Behavior sciences paper
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The biopsychosocial model considers biological, psychological, and social factors that influence health. It aims to treat the whole person rather than just symptoms. This leads doctors to consider relationships, lifestyle, environment, and preventative care alongside medical treatment. However, challenges include poverty, behaviors like misusing antibiotics, and lack of access to healthcare.
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Behavioral sciences
The document discusses the importance of behavioral sciences. It defines behavioral sciences as the study of individual and group behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It lists several fields that fall under behavioral sciences including psychology, sociology, anthropology, ethology, ecology, and epidemiology. It notes that behavioral sciences focus on normal human behavior and teach doctors to humanize education. It concludes that behavioral sciences are important in medical teaching by addressing topics like mind-body interaction, patient and physician behavior, physician-patient interaction, and social/cultural issues in healthcare.
Behavioral science teaching notes
Useful for BA, BBA, MA and MBA graduates for learning about organizational psychology and behavioral science
Behavior sciences
This document provides information about behavioral sciences and the biopsychosocial model of health care. It defines behavioral sciences as a branch of science that deals with human and animal behavior through systematic observation and experimentation. It notes key differences between behavioral sciences and social sciences in their level of analysis. The document also describes the biopsychosocial model, which views health as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors rather than just biological ones. It discusses implications and challenges of this model in medicine.
Behavioral science
The document discusses factors that influence human behavior related to health issues according to the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people were not participating in disease screening programs. It identifies key constructs including perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers that impact health behaviors. The model can help explain behaviors related to disease prevention, screening, and treatment adherence. Improving understanding of factors like these that influence illness behaviors and patient compliance can help improve health outcomes.
Behavioral science
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
Health psychology
The document discusses the field of health psychology. It defines health psychology as focusing on how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness. Health psychology examines topics like what makes people sick, why people respond differently to illness, and how coping styles affect disease progression. The field of health psychology includes clinical, community, occupational, and public health psychology. It also examines the mind-body connection and the role of health psychologists in understanding illness, providing professional help and support, and implementing preventive measures and health behavior change.
Behavioral Science in Medicine
Behavioral science is relevant to health and medicine in several ways:
1. It addresses factors like patient behavior, physician-patient interactions, and social/cultural issues that influence health and healthcare delivery.
2. Concepts from psychology, sociology, and anthropology can provide insights into decision-making processes and communication strategies related to health.
3. Behavioral and social factors are important to consider in assessing and treating illnesses, and in planning healthcare services that meet patients' needs.
Introduction to Behavioral Science
1. Behavioral science is the study of human behavior through the lenses of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It examines how individuals and groups act, think, and make decisions.
2. Understanding behavioral science is important for healthcare as it provides insights into patient behaviors, physician-patient interactions, and social and cultural factors that influence health and healthcare delivery.
3. Applying concepts from behavioral science such as perception, attitudes, values, and decision-making can help healthcare providers develop effective strategies and recommendations to address patient risk factors and health conditions.
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Behavioral sciences
The document discusses the importance of behavioral sciences. It defines behavioral sciences as the study of individual and group behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It lists several fields that fall under behavioral sciences including psychology, sociology, anthropology, ethology, ecology, and epidemiology. It notes that behavioral sciences focus on normal human behavior and teach doctors to humanize education. It concludes that behavioral sciences are important in medical teaching by addressing topics like mind-body interaction, patient and physician behavior, physician-patient interaction, and social/cultural issues in healthcare.
Behavioral science teaching notes
Useful for BA, BBA, MA and MBA graduates for learning about organizational psychology and behavioral science
Behavior sciences
This document provides information about behavioral sciences and the biopsychosocial model of health care. It defines behavioral sciences as a branch of science that deals with human and animal behavior through systematic observation and experimentation. It notes key differences between behavioral sciences and social sciences in their level of analysis. The document also describes the biopsychosocial model, which views health as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors rather than just biological ones. It discusses implications and challenges of this model in medicine.
