Action potential in cardiac cell
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This document discusses basic terms in electrophysiology and the properties of cardiac cells. It describes two main types of cardiac cells: electrical cells that make up the conduction system and possess the properties of automaticity, excitability, and conductivity; and myocardial cells that make up the muscular walls and possess contractility and extensibility. It explains that cardiac cells at rest are polarized but become depolarized when an electrical impulse causes ions to cross the cell membrane, generating an action potential. The action potential curve consists of five phases: resting phase, rapid depolarization, plateau phase mediated by slow calcium channels, and rapid repolarization as ions return to their resting state.
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Cardiac action potential
This document provides an introduction to cardiac action potentials. It describes the five phases of a cardiac action potential: phase 4 (resting phase), phase 0 (depolarization), phase 1 (early repolarization), phase 2 (plateau phase), and phase 3 (rapid repolarization). It explains that cardiac action potentials are initiated by the sinoatrial node and involve movements of ions like sodium, calcium, and potassium through ion channels, causing changes in the cell's membrane potential. These potential changes can be recorded as an electrocardiogram to monitor the heart's electrical activity.
Action potential of heart
This document discusses the electrical activity and action potentials of cardiac muscle cells. It begins by defining excitability and describing the resting membrane potentials of different cardiac tissues. It then explains the phases of the cardiac action potential in detail, including initial depolarization, initial repolarization, plateau, and final repolarization. The document also discusses the ionic basis and rhythmicity of cardiac muscle, pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, and differences between cardiac and nerve cell action potentials.
SINOATRIAL NODE
The sinoatrial node, located in the wall of the right atrium, is the heart's natural pacemaker. It generates electrical impulses that pass through the heart and cause it to contract. The sinoatrial node initiates action potentials that travel through the conduction system to the atrioventricular node and then to the ventricles. As the primary pacemaker, the sinoatrial node controls the heart rate by regulating the firing of action potentials. Dysfunction or ischemia of the sinoatrial node can lead to irregular heart rhythms.
cardiac action potential
Action potentials are short term changes in electrical potential across cell membranes in response to stimulation that allow electrical signals to propagate. They involve the movement of ions across the membrane through open channels. The cardiac action potential occurs in five phases: 1) rapid depolarization due to sodium influx; 2) early repolarization from sodium inactivation and potassium activation; 3) plateau from calcium influx; 4) rapid repolarization from potassium efflux; and 5) resting potential set by potassium equilibrium potential. Pacemaker cells additionally exhibit phase 4 diastolic depolarization driven by funny channel opening that leads to spontaneous firing.
Cardiovascular physiology
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart weighs 200-400 grams and pumps around 7,751 litres of blood daily. It is located behind the sternum and is surrounded by membranes. Blood enters and exits the heart through major vessels while valves regulate flow between chambers. The heart muscle generates electrical impulses and contractions to circulate blood throughout the body. Cardiac output is regulated intrinsically through preload and afterload as well as extrinsically through the nervous and endocrine systems.
Cardiac action potential
Cardiac action potentials arise from the coordinated movement of ions through membrane channels in cardiac cells. The cardiac action potential has 5 phases: rapid upstroke (phase 0) due to sodium influx, early rapid repolarization (phase 1) mediated by potassium currents, plateau phase (phase 2) maintained by calcium and potassium currents, final rapid repolarization (phase 3) due to potassium currents, and resting phase (phase 4) where the cell prepares for the next action potential. Precisely regulated ion channel function underlies the generation and propagation of action potentials and ensures normal cardiac rhythm.
A heart physiology
1) The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions that pump blood through two circuits.
2) The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses that spread through the heart, causing atria to contract before ventricles.
3) Cardiac output depends on heart rate, preload, afterload and contractility and is regulated by nervous and hormonal factors.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
This document discusses the regulation of respiration. It covers the neural, automatic, and chemical control mechanisms that regulate breathing. The key points are:
1) Respiration is regulated by medullary and pontine respiratory centers in the brainstem that generate the breathing rhythm and control rate and depth.
2) Breathing is also automatically controlled and can occur without conscious effort. It is further modulated by inputs from chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood.
3) Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes in blood gases and signal the respiratory centers to adjust breathing accordingly. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are
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Cardiac action potential
This document provides an introduction to cardiac action potentials. It describes the five phases of a cardiac action potential: phase 4 (resting phase), phase 0 (depolarization), phase 1 (early repolarization), phase 2 (plateau phase), and phase 3 (rapid repolarization). It explains that cardiac action potentials are initiated by the sinoatrial node and involve movements of ions like sodium, calcium, and potassium through ion channels, causing changes in the cell's membrane potential. These potential changes can be recorded as an electrocardiogram to monitor the heart's electrical activity.
