and an inability to move his toes, indicating acute limb ischemia. The document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, investigations including Doppler ultrasound and angiography, and treatment approaches for acute limb ischemia including thrombolytics, surgery, and amputation. The goal of therapy is to restore blood flow, preserve the limb if possible, and prevent recurrence through anticoagulation.
This document discusses post-cholecystectomy syndrome, beginning with case studies of patients who developed symptoms after gallbladder removal surgery. It then defines post-cholecystectomy syndrome as the persistence or development of new symptoms after cholecystectomy. The document outlines that 15% of patients develop symptoms, which can be due to functional disorders, prior surgery complications, or other underlying causes affecting the biliary tract, pancreas, or other organs. Investigation and management depends on identifying the specific cause, which can be found in 95% of cases, through imaging, endoscopy, or surgery to address conditions like sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
This document contains summaries of various medical cases involving different conditions:
1) Burns on legs presenting complications of wound contractures, scarring, infection, shock, and renal failure.
2) Breast cancer case describing T staging of TNM and clinical types including phylloides tumor, invasive ductal carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and medullary carcinoma.
3) Thyroid lump involving a multinodular goiter case discussing workup before surgery.
This document provides an overview of chronic venous disease. It discusses how valves in the veins of the legs can fail, causing blood to pool and increase pressure. This can lead to mild issues like leg heaviness or more severe problems like ulcers. The document outlines the anatomy of the venous system and describes the normal physiology of blood flow back to the heart. It explains that chronic venous disease is caused by valve issues or problems that increase venous pressure. Symptoms can include leg swelling, skin changes, and ulcers if left untreated. Management focuses on reducing symptoms through leg elevation, exercises, compression therapy and treatment of complications.
1. The document describes an OSCE sample case involving an inguinoscrotal swelling. It provides differential diagnoses, classifications of hydrocele, and treatment approaches.
2. It also describes a case of undescended testes, including factors affecting testicular descent, treatment, and complications.
3. Additional cases include a hemangioma, hypospadias, and cleft lip, with descriptions of presentations, classifications, treatments and associated issues.
The document provides guidelines for evaluating a patient presenting with hematuria. It begins with terminology and background on gross versus microscopic hematuria. Common causes are discussed including infection, stones, trauma, and tumors. The evaluation involves taking a thorough history, physical exam, urinalysis, and based on risk factors, further tests may include renal imaging, cystoscopy, or nephrology referral. The goal is to identify any underlying renal disease or urologic malignancy as the cause of the hematuria.
Acute limb ischemia is a sudden interruption of blood flow to a limb that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent tissue death. It is commonly caused by arterial embolism or thrombosis. Clinical signs include the six Ps: pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, poikilothermia, and paralysis. Diagnosis involves Doppler ultrasound, angiography, and investigating for potential causes such as cardiac problems. For reversible ischemia, treatment involves anticoagulation, thrombolysis, or surgical embolectomy/thrombectomy. Irreversible ischemia requires amputation to prevent limb and life-threatening complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are crucial to limb salvage.
Acute limb ischemia occurs when there is a sudden interruption of blood flow to a limb, threatening the viability of the limb. It can be caused by emboli originating from the heart or blood vessels, or from thrombosis of arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis. Clinical evaluation focuses on the 5 Ps - pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis. Investigations include Doppler ultrasound, angiography, and measurement of ankle-brachial indices. Treatment involves immediate care, thrombolysis, or surgical revascularization depending on the severity. Complications can include reperfusion injury, compartment syndrome, bleeding, and potential limb amputation.
Retinitis pigmentosa is a slow degenerative, hereditary disease of the retina that involves the rods and cones. It typically appears as a recessive trait due to consanguinity of the parents. Patients experience night blindness in childhood, tunnel vision or central visual loss in middle age, and complete blindness in advanced age. Physical examination shows black spots resembling bone corpuscles across the retina, extremely attenuated retinal blood vessels, and pale optic discs, indicating optic nerve atrophy. There is no specific treatment currently available, but cataract surgery and rehabilitation services can help manage complications.
Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels that can affect vessels of any size in any part of the body. It is caused by autoimmune processes and deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls. Symptoms vary depending on the organ(s) involved but can include fever, fatigue, rashes, and organ damage. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and tissue biopsies. Treatment primarily consists of glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation along with other immunosuppressive drugs. Without treatment, vasculitis can cause permanent organ damage or even death, so early detection and management are important.
Hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathyakifab93
Hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy have been discussed here in a simplified manner to help u understand the topic well.....Do make use of it
Approach to right iliac fossa(RIF) painasifiqbal545
Approach to right iliac fossa(RIF) pain.FULL DISCUSSION ON APPENDICITIS WITH OTHER DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF IT. AS WELL AS CLINICAL REASONING DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
Peripheral vascular disease is caused by narrowing of arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis and affects around 15% of people over 70 years old. It presents as leg pain with walking (claudication) and can progress to critical limb ischemia with rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. Treatment involves restoring blood flow through methods like thrombolysis, angioplasty or surgery as well as managing risk factors like smoking, diabetes and cholesterol. Patients with acute limb ischemia requiring inpatient care while those with stable chronic disease can often be treated as outpatients.
Peripheral vascular diseases (PVD), also known as peripheral artery occlusive disease, refers to obstruction or deterioration of arteries other than those supplying the heart or brain, primarily caused by atherosclerosis. PVD presents as either chronic arterial insufficiency or acute arterial occlusion. Management involves risk factor modification, endovascular or surgical revascularization techniques, and exercise therapy. For intermittent claudication, cilostazol is an effective pharmacotherapy that improves walking distance. Acute limb ischemia requires immediate anticoagulation and revascularization to prevent limb loss.
This document summarizes common venous disorders, including varicose veins, superficial thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and their causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Varicose veins are abnormally dilated and tortuous veins caused by increased pressure and valve incompetence. Risk factors include family history, pregnancy, and obesity. Treatment includes compression stockings, sclerotherapy, and surgery.
- DVT occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins, usually in the legs. It can cause leg swelling/pain and potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Risk increases with age, surgery, trauma, cancer, and genetic factors. Ul
This document provides a classification and overview of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and management of OSSN. Key points include:
- OSSN refers to the spectrum of pre-invasive and malignant squamous lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea.
- Risk factors include UV light exposure, HPV infection, HIV/AIDS, and vitamin A deficiency.
- Clinical features may include growths or thickened patches over the ocular surface. Diagnosis involves cytology, biopsy and histopathological examination.
- Treatment depends on size and invasiveness but may include surgical excision, cryotherapy
1. Acute limb ischemia is a medical emergency that occurs when there is a sudden decrease in blood flow to a limb, threatening the viability of the limb. It requires urgent evaluation and management within 2 weeks of symptom onset.
2. The main treatment options are endovascular therapies like catheter-directed thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, or surgical interventions like thrombectomy or bypass surgery. The goal is to rapidly restore arterial blood flow while minimizing risks to the patient.
3. Factors like the severity of ischemia, time since symptom onset, and patient characteristics help determine which treatment - thrombolysis, surgical thrombectomy, or in some cases immediate amputation - is most appropriate to salvage the limb.
Amaurosis fugax is a transient monocular blindness or loss of vision that lasts only a few seconds or minutes. It is caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the retina, which can be due to conditions like carotid artery disease, atherosclerosis, or high blood pressure. Symptoms include a curtain or dimming of vision in one eye. Tests like carotid ultrasound and eye exams are used to diagnose the condition and check for risks of stroke. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medication, and potentially surgery to remove blockages, with the goal of preventing permanent vision loss and further health issues.
Demyelinating and inflammatory diseasesShivam Batra
Demyelinating diseases involve disruption of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions throughout the white matter. MRI is useful for diagnosing MS by demonstrating dissemination of lesions in space and time. Typical MS lesions on MRI appear as oval or linear hyperintensities on T2/FLAIR images surrounding medullary veins and involving the periventricular white matter, corpus callosum, brainstem, and cortical gray matter.
Nitin endophthalmitis prevention and managementNitin Renge
This document discusses endophthalmitis, including:
1) Endophthalmitis is an inflammatory condition of the inner eye structures caused by invading microorganisms. It can be classified based on infectivity, mode of entry, and type of causative agent.
2) Common causes include bacteria like staphylococci and streptococci, fungi such as candida and aspergillus, and parasites. It can develop after ocular surgeries, trauma, or through hematogenous spread.
3) Diagnosis involves ophthalmic examination looking for signs of inflammation and infection. Microbiological testing through aqueous or vitreous taps can identify causative organisms. Prompt
1. The patient presented with an alleged stab injury to the chest and showed signs of hypotension not responding to fluids and a distended abdomen. CT scan showed hemopericardium and ascites.