Behavioral science
The document discusses factors that influence human behavior related to health issues according to the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people were not participating in disease screening programs. It identifies key constructs including perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers that impact health behaviors. The model can help explain behaviors related to disease prevention, screening, and treatment adherence. Improving understanding of factors like these that influence illness behaviors and patient compliance can help improve health outcomes.
Behavioral science
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
Health psychology
The document discusses the field of health psychology. It defines health psychology as focusing on how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness. Health psychology examines topics like what makes people sick, why people respond differently to illness, and how coping styles affect disease progression. The field of health psychology includes clinical, community, occupational, and public health psychology. It also examines the mind-body connection and the role of health psychologists in understanding illness, providing professional help and support, and implementing preventive measures and health behavior change.
Behavioral Science in Medicine
Behavioral science is relevant to health and medicine in several ways:
1. It addresses factors like patient behavior, physician-patient interactions, and social/cultural issues that influence health and healthcare delivery.
2. Concepts from psychology, sociology, and anthropology can provide insights into decision-making processes and communication strategies related to health.
3. Behavioral and social factors are important to consider in assessing and treating illnesses, and in planning healthcare services that meet patients' needs.
Introduction to Behavioral Science
1. Behavioral science is the study of human behavior through the lenses of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It examines how individuals and groups act, think, and make decisions.
2. Understanding behavioral science is important for healthcare as it provides insights into patient behaviors, physician-patient interactions, and social and cultural factors that influence health and healthcare delivery.
3. Applying concepts from behavioral science such as perception, attitudes, values, and decision-making can help healthcare providers develop effective strategies and recommendations to address patient risk factors and health conditions.
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Definition of health psychology
Definition of Health
Areas of health psychology
Aims of health psychology
Need and significance of health psychology
Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychologists both study such issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
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Introduction to Social Psychology
The document provides an overview of an introductory social psychology lecture. It covers key topics such as social cognition including attitudes and attributions; social influence including conformity and obedience; and social relationships including prejudice, aggression, and altruism. Video examples and classic studies are discussed to illustrate important concepts and findings in social psychology.
Lesson 4 biopsychosocial model
The document discusses the biopsychosocial model, an approach to health that considers the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. It addresses how these three factors can influence a person's health and aims to provide a holistic view of an individual. Key aspects of the biological, psychological, and social domains are defined, and learning activities are outlined to help students understand and apply the biopsychosocial model.
Health psych
Health psychology examines how biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness. It uses a biopsychosocial model to understand health and disease as resulting from interactions among these factors. The field aims to understand health behaviors, prevent illness through education, investigate the psychological effects of disease, and critically analyze health policies to address inequities. Health psychologists conduct research using various study designs and variables to achieve these objectives.
Social Perception
Social perception involves forming impressions of other individuals based on three key clues: the person themselves, the surrounding situation, and observed behavior. When perceiving others, people are subject to biases like the halo effect and in-group bias. Attribution processes are used to explain the causes of others' behavior, but the fundamental attribution error means observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal factors. Social perception is an important part of social skills and interaction.
Community Psychology: Introduction
Community psychology focuses on prevention rather than treatment of psychological and social issues. It takes a collaborative approach, empowering communities to address their own needs. Community psychology examines how social and environmental factors at various levels impact behavior. The field aims to optimize community and individual well-being through innovative, community-driven interventions developed with other disciplines. It emphasizes strengths, diversity, empowerment, and ecological perspectives.
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This document outlines the principles and techniques of multimodal counseling. Multimodal counseling seeks to understand and intervene at all levels of a client's personality using seven modalities. Techniques described include role playing, sex therapy, assertive training, relaxation training, positive imagery, bibliotherapy, marital counseling, exercise, and behavioral rehearsal. The goal is to flexibly integrate theories and address symptoms at cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physiological levels.