Action potential of heart
This document discusses the electrical activity and action potentials of cardiac muscle cells. It begins by defining excitability and describing the resting membrane potentials of different cardiac tissues. It then explains the phases of the cardiac action potential in detail, including initial depolarization, initial repolarization, plateau, and final repolarization. The document also discusses the ionic basis and rhythmicity of cardiac muscle, pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, and differences between cardiac and nerve cell action potentials.
SINOATRIAL NODE
The sinoatrial node, located in the wall of the right atrium, is the heart's natural pacemaker. It generates electrical impulses that pass through the heart and cause it to contract. The sinoatrial node initiates action potentials that travel through the conduction system to the atrioventricular node and then to the ventricles. As the primary pacemaker, the sinoatrial node controls the heart rate by regulating the firing of action potentials. Dysfunction or ischemia of the sinoatrial node can lead to irregular heart rhythms.
cardiac action potential
Action potentials are short term changes in electrical potential across cell membranes in response to stimulation that allow electrical signals to propagate. They involve the movement of ions across the membrane through open channels. The cardiac action potential occurs in five phases: 1) rapid depolarization due to sodium influx; 2) early repolarization from sodium inactivation and potassium activation; 3) plateau from calcium influx; 4) rapid repolarization from potassium efflux; and 5) resting potential set by potassium equilibrium potential. Pacemaker cells additionally exhibit phase 4 diastolic depolarization driven by funny channel opening that leads to spontaneous firing.
Cardiovascular physiology
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart weighs 200-400 grams and pumps around 7,751 litres of blood daily. It is located behind the sternum and is surrounded by membranes. Blood enters and exits the heart through major vessels while valves regulate flow between chambers. The heart muscle generates electrical impulses and contractions to circulate blood throughout the body. Cardiac output is regulated intrinsically through preload and afterload as well as extrinsically through the nervous and endocrine systems.
Cardiac action potential
Cardiac action potentials arise from the coordinated movement of ions through membrane channels in cardiac cells. The cardiac action potential has 5 phases: rapid upstroke (phase 0) due to sodium influx, early rapid repolarization (phase 1) mediated by potassium currents, plateau phase (phase 2) maintained by calcium and potassium currents, final rapid repolarization (phase 3) due to potassium currents, and resting phase (phase 4) where the cell prepares for the next action potential. Precisely regulated ion channel function underlies the generation and propagation of action potentials and ensures normal cardiac rhythm.
A heart physiology
1) The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions that pump blood through two circuits.
2) The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses that spread through the heart, causing atria to contract before ventricles.
3) Cardiac output depends on heart rate, preload, afterload and contractility and is regulated by nervous and hormonal factors.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
This document discusses the regulation of respiration. It covers the neural, automatic, and chemical control mechanisms that regulate breathing. The key points are:
1) Respiration is regulated by medullary and pontine respiratory centers in the brainstem that generate the breathing rhythm and control rate and depth.
2) Breathing is also automatically controlled and can occur without conscious effort. It is further modulated by inputs from chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood.
3) Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes in blood gases and signal the respiratory centers to adjust breathing accordingly. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are
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2. The vasomotor center contains vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas that regulate heart rate by sending sympathetic or parasympathetic signals via the spinal cord. The vasoconstrictor area increases heart rate while the vasodilator area decreases it.
3. Factors like emotions, exercise and respiration can trigger the vasomotor center to adjust heart rate through sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow as part of reflex responses mediated by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
The valves of the heart
The document summarizes the valves of the heart, including their structure, location, and function. There are two pairs of valves: atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) which allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles, and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) which allow blood to exit the ventricles. The valves have cusps that open and close to ensure one-way blood flow and prevent backflow. Issues like stenosis can cause murmurs and increase pressures on the respective chambers of the heart.
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This document summarizes key concepts in cardiovascular physiology presented by Dr. Rashmit Shrestha. It discusses the circulatory system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It covers cardiac cycle, ventricular structure and function, factors affecting stroke volume, preload and afterload, contractility, and more. Key contributors to cardiovascular physiology like William Harvey are also acknowledged.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped per heart beat, by heart rate. A normal cardiac output in adults is around 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output can be affected by factors like heart rate, stroke volume, venous return, peripheral resistance, and the force of heart contraction. Maximum cardiac output during exercise can increase up to 7-8 times resting levels through increased heart rate and stroke volume.