2. At operation, a 2cm rent was found in the left dome of the diaphragm with 1L of hemoperitoneum and a 2cm laceration in the right lobe of the liver but no active bleeding.
3. Post-operatively, the patient had occasional RV collapse seen on echo but normal cardiac enzymes and was discharged on post-op day 6.
The document provides an overview of topics and objectives for a CCRN review course covering various cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. It discusses acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction, heart blocks, heart failure, aortic aneurysms, cardiomyopathy, shock states, and other conditions. Treatment strategies are outlined for many of these conditions.
This document contains summaries of various medical cases involving different conditions:
1) Burns on legs presenting complications of wound contractures, scarring, infection, shock, and renal failure.
2) Breast cancer case describing T staging of TNM and clinical types including phylloides tumor, invasive ductal carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and medullary carcinoma.
3) Thyroid lump involving a multinodular goiter case discussing workup before surgery.
This document provides an overview of chronic venous disease. It discusses how valves in the veins of the legs can fail, causing blood to pool and increase pressure. This can lead to mild issues like leg heaviness or more severe problems like ulcers. The document outlines the anatomy of the venous system and describes the normal physiology of blood flow back to the heart. It explains that chronic venous disease is caused by valve issues or problems that increase venous pressure. Symptoms can include leg swelling, skin changes, and ulcers if left untreated. Management focuses on reducing symptoms through leg elevation, exercises, compression therapy and treatment of complications.
1. The document describes an OSCE sample case involving an inguinoscrotal swelling. It provides differential diagnoses, classifications of hydrocele, and treatment approaches.
2. It also describes a case of undescended testes, including factors affecting testicular descent, treatment, and complications.
3. Additional cases include a hemangioma, hypospadias, and cleft lip, with descriptions of presentations, classifications, treatments and associated issues.
The document provides guidelines for evaluating a patient presenting with hematuria. It begins with terminology and background on gross versus microscopic hematuria. Common causes are discussed including infection, stones, trauma, and tumors. The evaluation involves taking a thorough history, physical exam, urinalysis, and based on risk factors, further tests may include renal imaging, cystoscopy, or nephrology referral. The goal is to identify any underlying renal disease or urologic malignancy as the cause of the hematuria.
Acute limb ischemia is a sudden interruption of blood flow to a limb that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent tissue death. It is commonly caused by arterial embolism or thrombosis. Clinical signs include the six Ps: pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, poikilothermia, and paralysis. Diagnosis involves Doppler ultrasound, angiography, and investigating for potential causes such as cardiac problems. For reversible ischemia, treatment involves anticoagulation, thrombolysis, or surgical embolectomy/thrombectomy. Irreversible ischemia requires amputation to prevent limb and life-threatening complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are crucial to limb salvage.
Acute limb ischemia occurs when there is a sudden interruption of blood flow to a limb, threatening the viability of the limb. It can be caused by emboli originating from the heart or blood vessels, or from thrombosis of arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis. Clinical evaluation focuses on the 5 Ps - pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis. Investigations include Doppler ultrasound, angiography, and measurement of ankle-brachial indices. Treatment involves immediate care, thrombolysis, or surgical revascularization depending on the severity. Complications can include reperfusion injury, compartment syndrome, bleeding, and potential limb amputation.
Retinitis pigmentosa is a slow degenerative, hereditary disease of the retina that involves the rods and cones. It typically appears as a recessive trait due to consanguinity of the parents. Patients experience night blindness in childhood, tunnel vision or central visual loss in middle age, and complete blindness in advanced age. Physical examination shows black spots resembling bone corpuscles across the retina, extremely attenuated retinal blood vessels, and pale optic discs, indicating optic nerve atrophy. There is no specific treatment currently available, but cataract surgery and rehabilitation services can help manage complications.
Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels that can affect vessels of any size in any part of the body. It is caused by autoimmune processes and deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls. Symptoms vary depending on the organ(s) involved but can include fever, fatigue, rashes, and organ damage. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and tissue biopsies. Treatment primarily consists of glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation along with other immunosuppressive drugs. Without treatment, vasculitis can cause permanent organ damage or even death, so early detection and management are important.
Hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathyakifab93
Hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy have been discussed here in a simplified manner to help u understand the topic well.....Do make use of it
Approach to right iliac fossa(RIF) painasifiqbal545
Approach to right iliac fossa(RIF) pain.FULL DISCUSSION ON APPENDICITIS WITH OTHER DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF IT. AS WELL AS CLINICAL REASONING DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
Peripheral vascular disease is caused by narrowing of arteries due to conditions like atherosclerosis and affects around 15% of people over 70 years old. It presents as leg pain with walking (claudication) and can progress to critical limb ischemia with rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. Treatment involves restoring blood flow through methods like thrombolysis, angioplasty or surgery as well as managing risk factors like smoking, diabetes and cholesterol. Patients with acute limb ischemia requiring inpatient care while those with stable chronic disease can often be treated as outpatients.
Peripheral vascular diseases (PVD), also known as peripheral artery occlusive disease, refers to obstruction or deterioration of arteries other than those supplying the heart or brain, primarily caused by atherosclerosis. PVD presents as either chronic arterial insufficiency or acute arterial occlusion. Management involves risk factor modification, endovascular or surgical revascularization techniques, and exercise therapy. For intermittent claudication, cilostazol is an effective pharmacotherapy that improves walking distance. Acute limb ischemia requires immediate anticoagulation and revascularization to prevent limb loss.
This document summarizes common venous disorders, including varicose veins, superficial thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and their causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Varicose veins are abnormally dilated and tortuous veins caused by increased pressure and valve incompetence. Risk factors include family history, pregnancy, and obesity. Treatment includes compression stockings, sclerotherapy, and surgery.
- DVT occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins, usually in the legs. It can cause leg swelling/pain and potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Risk increases with age, surgery, trauma, cancer, and genetic factors. Ul
This document provides a classification and overview of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and management of OSSN. Key points include:
- OSSN refers to the spectrum of pre-invasive and malignant squamous lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea.
- Risk factors include UV light exposure, HPV infection, HIV/AIDS, and vitamin A deficiency.
- Clinical features may include growths or thickened patches over the ocular surface. Diagnosis involves cytology, biopsy and histopathological examination.
- Treatment depends on size and invasiveness but may include surgical excision, cryotherapy
1. Acute limb ischemia is a medical emergency that occurs when there is a sudden decrease in blood flow to a limb, threatening the viability of the limb. It requires urgent evaluation and management within 2 weeks of symptom onset.
2. The main treatment options are endovascular therapies like catheter-directed thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, or surgical interventions like thrombectomy or bypass surgery. The goal is to rapidly restore arterial blood flow while minimizing risks to the patient.
3. Factors like the severity of ischemia, time since symptom onset, and patient characteristics help determine which treatment - thrombolysis, surgical thrombectomy, or in some cases immediate amputation - is most appropriate to salvage the limb.
Amaurosis fugax is a transient monocular blindness or loss of vision that lasts only a few seconds or minutes. It is caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the retina, which can be due to conditions like carotid artery disease, atherosclerosis, or high blood pressure. Symptoms include a curtain or dimming of vision in one eye. Tests like carotid ultrasound and eye exams are used to diagnose the condition and check for risks of stroke. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medication, and potentially surgery to remove blockages, with the goal of preventing permanent vision loss and further health issues.
Demyelinating and inflammatory diseasesShivam Batra
Demyelinating diseases involve disruption of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions throughout the white matter. MRI is useful for diagnosing MS by demonstrating dissemination of lesions in space and time. Typical MS lesions on MRI appear as oval or linear hyperintensities on T2/FLAIR images surrounding medullary veins and involving the periventricular white matter, corpus callosum, brainstem, and cortical gray matter.
Nitin endophthalmitis prevention and managementNitin Renge
This document discusses endophthalmitis, including:
1) Endophthalmitis is an inflammatory condition of the inner eye structures caused by invading microorganisms. It can be classified based on infectivity, mode of entry, and type of causative agent.
2) Common causes include bacteria like staphylococci and streptococci, fungi such as candida and aspergillus, and parasites. It can develop after ocular surgeries, trauma, or through hematogenous spread.
3) Diagnosis involves ophthalmic examination looking for signs of inflammation and infection. Microbiological testing through aqueous or vitreous taps can identify causative organisms. Prompt
1. The patient presented with an alleged stab injury to the chest and showed signs of hypotension not responding to fluids and a distended abdomen. CT scan showed hemopericardium and ascites.
2. At operation, a 2cm rent was found in the left dome of the diaphragm with 1L of hemoperitoneum and a 2cm laceration in the right lobe of the liver but no active bleeding.