Clinical assessment
The document provides an overview of clinical assessment in psychology. It discusses types of interviews used in assessment, such as structured clinical interviews and stress interviews. It also covers topics like standardized questions in interviews, the differences between psychological testing and assessment, and forensic psychological assessments like custody evaluations, child abuse evaluations using anatomically detailed dolls, and the Child Abuse Potential Inventory.
Health Psychology Eq. Ianelli
Health psychology is a field focused on understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and healthcare. It examines health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment through a biopsychosocial approach considering biological, psychological, and social factors. The field has grown in importance due to changing patterns of illness, expanded healthcare services, and recognition of the role of behavioral and social factors in health.
Lesson 02
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- Modern models including psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, and diathesis-stress.
- The DSM-IV-TR classification system and descriptions of mood disorders like depression and mania, anxiety disorders, psychosomatic disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual/gender disorders, and personality disorders.
- Personality disorders are grouped into three clusters characterized by odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful behaviors respectively. Common disorders are described within each cluster.
Health behaviour models criticisims
The document discusses several models of health behavior:
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2) The Health Belief Model includes perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in predicting preventive health behaviors. Perceived barriers are the strongest predictor.
3) Protection Motivation Theory assesses threat and coping appraisal processes. Response costs have the strongest impact on health behaviors and attitudes.
4) The Transtheoretical Model proposes stages of change and processes of change to explain behavior progression. Decisional balance and self-efficacy also predict stage of change.
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Social psychology
(1) Social psychology studies individuals and how they think and behave in relation to others in social situations and groups. (2) It examines topics such as conformity, persuasion, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, and social influence. (3) Key concepts include deindividuation, social roles, cognitive dissonance, attribution theory, and maintaining relationships over time.
Health Psychology
The document discusses health psychology, which is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness. The goals of health psychology include preventing illness, promoting good health, helping with treatment of illness, and investigating the psychological correlates of illness. Health psychologists are specially trained to help people deal with the psychological and emotional aspects of health and illness. They promote healthier lifestyles and ways to encourage people to improve their health, such as stress management programs. Health psychology provides an understanding of the connection between mind and body in health and illness.
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This document discusses the history and evolution of health psychology as a discipline. It describes health psychology according to Joseph Matarazzo as focusing on promoting health, preventing and treating illness, identifying causes of illness, and improving healthcare systems. The document then outlines several historical perspectives on health and illness, from early concepts of the humors to modern biopsychosocial models. It also discusses factors like behaviors, cognition, emotions, environment, and genetics that influence health according to current models in health psychology.
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
Health psychology deals with how biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and cultural factors influence health and illness. It examines how health and behaviors are linked, such as how smoking and overeating can lead to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Health psychology also studies how stress, personality traits, social support systems, and coping behaviors impact physical health. The goal is to understand health from multiple perspectives and apply psychological principles to improve well-being and healthcare.
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Mental health 101 revised 2015
The document discusses mental illness, including common types and myths and facts about mental illness. It also covers accommodating people with mental illness, including examples of accommodations, as well as recovery and the recovery framework. Finally, it provides an overview of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), including its services and referral process.
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Health psychology;Definition, areas,Aims, Need & Significance|Aboutpsy.com
Definition of health psychology
Definition of Health
Areas of health psychology
Aims of health psychology
Need and significance of health psychology
Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychologists both study such issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
..........aboutpsy.com
Introduction to Social Psychology
The document provides an overview of an introductory social psychology lecture. It covers key topics such as social cognition including attitudes and attributions; social influence including conformity and obedience; and social relationships including prejudice, aggression, and altruism. Video examples and classic studies are discussed to illustrate important concepts and findings in social psychology.
Lesson 4 biopsychosocial model
The document discusses the biopsychosocial model, an approach to health that considers the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. It addresses how these three factors can influence a person's health and aims to provide a holistic view of an individual. Key aspects of the biological, psychological, and social domains are defined, and learning activities are outlined to help students understand and apply the biopsychosocial model.