Conduction system of the heart
The conduction system of the heart generates and conducts electrical impulses to coordinate the rhythmic contraction of the heart muscles. It consists of the sinoatrial node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node acts as the natural pacemaker by initiating electrical impulses. These impulses then travel through the internodal pathways to the atrioventricular node, where they are delayed to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles. The impulse then travels down the bundle of His which splits into right and left bundle branches to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles.
Cardiac output 1
This document discusses cardiac output and its measurement. It defines cardiac output as the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, which is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. It describes several methods to measure cardiac output, including the indicator dye dilution method, thermodilution, and measurement of inhaled inert gases. It discusses factors that can cause cardiac output to vary, such as age, sex, environmental temperature, exercise, and various pathological conditions.
Conduction system of heart
This document provides an overview of the conduction system of the heart. It begins with the development of the primitive cardiac tube and differentiation of heart structures. It then describes the specialized conduction tissues including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It discusses impulse conduction through the heart and characteristics of cardiac conduction cells. Finally, it covers conduction defects, implications for congenital heart anomalies like ASD and VSD, and considerations for cardiac surgery.
Myocardial action potential and Basis of Arrythmogenesis
The document discusses the myocardial action potential and mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. It begins with an overview of the cardiac conduction system anatomy and ion channels. The myocardial action potential is then explained in detail, including the phases of depolarization, plateau, and repolarization. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include abnormalities in automaticity, triggered activity, and impaired conduction. Abnormal automaticity can result from altered pacemaker sites while triggered activity involves early or delayed afterdepolarizations. Impaired conduction can cause blocks or provide the substrate for reentry arrhythmias due to tissue heterogeneity. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs and examples of specific arrhythmias such as long QT syndrome and CPVT are also summarized.
Conduction system and ecg
The document summarizes the cardiac conduction system and electrocardiogram (ECG). It describes how the conduction system initiates and propagates electrical signals throughout the heart to coordinate contractions. Specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node initiate signals that spread through atria and ventricles via pathways like the atrioventricular node and bundle of His. This electrical activity generates currents detectable by ECG, which can provide information on conduction abnormalities and heart health.
Electrical Activity of the Heart
The document summarizes electrical activity in the heart. It discusses:
1) How electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the heart, causing atrial and ventricular contraction.
2) The action potentials that occur in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles.
3) How the electrocardiogram (ECG) records these electrical signals to examine cardiac excitation and contraction.
Cardiac cycle physiology_4_dpt
The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of events in the heart during one heartbeat. It begins with atrial systole which fills the ventricles with blood. This is followed by ventricular systole where the ventricles contract and eject blood out of the heart. The cardiac cycle is regulated by the heart's conduction system which coordinates the contractions of the atria and ventricles. It ensures the atria contract before the ventricles so blood is pumped efficiently through the heart and circulatory system with each heartbeat.
The Myocardium
The myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart. It is made up of cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes that contract rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. The cardiomyocytes are connected through intercalated disks and contain sarcomeres, which are the contractile units composed of actin and myosin filaments. The thickness of the myocardium determines the strength of the heart's contractions. When the myocardium contracts, it is stimulated by an electrical conduction system that generates and propagates action potentials through specialized pacemaker and conduction cells.
Cardiac action potential
This document discusses the different types of ion channels in the heart. It describes how ion channels can be voltage-dependent, opening in response to changes in membrane potential. Voltage-dependent gating is the most common mechanism. Ion channels also have two mechanisms for closure: inactivation during depolarization and deactivation during repolarization. Additionally, ion channels can be ligand-dependent, opening when certain molecules like acetylcholine or ATP bind to the channel. The acetylcholine-activated potassium channel is discussed as a key example of ligand-dependent gating in the heart.
Cardiac skeleton
The fibrous skeleton of the heart:
1. Lies between the atria and ventricles.
2. Is composed of dense connective tissue that forms fibrous rings around the four heart valves.
3. Acts as an electrical insulator to prevent direct spread of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, ensuring impulses pass through the bundle of His for coordinated ventricular contraction.