3. Post-operatively, the patient had occasional RV collapse seen on echo but normal cardiac enzymes and was discharged on post-op day 6.
The document provides an overview of topics and objectives for a CCRN review course covering various cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. It discusses acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction, heart blocks, heart failure, aortic aneurysms, cardiomyopathy, shock states, and other conditions. Treatment strategies are outlined for many of these conditions.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in Part 1 of a PCCN review course. It lists cardiovascular and respiratory conditions that will be discussed, including acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, shock states, and respiratory alterations. The objectives of the review are outlined, focusing on understanding pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, classifications, and treatments. Breaks are included to allow time for questions.
A 64-year-old male presented with sudden onset of pain and loss of sensation in his right leg. On examination, he was found to have absent pulses below the knee, decreased sensation, and inability to move his toes. Based on the clinical signs of acute limb ischemia, further investigations including Doppler ultrasound and angiography were recommended to determine the appropriate treatment, which may involve thrombolysis, surgery to restore blood flow, or amputation if the ischemia is irreversible.
1) The document discusses strokes (cerebrovascular accidents or CVAs), their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
2) Strokes are caused by disturbances in the vascular system and can be ischemic (caused by clot or blockage) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding).
3) Common symptoms of strokes include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, speech problems, and visual issues. The specific symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected.
Acute limb ischemia is a vascular emergency defined as a sudden interruption of blood supply to a limb, threatening limb viability. It is commonly caused by arterial embolism or thrombosis. The degree of obstruction, site of occlusion, and presence of collateral circulation determine the pathophysiology. Tissues tolerate ischemia at different rates, with nerves being first affected and skin last. Diagnosis involves imaging studies and blood tests. Treatment depends on whether ischemia is reversible or irreversible, with anticoagulation, endovascular intervention, open surgery, or amputation used depending on the situation. Factors like delay in treatment and underlying conditions impact outcomes.
This document discusses hemiplegia and various causes of acute childhood stroke (ASS), including ischemic and hemorrhagic etiologies like coagulopathy, vascular abnormalities, and metabolic disorders. It covers the clinical assessment of children with suspected stroke, focusing on history, physical exam, and diagnostic imaging and lab tests. Management involves neuoprotection, treatment of the underlying cause, and rehabilitation. Specific conditions like Moyamoya disease are also outlined.
This document provides an outline and overview of key topics related to stroke. It begins with definitions and classifications of stroke, including transient ischemic attack (TIA) and different types of stroke. It then covers risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management approaches for stroke. Specific sections address hemorrhagic versus ischemic stroke, localization of stroke syndromes, and differentiating features between anterior and posterior circulation strokes. Differential diagnoses are also listed. The document aims to present essential information on stroke for medical education purposes.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on stroke. It begins with an introduction defining stroke and classifying it as either transient ischemic attack (TIA), progressive stroke, or completed stroke. It then covers the types and risk factors of stroke, including modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The pathophysiology of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke is explained. Signs and symptoms of stroke are outlined, including localization of symptoms based on hemisphere affected. Investigations, prognostic factors, and management of both acute stroke and long-term prevention are summarized.
This document provides an overview of topics related to critical care nursing, including acute coronary syndromes, heart blocks, heart failure, shock states, respiratory alterations, and gastrointestinal alterations. It lists objectives, definitions, signs and symptoms, and treatments for each topic. The objectives are to understand various cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, be able to distinguish between different types, recognize signs and symptoms, and identify standard treatments.
This document provides an overview of acute limb ischemia (ALI), including its diagnosis and management. ALI is a sudden decrease in blood flow to the limbs caused by thrombus or embolism. Diagnosis involves assessing the patient's history, symptoms of pain and reduced pulses, and imaging tests like duplex ultrasound, CT angiography, or digital subtraction angiography to identify clot location. Treatment may involve anticoagulation, thrombolysis drugs, endovascular procedures to remove clots, or surgical revascularization procedures to restore blood flow if limbs are severely threatened. Both pharmacological and interventional techniques are discussed as options to reperfuse ischemic limbs within 24 hours and prevent limb loss.
The document discusses several vascular emergencies including acute limb ischemia, vascular trauma, and compartment syndrome. It provides details on the causes, presentations, and management of acute limb ischemia, noting that it is a clinical diagnosis requiring recognition, heparin treatment, pain relief, and potential interventions like embolectomy or fasciotomy. For vascular trauma, it outlines hard and soft signs and stresses the need for prompt surgical management if hard signs are present. Compartment syndrome is defined as reduced organ perfusion due to increased compartment pressure, with causes including trauma, hematoma, or tight bandages. Its clinical features and treatment of fasciotomy are also summarized.