Health psych
Health psychology examines how biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness. It uses a biopsychosocial model to understand health and disease as resulting from interactions among these factors. The field aims to understand health behaviors, prevent illness through education, investigate the psychological effects of disease, and critically analyze health policies to address inequities. Health psychologists conduct research using various study designs and variables to achieve these objectives.
Social Perception
Social perception involves forming impressions of other individuals based on three key clues: the person themselves, the surrounding situation, and observed behavior. When perceiving others, people are subject to biases like the halo effect and in-group bias. Attribution processes are used to explain the causes of others' behavior, but the fundamental attribution error means observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal factors. Social perception is an important part of social skills and interaction.
Community Psychology: Introduction
Community psychology focuses on prevention rather than treatment of psychological and social issues. It takes a collaborative approach, empowering communities to address their own needs. Community psychology examines how social and environmental factors at various levels impact behavior. The field aims to optimize community and individual well-being through innovative, community-driven interventions developed with other disciplines. It emphasizes strengths, diversity, empowerment, and ecological perspectives.
Multimodal theraphy
This document outlines the principles and techniques of multimodal counseling. Multimodal counseling seeks to understand and intervene at all levels of a client's personality using seven modalities. Techniques described include role playing, sex therapy, assertive training, relaxation training, positive imagery, bibliotherapy, marital counseling, exercise, and behavioral rehearsal. The goal is to flexibly integrate theories and address symptoms at cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physiological levels.
Clinical assessment
The document provides an overview of clinical assessment in psychology. It discusses types of interviews used in assessment, such as structured clinical interviews and stress interviews. It also covers topics like standardized questions in interviews, the differences between psychological testing and assessment, and forensic psychological assessments like custody evaluations, child abuse evaluations using anatomically detailed dolls, and the Child Abuse Potential Inventory.
Health Psychology Eq. Ianelli
Health psychology is a field focused on understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and healthcare. It examines health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment through a biopsychosocial approach considering biological, psychological, and social factors. The field has grown in importance due to changing patterns of illness, expanded healthcare services, and recognition of the role of behavioral and social factors in health.
Lesson 02
Clinical psychologists apply principles and procedures to understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, psychological, and behavioral problems. They have skills in intervention and therapy, assessment and diagnosis, teaching, clinical supervision, research, consultation, program development, and administration. Some of their main activities include conducting psychotherapy and other therapies to help people overcome mental illnesses; assessing individuals' development, behavior, and functioning through methods like testing and interviews to inform diagnoses; and teaching courses on topics like psychopathology and psychological testing at academic institutions.
Abnormal Behavior
The document provides an overview of psychological disorders including:
- Historical models including the supernatural model which saw disorders as possession and the natural/medical model which saw them as diseases.
- Modern models including psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, and diathesis-stress.
- The DSM-IV-TR classification system and descriptions of mood disorders like depression and mania, anxiety disorders, psychosomatic disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual/gender disorders, and personality disorders.
- Personality disorders are grouped into three clusters characterized by odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful behaviors respectively. Common disorders are described within each cluster.
Health behaviour models criticisims
The document discusses several models of health behavior:
1) The Basic Risk Perception Model focuses on likelihood and severity of harm from not acting. Higher risk perception predicts greater motivation to act.
2) The Health Belief Model includes perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in predicting preventive health behaviors. Perceived barriers are the strongest predictor.
3) Protection Motivation Theory assesses threat and coping appraisal processes. Response costs have the strongest impact on health behaviors and attitudes.
4) The Transtheoretical Model proposes stages of change and processes of change to explain behavior progression. Decisional balance and self-efficacy also predict stage of change.
Historical background health psychology lecture
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
Social psychology
(1) Social psychology studies individuals and how they think and behave in relation to others in social situations and groups. (2) It examines topics such as conformity, persuasion, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, and social influence. (3) Key concepts include deindividuation, social roles, cognitive dissonance, attribution theory, and maintaining relationships over time.