Conduction system of heart
The cardiac conduction system generates and coordinates the contraction of the heart muscle. It is made up of specialized cardiac muscle cells located in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node initiates each heartbeat by spontaneously generating an electrical impulse. This impulse then travels through the internodal pathways and atria to the atrioventricular node, which slows conduction before passing the impulse to the ventricles via the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, causing synchronized ventricular contraction and pumping of blood. Defects or damage to the conduction system can lead to cardiac arrhythmias.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heart
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
Control of heart rate
The document discusses how the nervous system and hormonal system modify the heart rate to meet the body's demands. The nervous system controls heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The sympathetic nerves increase heart rate during exercise or stress while the parasympathetic nerves decrease it during rest. The hormonal system also increases heart rate through the hormone adrenaline.
BSC Lecture Action potential.pdf
1) All cells possess electrical excitability, the ability to generate an action potential in response to a stimulus.
2) An action potential is an electrical signal that propagates along the neuronal membrane due to the movement of sodium and potassium ions through ion channels.
3) The resting membrane potential is maintained by the uneven distribution of ions across the membrane and the sodium-potassium pump, which works to keep the intracellular concentration of sodium ions low and potassium ions high.
Cardiac muscle fully detail
Atria. The top two chambers that receive blood from the body or lungs.
Ventricles. The bottom two chambers. The right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs to pick up oxygen, The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body
and is the strongest chamber.
The insect heart is a simple tube. Heart contractions push the blood towards
the head but because insects have an open circulatory system, there is no
return circuit. The blood moves through the body cavity until it reaches the
heart again. For most insects, heart contraction is initiated and regulated
predominantly by external nerves; thus insect hearts are neurogenic.
In contrast, vertebrates, tunicates, and some molluscs have myogenic hearts.
The heart beat is initiated and regulated by specialized groups of muscle cells.
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Generation and conduction of Cardiac impulse
Topics included :- Steps involved in generation and conduction of cardiac impulse; Electrocardiogram; arrthymia - symtoms and it's types - bradycardia and tachycardia; Factors affecting heart's rhythm,
Regulation of heart rate
1. The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system, specifically the vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata.
2. The vasomotor center contains vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas that regulate heart rate by sending sympathetic or parasympathetic signals via the spinal cord. The vasoconstrictor area increases heart rate while the vasodilator area decreases it.
3. Factors like emotions, exercise and respiration can trigger the vasomotor center to adjust heart rate through sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow as part of reflex responses mediated by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
The valves of the heart
The document summarizes the valves of the heart, including their structure, location, and function. There are two pairs of valves: atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) which allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles, and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) which allow blood to exit the ventricles. The valves have cusps that open and close to ensure one-way blood flow and prevent backflow. Issues like stenosis can cause murmurs and increase pressures on the respective chambers of the heart.
Cardiac physiology
This document summarizes key concepts in cardiovascular physiology presented by Dr. Rashmit Shrestha. It discusses the circulatory system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It covers cardiac cycle, ventricular structure and function, factors affecting stroke volume, preload and afterload, contractility, and more. Key contributors to cardiovascular physiology like William Harvey are also acknowledged.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. Impulses then travel through the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart and detect any abnormalities.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped per heart beat, by heart rate. A normal cardiac output in adults is around 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output can be affected by factors like heart rate, stroke volume, venous return, peripheral resistance, and the force of heart contraction. Maximum cardiac output during exercise can increase up to 7-8 times resting levels through increased heart rate and stroke volume.
Conduction system of the heart
The conduction system of the heart generates and conducts electrical impulses to coordinate the rhythmic contraction of the heart muscles. It consists of the sinoatrial node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node acts as the natural pacemaker by initiating electrical impulses. These impulses then travel through the internodal pathways to the atrioventricular node, where they are delayed to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles. The impulse then travels down the bundle of His which splits into right and left bundle branches to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles.
Cardiac output 1
This document discusses cardiac output and its measurement. It defines cardiac output as the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, which is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. It describes several methods to measure cardiac output, including the indicator dye dilution method, thermodilution, and measurement of inhaled inert gases. It discusses factors that can cause cardiac output to vary, such as age, sex, environmental temperature, exercise, and various pathological conditions.
Conduction system of heart
This document provides an overview of the conduction system of the heart. It begins with the development of the primitive cardiac tube and differentiation of heart structures. It then describes the specialized conduction tissues including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It discusses impulse conduction through the heart and characteristics of cardiac conduction cells. Finally, it covers conduction defects, implications for congenital heart anomalies like ASD and VSD, and considerations for cardiac surgery.