The document provides information on inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI), including:
1. Definitions, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of inferior wall MI are discussed. Worldwide over 7 million people experience STEMIs or NSTEMIs annually.
2. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac imaging, cardiac biomarkers like troponin and CK-MB. Reperfusion therapy within 6 hours includes PCI or thrombolysis. General treatment measures include aspirin, clopidogrel, anticoagulants, analgesics, beta-blockers, nitrates and oxygen.
3. The history of pioneers in cardiology and development of techniques like echocardi
Chronic lower limb arterial disease is commonly caused by atherosclerosis and presents as intermittent claudication (IC) or critical limb ischemia (CLI). IC involves pain in the calf on walking that resolves with rest, while CLI includes tissue loss and gangrene. Treatment focuses on risk factor modification and exercise, with revascularization considered if best medical therapy fails. Endovascular procedures and bypass surgery aim to restore blood flow and relieve symptoms. Amputation may be necessary in advanced CLI if revascularization is not possible.
Diagnosis and management of Acute limb -ischemia (1).pptssuser57f298
This document discusses the management of acute limb ischemia. It defines acute limb ischemia as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens limb viability. The main causes are arterial embolism, thrombosis, injury, or dissection. Diagnosis involves assessing the six Ps: pain, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis, pulselessness, and poikilothermia. Treatment depends on the severity of ischemia and includes heparin, revascularization through embolectomy, thrombolytic therapy, or fasciotomy. For irreversible ischemia, amputation may be required to prevent further complications. The goals are to promptly diagnose, stage, and treat acute limb ischemia in order to salvage the threatened limb.
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
The document summarizes acute limb ischemia, including its causes, presentation, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines acute limb ischemia as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion threatening limb viability. Common causes are embolism, thrombosis, and vasospasm. Diagnosis is clinical, and imaging such as CTA, ultrasound, and angiography can help determine the level and severity of obstruction. Treatment depends on the classification of ischemia severity and may include anticoagulation, endovascular interventions such as thrombectomy, or open surgical revascularization to restore blood flow and preserve the limb. Complications can include reperfusion effects, compartment syndrome, and ischemic contracture.
This document summarizes a seminar on coronary artery disease presented by Ms. Umadevi. K. It defines coronary artery disease as a narrowing of the coronary arteries that limits blood supply to the heart muscle. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and family history. Signs and symptoms include chest pain. Diagnosis involves ECGs, cardiac enzymes tests, echocardiograms, stress tests, and angiography. Treatment includes medications, angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery to restore blood flow.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. It discusses systolic and diastolic heart failure, highlighting key differences. Medical treatments that improve survival in systolic heart failure are reviewed, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, spironolactone/eplerenone, hydralazine/nitrates, and ARBs. The roles of diuretics, neurohormonal activation, and beta blockers are explained. Carvedilol is positioned as superior to metoprolol based on direct comparison trials.
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Vascular injuries in limbs are a significant problem in Sri Lanka, particularly among young males. Road traffic accidents and injuries from trap guns are major causes. There is often a delay in patients reaching care, resulting in increased risk of limb loss. Establishing dedicated trauma centers staffed by vascular surgeons could help minimize delays and improve outcomes. Currently limb salvage rates after repair are around 75-98% based on studies in Sri Lanka, but establishing dedicated trauma networks and protocols could help improve the situation for patients suffering vascular injuries.