Health Psychology
The document discusses health psychology, which is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness. The goals of health psychology include preventing illness, promoting good health, helping with treatment of illness, and investigating the psychological correlates of illness. Health psychologists are specially trained to help people deal with the psychological and emotional aspects of health and illness. They promote healthier lifestyles and ways to encourage people to improve their health, such as stress management programs. Health psychology provides an understanding of the connection between mind and body in health and illness.
Health psychology 1
This document discusses the history and evolution of health psychology as a discipline. It describes health psychology according to Joseph Matarazzo as focusing on promoting health, preventing and treating illness, identifying causes of illness, and improving healthcare systems. The document then outlines several historical perspectives on health and illness, from early concepts of the humors to modern biopsychosocial models. It also discusses factors like behaviors, cognition, emotions, environment, and genetics that influence health according to current models in health psychology.
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
Health psychology deals with how biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and cultural factors influence health and illness. It examines how health and behaviors are linked, such as how smoking and overeating can lead to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Health psychology also studies how stress, personality traits, social support systems, and coping behaviors impact physical health. The goal is to understand health from multiple perspectives and apply psychological principles to improve well-being and healthcare.
Basic concepts in socal psychology
Definition of Social Psychology
Nature of Social Psychology
Scope of Social Psychology
Social Psychology and Social Sciences
Approaches to Social Psychology.
What is mental illness
Mental illness has been recognized for over 4,000 years. Early attempts to treat it were often cruel, such as chaining or torturing patients due to beliefs that mental illness was caused by demonic possession. In the late 1800s, some doctors experimented with methods to influence blood flow to the brain like tranquilizer chairs and spinning chairs, but these provided no lasting benefits. Through the 1900s, many mentally ill individuals were institutionalized in asylum conditions that were often deplorable. Lobotomies and electroshock therapy were introduced in the mid-20th century as treatments but often had negative effects and did not cure illness. Understanding and treatment of mental illness has significantly improved since these early attempts.
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The document discusses several types of pediatric heart disease. It describes congenital heart defects as the most common type, affecting about 8 in 1,000 births. Some specific congenital defects mentioned include heart valve disorders, holes in the heart walls, and tetralogy of Fallot. The document also discusses acquired conditions like atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, Kawasaki disease, heart murmurs, pericarditis, rheumatic heart disease, viral infections of the heart, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and myocarditis. It provides details on symptoms, causes, and treatments for each condition.
Sudden cardiac death
Sudden cardiac death is the sudden, unexpected death caused by loss of heart function, most often due to abnormal heart rhythms. It accounts for about half of heart disease deaths and can result from structural heart issues or heart attacks. While generally unpredictable, factors like high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, and family history can increase risk. For those at high risk, screening and interventions like Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators may help reduce risk or treat abnormal heart rhythms. Lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and treatment of underlying conditions may also help decrease risk of sudden cardiac death.
Some basic notes on the ecg and timing
I. The document discusses how to interpret timing on electrocardiograms (ECGs) and determine heart rates. Each large square on an ECG represents 0.2 seconds and is divided into 5 smaller squares of 0.04 seconds each.
II. It also provides methods for assessing regularity of heart rhythms using ECG tracings and distinguishing between bradycardias and tachycardias, as well as narrow and broad complex rhythms.
III. Specific arrhythmias discussed include ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes, and broad complex rhythms that can originate from the atria like atrial fibrillation.
Reporting an ECG
This document provides guidance for reporting electrocardiogram (ECG) results in a thorough yet concise manner. It recommends including key details such as the patient's identity and date, ventricular rate, rhythm regularity, sinus rhythm status, cardiac axis, PR and QRS interval measurements, P wave, QRS complex, ST segment and T wave assessments, and differential diagnosis in the report. The goal is to have a routine structure for consistently analysing and communicating ECG investigation findings to colleagues.
Pigtail catheter
A pigtail catheter is a medical device used in procedures like angiography. It has a curved tip that prevents the catheter from slipping out of place. The document discusses the use of pigtail catheters but provides little detail on the specific procedure or context for its use.