Myocardial action potential and Basis of Arrythmogenesis
The document discusses the myocardial action potential and mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. It begins with an overview of the cardiac conduction system anatomy and ion channels. The myocardial action potential is then explained in detail, including the phases of depolarization, plateau, and repolarization. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include abnormalities in automaticity, triggered activity, and impaired conduction. Abnormal automaticity can result from altered pacemaker sites while triggered activity involves early or delayed afterdepolarizations. Impaired conduction can cause blocks or provide the substrate for reentry arrhythmias due to tissue heterogeneity. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs and examples of specific arrhythmias such as long QT syndrome and CPVT are also summarized.
Conduction system and ecg
The document summarizes the cardiac conduction system and electrocardiogram (ECG). It describes how the conduction system initiates and propagates electrical signals throughout the heart to coordinate contractions. Specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node initiate signals that spread through atria and ventricles via pathways like the atrioventricular node and bundle of His. This electrical activity generates currents detectable by ECG, which can provide information on conduction abnormalities and heart health.
Electrical Activity of the Heart
The document summarizes electrical activity in the heart. It discusses:
1) How electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the heart, causing atrial and ventricular contraction.
2) The action potentials that occur in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles.
3) How the electrocardiogram (ECG) records these electrical signals to examine cardiac excitation and contraction.
Cardiac cycle physiology_4_dpt
The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of events in the heart during one heartbeat. It begins with atrial systole which fills the ventricles with blood. This is followed by ventricular systole where the ventricles contract and eject blood out of the heart. The cardiac cycle is regulated by the heart's conduction system which coordinates the contractions of the atria and ventricles. It ensures the atria contract before the ventricles so blood is pumped efficiently through the heart and circulatory system with each heartbeat.
The Myocardium
The myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart. It is made up of cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes that contract rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. The cardiomyocytes are connected through intercalated disks and contain sarcomeres, which are the contractile units composed of actin and myosin filaments. The thickness of the myocardium determines the strength of the heart's contractions. When the myocardium contracts, it is stimulated by an electrical conduction system that generates and propagates action potentials through specialized pacemaker and conduction cells.
Cardiac action potential
This document discusses the different types of ion channels in the heart. It describes how ion channels can be voltage-dependent, opening in response to changes in membrane potential. Voltage-dependent gating is the most common mechanism. Ion channels also have two mechanisms for closure: inactivation during depolarization and deactivation during repolarization. Additionally, ion channels can be ligand-dependent, opening when certain molecules like acetylcholine or ATP bind to the channel. The acetylcholine-activated potassium channel is discussed as a key example of ligand-dependent gating in the heart.
Cardiac skeleton
The fibrous skeleton of the heart:
1. Lies between the atria and ventricles.
2. Is composed of dense connective tissue that forms fibrous rings around the four heart valves.
3. Acts as an electrical insulator to prevent direct spread of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, ensuring impulses pass through the bundle of His for coordinated ventricular contraction.
Conduction system of heart
The cardiac conduction system generates and coordinates the contraction of the heart muscle. It is made up of specialized cardiac muscle cells located in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node initiates each heartbeat by spontaneously generating an electrical impulse. This impulse then travels through the internodal pathways and atria to the atrioventricular node, which slows conduction before passing the impulse to the ventricles via the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, causing synchronized ventricular contraction and pumping of blood. Defects or damage to the conduction system can lead to cardiac arrhythmias.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heart
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
Control of heart rate
The document discusses how the nervous system and hormonal system modify the heart rate to meet the body's demands. The nervous system controls heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The sympathetic nerves increase heart rate during exercise or stress while the parasympathetic nerves decrease it during rest. The hormonal system also increases heart rate through the hormone adrenaline.
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Myocardial action potential and Basis of Arrythmogenesis
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Similar to Action potential in cardiac cell
BSC Lecture Action potential.pdf
1) All cells possess electrical excitability, the ability to generate an action potential in response to a stimulus.
2) An action potential is an electrical signal that propagates along the neuronal membrane due to the movement of sodium and potassium ions through ion channels.
3) The resting membrane potential is maintained by the uneven distribution of ions across the membrane and the sodium-potassium pump, which works to keep the intracellular concentration of sodium ions low and potassium ions high.
Cardiac muscle fully detail
Atria. The top two chambers that receive blood from the body or lungs.
Ventricles. The bottom two chambers. The right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs to pick up oxygen, The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body
and is the strongest chamber.
The insect heart is a simple tube. Heart contractions push the blood towards
the head but because insects have an open circulatory system, there is no
return circuit. The blood moves through the body cavity until it reaches the
heart again. For most insects, heart contraction is initiated and regulated
predominantly by external nerves; thus insect hearts are neurogenic.