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Principles of management of Neck vascular trauma
Pre Congress Workshop on
Vascular Trauma
September 2023
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Causes
Impalement
Signs of neck vascular injuries
Anatomy and neck zones
Management
Factors to consider
Preoperative imaging
Changing concepts
Ligation Vs Repair
Neurological status and carotid repair
Diabetic foot and Foot care
Dr Joel Arudchelvam
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Prevalence
Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura [THA]
High risk foot
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LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
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Cost and problems
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Consultant Vascular and Transplant Surgeon
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Graft
Organs usually transplanted
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Types of organ donors
HISTORY OF TRASNPLANTATION
HISTORY OF TRANSPLANTATION IN SRI LANKA
Transplantation procedure
Live donor nephrectomy
Organ preservation
Renal transplantation
Donor
Post operative management
RECIPIENT – SURGERY
POST-OPERATIVE CARE
Cadaveric Transplantation
Organ ischemia
Immunological complications
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Hard signs of vascular injury
Associated signs
Anatomy and neck zones
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Vascular surgical intervention
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Introduction
Vascular injuries are potentially life or limb threatening. Vascular trauma occurs in 1.6% of civilian injuries (1) and 6.8% to 10.8% in war related injuries (Afghanistan, Iraq and Lebanon war). In a study done at the National hospital of Sri Lanka Colombo (NHSL) out of 5802 trauma admissions there were 93 patients with vascular injuries (VI). Therefore the incidence of VI in civilian trauma is 1.6% (1). After the end of civil war in Sri Lanka in 2009 there is a reduction in the number of war related vascular injuries. But due to the increase in the number of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA), the number of vascular trauma also increased (i.e. from 1938 to 2013 road traffic injuries increased from 35.1 to 98.6 per 100 000 population in Sri Lanka). One of the reasons for this is the increased number two and three wheeled vehicles which are involved more with accidents (2). Trauma and vascular injuries often involve young males. They are the breadwinners of the family. In one study done at the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura (THA) among patients presenting with popliteal arterial injuries, 18 (90%) were males with a mean age of 38.7 years (2). And in another study done at the same institution among patients with major lower limb arterial injuries, 22 (87.5%) were males and the mean age was 36.9 years (3). These studies confirm the fact of young males often getting involved with vascular injuries.
Vascular injuries occur
• Unexpected
• Young and fit
• Results in loss of limb or life
• Loss of earning capacity, economic
Our experience at Anuradhapura
Mean age - 36.9 years (17–69)
Arterial injury following trap gun - 25% amputation rate (Sriharan P, Arudchelvam JD, Marasinghe A. Outcome of major lower-limb arterial injuries presenting to a single unit in a peripheral setting in Sri Lanka. Indian J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019;6:266-8
Causes - Road Traffic Accidents – 54.2%,Trap Gun – 33.3%,Iatrogenic - 8.33%,Other- 4.2% (Sriharan P, Arudchelvam JD, Marasinghe A. Outcome of major lower-limb arterial injuries presenting to a single unit in a peripheral setting in Sri Lanka. Indian J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019;6:266-8)
Mechanism of injury
• Sharp / penetrating
• Blunt
“Vascular injury” is a nonspecific term. Because this is used to describe the injuries
to blood vessels in all parts of the body that includes neck vascular injuries, thoracic and
abdominal vascular injuries, and injuries to the blood vessels of the limbs. And in addition
vascular injury also describes injuries to the arteries and veins. Injuries to the blood vessels of
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Acutelimbischaemia for medical students 2021
1. ACUTE LIMB ISCHAEMIA
Dr. Joel Arudchelvam
MBBS (COL), MD (SUR). MRCS (ENG)
ConsultantVascular andTransplant Surgeon
The National Hospital of Sri Lanka , Colombo
2. Acute limb Ischaemia -
Definition
Sudden interruption of blood supply to
limb resulting in threat to the limb
viability.
4. Differentiating thrombosis and
embolism
Sudden onset pain Sub acute onset
Young patient Elderly patient
Has a source of emboli* No source of emboli
No history of occlusive
arterial disease
History of occlusive arterial
disease
Other pulses are present Other pulses may be absent
5. Sources of emboli
Heart – recent MI, Atrial fibrillation,Valvular
heart disease.
Blood vessels – aneurysms
An embolus gets stuck at sites of bifurcation
as the diameter of the vessels reduces at
these places.
13. Post operative management
Monitor distal pulse
Keep foot elevated
Monitor movements and sensation
Continue Heparin – 18U/kg per hour infusion
Start warfarin when surgical bleeding is not a
concern
Monitor for reperfusion effects
14. Complications of Acute limb
Ischaemia
Limb loss
Death
Compartment syndrome
Reperfusion effects
Volkmann ischemic contracture
15. Reperfusion effects
Local
Reperfusion injury – paradoxical death of already
dying muscles after reperfusion
Systemic
Reperfusion syndrome
Hypotension
ARDS
Lactic acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Renal failure
29. Compartment syndrome
Clinical features
Excessive pain - pain on passive movements
Numbness -e.g. anterior compt. first toe web (deep peroneal N )
Tense swollen leg
Do not look for absent distal pulse – late