In contrast, vertebrates, tunicates, and some molluscs have myogenic hearts.
The heart beat is initiated and regulated by specialized groups of muscle cells.
BSC Lecture Action potential.pptx
1) Action potentials are electrical signals that propagate along excitable cell membranes and are initiated by stimuli. They involve the movement of ions through voltage-gated ion channels.
2) In neurons, an action potential is a brief reversal of the membrane potential followed by repolarization. This allows communication over long distances.
3) Cardiac action potentials have a depolarizing phase, plateau phase, and repolarizing phase due to calcium ion involvement. This allows for sustained contraction of heart muscle.
Physiology of heart
The document discusses the physiology of pacemaker and contractile cells in the heart. It begins by describing the characteristics of pacemaker cells, including their automaticity due to unstable membrane potentials. It then discusses how sympathetic and parasympathetic activity can alter the activity of pacemaker cells to increase or decrease heart rate. The document next describes the characteristics of contractile myocardial cells and their action potentials. It compares skeletal and cardiac action potentials. Finally, it discusses excitation-contraction coupling in contractile cells and the roles of calcium in both contraction and relaxation.
1.Describe and then compare and contrast the action potentials of th.pdf
1.Describe and then compare and contrast the action potentials of the primary cardiac pacemaker
and primary contractile cells of the heart.
Solution
Cells within the sinoatrial (SA) node are the primary pacemaker site within the heart. These cells
are characterized as having no true resting potential, but instead generate regular, spontaneous
action potentials. Unlike non-pacemaker action potentials in the heart, and most other cells that
elicit action potentials (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells), the depolarizing current is carried into the
cell primarily by relatively slow Ca++ currents instead of by fast Na+ currents. There are, in fact,
no fast Na+ channels and currents operating in SA nodal cells. This results in slower action
potentials in terms of how rapidly they depolarize. Therefore, these pacemaker action potentials
are sometimes referred to as \"slow response\" action potentials.
SA nodal action potentials are divided into three phases. Phase 4 is the spontaneous
depolarization (pacemaker potential) that triggers the action potential once the membrane
potential reaches threshold between -40 and -30 mV). Phase 0 is the depolarization phase of the
action potential. This is followed by phase 3 repolarization. Once the cell is completely
repolarized at about -60 mV, the cycle is spontaneously repeated.
The changes in membrane potential during the different phases are brought about by changes in
the movement of ions (principally Ca++ and K+, and to a lesser extent Na+) across the
membrane through ion channels that open and close at different times during the action potential.
When a channel is opened, there is increased electrical conductance (g) of specific ions through
that ion channel. Closure of ion channels causes ion conductance to decrease. As ions flow
through open channels, they generate electrical currents (i or I) that change the membrane
potential.
In the SA node, three ions are particularly important in generating the pacemaker action
potential. They have role of these ions in the different action potential phases.
At the end of repolarization, when the membrane potential is very negative (about -60 mV), ion
channels open that conduct slow, inward (depolarizing) Na+ currents. These currents are called
\"funny\" currents and abbreviated as \"If\". These depolarizing currents cause the membrane
potential to begin to spontaneously depolarize, thereby initiating Phase 4. As the membrane
potential reaches about -50 mV, another type of channel opens. This channel is called transient
or T-type Ca++ channel. As Ca++ enters the cell through these channels down its
electrochemical gradient, the inward directed Ca++ currents further depolarize the cell. When the
membrane depolarizes to about -40 mV, a second type of Ca++ channel opens. These are the so-
called long-lasting, or L-type Ca++ channels. Opening of these channels causes more Ca++ to
enter the cell and to further depolarize the cell until an action potential threshold is re.
Action potential (niraj)
The document discusses the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. It begins by explaining the resting membrane potential, which arises from ion concentration gradients maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and potassium leakage channels. It then describes how an action potential is triggered when the membrane potential reaches a threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and sodium ions to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane. This wave of depolarization then propagates along the neuron as adjacent areas are triggered to reach threshold. The action potential involves sequential phases of depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
Electrical activity of the heart
The heart contains specialized pacemaker cells that generate electrical impulses to trigger contractions without external stimulation. The sinoatrial node acts as the primary pacemaker, initiating impulses that spread through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles via Purkinje fibers. Pacemaker and contractile cardiac cells have distinct action potentials involving ion channel openings and closings that cause membrane depolarization and repolarization. The electrocardiogram detects the changing electrical potentials during cardiac excitation to analyze the heart's rhythm and timing.
06-cardiac_muscle (2).pdf
The heart contains three types of cardiac muscle: atrial, ventricular, and specialized conductive fibers. Cardiac muscle contracts for a much longer duration than skeletal muscle due to differences in its action potential. Cardiac muscle forms syncytiums in the atria and ventricles where individual muscle cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing action potentials to rapidly spread. The cardiac action potential has a plateau phase caused by calcium and sodium ion influx through slow calcium channels. This prolonged depolarization causes the prolonged contraction of cardiac muscle.
Lecture 13 abn conduction- Pathology
The document summarizes cardiac conduction and the action potential in heart cells. It discusses:
- Two types of heart cells: electrical pacemaker cells and contractile myocardial cells
- The cardiac action potential involves depolarization and repolarization through ion channel openings and closings in four phases: upstroke, plateau, repolarization, and rest.
- The cardiac conduction system generates and conducts electrical impulses, starting from the sinoatrial node and traveling through specialized conduction pathways to the atria and ventricles.
- Abnormalities in rate or rhythm can occur if the sinoatrial node or other conduction tissues assume control of pacing.
Electrical properties of cell membrane iii 2020
1. The action potential involves changes in membrane potential that occur following excitation, beginning with sodium channels opening to cause rapid depolarization, followed by potassium channels opening to cause repolarization.
2. During the resting state, the membrane is polarized due to a higher permeability to potassium ions, maintaining a negative interior. Upon stimulation, sodium channels open briefly, causing rapid depolarization.
3. Potassium channels then open more slowly, causing repolarization and restoring the resting potential, after which the sodium-potassium pump activates to restore ion gradients.
4. cardiovascular system
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including:
1) The anatomy and structure of the heart, including cardiac muscle cells, intercalated disks, and pacemaker cells.
2) The cardiac action potential and its differences from skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has a prolonged plateau phase.
3) The cardiac cycle and events in the heart, including diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, and regulation by electrical signals.
4) Key concepts like automaticity, refractory periods, the roles of different heart valves, and how the heart pumps blood through pressure changes.
Heart.pptx
The document summarizes the physiology of cardiac muscle. It discusses the properties of cardiac muscle cells including excitability, conductivity, and contractility. It describes the roles of contractile cells and conducting system cells in generating the heartbeat. It explains the cardiac action potential and how calcium plays a key role. It also discusses the automaticity of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node and how sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation can alter heart rate. The conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, ensures coordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles.
Properties of cm, plateau potential & pacemaker by Pandian M this PPT for I ...
Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its morphology, electrical, mechanical and metabolic functions SLOs: After attending lecture & studying the assigned materials, the student will: 1.Describe the general features of cardiac muscle. 2.Discuss the light and electron microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle, characteristic features of sarcotubular system. 3.Enlist the electrical properties of heart muscle. 4.Explain the phases of cardiac muscle action potential 5.Explain the nodal action potential. 6.Differentiate between cardiac muscle A.P. and nodal A.P., effect of nervous innervation and ions on AP. 7.Enumerate and explain the mechanical properties of heart muscle, metabolic functions, characteristic features.
Properties and excitation of heart muscle
The document discusses the properties and excitation of heart muscle. It describes that cardiac muscle is composed of striated cardiomyocytes joined by intercalated discs within an extracellular matrix. The resting membrane potential of cardiomyocytes is around -80 mV. Stimulation produces an action potential responsible for initiating contraction, characterized by a rapid depolarization, overshoot, plateau phase, and slower repolarization. Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves calcium influx through L-type calcium channels triggering calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors, whereas skeletal muscle involves direct mechanical coupling between dihydropyridine receptors and ryanodine receptors.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. Key points include:
- Cardiac muscle cells are self-exciting and contract rhythmically through an action potential involving sodium and potassium ion channels.
- The cardiac cycle involves five stages: ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumic ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation.
- The heart is regulated by the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes which coordinate contractions and timing of the cardiac cycle through electrical impulses.
Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
Cardiac muscle has unique properties that allow the heart to function as a syncytium.
1) Cardiac cells are branched and joined by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions, allowing action potentials to spread between cells.
2) The heart has specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node that generate action potentials spontaneously due to unstable membrane potentials and funny channels.
3) Cardiac action potentials have a plateau phase due to calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, allowing the heart to contract forcefully for over 200ms.
General Physiology - Cardiovascular sys.
Cardiac muscle fibers are striated like skeletal muscle but arranged in a latticework connected by intercalated discs. This allows cardiac muscle to function as a syncytium where action potentials can rapidly spread from cell to cell. The action potential in cardiac muscle is prolonged due to slow calcium channels remaining open, causing calcium and sodium influx and preventing early repolarization. This prolonged plateau allows for the longer contraction of cardiac muscle. Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium ions during an action potential to trigger contraction via excitation-contraction coupling.
Basics of electro physiology of heart
This document provides an overview of the basics of electrophysiology of the heart. It discusses key concepts such as resting membrane potential, graded potentials, depolarization, action potentials, repolarization, and refractory periods. The document explains that electrical activity exists in all organs due to ion transport across cell membranes and is predominant in muscles like the heart. It describes the conduction pathway in the heart from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles. Finally, the five phases of the cardiac action potential are outlined involving the movement of sodium, calcium, and potassium ions across cell membranes.
UNIT-1.pdf
This document provides information on hemodynamics, cardiac electrophysiology, and the pharmacology of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system. It discusses topics like blood flow forces in the circulatory system, cardiac output, the generation and conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, electrocardiography, and the mechanisms of action and effects of cardiac glycosides like digoxin.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.pptx
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and is divided into two sides: the right side pumps blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps blood throughout the body. The heart's valves ensure one-way blood flow. During each cardiac cycle, the heart chambers alternate between relaxation and contraction phases. An electrical conduction system coordinates the heart's beating. Cardiac muscle action potentials are prolonged to sustain contraction. Calcium ions trigger muscle fiber sliding and contraction.
Similar to Action potential in cardiac cell (20)
1.Describe and then compare and contrast the action potentials of th.pdf
1.Describe and then compare and contrast the action potentials of th.pdf
Properties of cm, plateau potential & pacemaker by Pandian M this PPT for I ...
Properties of cm, plateau potential & pacemaker by Pandian M this PPT for I ...
Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
Properties of CM, Plateau Potential & Pacemaker.pptx
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Action potential in cardiac cell
- 1. Dr. Haji Bahadar Assistant professor IPMS-KMU
- 2. BASIC TERMS Electrophysiology: Electrophysiology is the science and branch of physiology that pertains to the flow of ions (ion current) in biological tissues. Cardiac cells types 1. Electrical cells a) Make up the conduction system of the heart b) Are distributed in an orderly fashion through the heart Specific properties (1) automaticity – the ability to spontaneously generate and discharge an electrical impulse (2) excitability – the ability of the cell to respond to an electrical impulse (3) conductivity – the ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one cell to the next
- 3. 2. Myocardial cells a) Make up the muscular walls of the atrium and ventricles of the heart b) Possess specific properties (1) contractility – the ability of the cell to shorten and lengthen its fibers (2) extensibility – the ability of the cell to stretch
- 4. Cardiac cells at rest are considered polarized, meaning no electrical activity takes place. Depolarization: Once an electrical cell generates an electrical impulse, this electrical impulse causes the ions to cross the cell membrane and causes the action potential, also called depolarization. Fast, Voltage-gated Sodium Channel: Opening of fast Sodium Channels is responsible for the initial, rapid depolarization of the cardiomyocyte. These sodium channels allow for a rapid influx of positive, Na+ ions into the cells which depolarize the membrane potential with incredibly quick kinetics. However, these channels also quickly close and thus eliminate the Na+ influx soon after maximum depolarization of +20mV is achieved.
- 5. Repolarization is the return of the ions to their previous resting state, which corresponds with relaxation of the myocardial muscle.
- 6. Action Potential The action potential curve consists of 5 phases, 0 to 4 1. Phase 4 – rest: The resting membrane potential of cardiomyocytes is roughly -90 mV. Na+ and Ca2+ channels are closed 2. Rapid Depolarization (RD): Characterized by a rapid shift in membrane potential from -90mV to roughly +20mV. 3. Plateau Phase (PP): Characterized by a sustained membrane potential of roughly +10mV. 4. Cardiomyocytes uniquely possess a type of Slow Calcium Channel known as the Long, L-type calcium channel. These calcium channels are slow to open following the rapid depolarization phase but remain open for a long time afterwards (i.e. several tenths of a second). Opening of the L-type calcium channel causes an influx of calcium into the cardiomyocyte which initiates Cardiac Excitation-Contraction. The Slow Calcium Channels are most responsible for the Plateau Phase.
- 7. 5. Rapid Repolarization (RR): Characterized by a rapid shift in the membrane potential back to -90mV. Ca2+ channels are gradually inactivated.