Mumps, measles nd rubella
Mumps is a contagious viral infection that is transmitted through saliva or mucus from an infected person and causes swelling of the salivary glands. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and swelling of the parotid glands located below the ears. While mumps is usually mild and self-limiting, complications can include meningitis, pancreatitis, or orchitis in males. Vaccination with two doses of the MMR vaccine is highly effective at preventing mumps.
How long does the brain stay active after death
The brain can remain active for up to six minutes after the heart stops. CPR within this window may help the brain survive the lack of oxygen. Different types of memory are stored at different levels in the brain. Short-term memory encoded as current neuronal firing and short-term potentiation decay immediately or within minutes after loss of consciousness. Long-term memory stored as synaptic weights and neural wiring can remain intact longer after brain death but are not accessible once a large number of neurons have died.
Heart attack
1. Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the heart muscle, depriving it of oxygen and causing cell death.
2. The ECG, blood tests of cardiac enzymes like troponin, and symptoms are used to diagnose a myocardial infarction.
3. Different coronary artery blockages can cause infarcts in specific heart regions, shown by distinct ST segment changes on ECG - inferior infarcts raise ST in II, III, AVF, etc.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart that is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Common symptoms include fever, chills, heart murmurs, and muscle or joint pain. It can be diagnosed through echocardiograms, blood tests, and electrocardiograms. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics for weeks and may require heart valve surgery to repair damage. Complications can include abnormal heart rhythms, blood clots, and embolisms that spread the infection to other organs like the kidneys, lungs, and brain.
Echocardiography basics
Echocardiography is a technique used to assess the heart's function and structures. It uses ultrasound to create moving images of the heart and detect any abnormalities that may be present. The document provides an introduction to echocardiography and its basic principles and applications.
Echobasics
The document describes various ultrasound views used to image the heart, including the parasternal long axis and short axis views from the sternum, apical views from the apex of the heart, subcostal views from below the ribs, and suprasternal views from above the sternum. For each view, it indicates the transducer placement and orientation and the heart structures that can be seen from that view.
Ecg example
This document contains 17 questions about ECG interpretations with corresponding answers. Each question provides an ECG reading and clinical scenario, and the answers analyze the ECG findings and provide a diagnosis. Some of the conditions addressed include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, STEMI, non-STEMI, Brugada syndrome, WPW syndrome, hyperkalemia, pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, hypothermia, and more. The document serves as a teaching aid with examples of ECG interpretations for various cardiac conditions and presentations.
Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction
The document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). There are five oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, and alprostadil. PDE5Is work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis to facilitate erection. Alprostadil is a prostaglandin E1 injection or suppository that works locally in the penis. All drugs have similar side effects like headaches and flushing but differ in how long their effects last and if they interact with food. Proper use and understanding the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of these drugs is important for
Coronary stent
I. A coronary stent is a mesh tube placed in arteries to treat heart disease and keep arteries open. It is implanted via angioplasty.
II. Stents are implanted by threading a balloon catheter into the heart and inflating the balloon to expand the stent against the artery wall.
III. While generally safe, potential risks of stents include blood clots, infection, and re-narrowing of the artery known as restenosis.
Angiography
A coronary angiogram is an x-ray imaging procedure used to evaluate coronary artery disease. It involves inserting a catheter into an artery and using contrast dye and fluoroscopy to visualize the arteries. It can identify blockages and determine the appropriate treatment such as medications, angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery. The procedure takes 20-30 minutes and is usually not very uncomfortable with local anesthesia and sedation. Risks include bleeding, infection, contrast reactions, and damage to arteries.
Trematode
The document discusses several species of trematodes (parasitic flatworms) that infect humans, including their life cycles, transmission, sites of infection, and associated diseases. It focuses on the important trematodes Schistosoma species (which cause schistosomiasis), Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke), Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke), Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciolopsis buski. It provides details on the life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and diagnosis of schistosomiasis. It also briefly discusses Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke) and Fasciolopsis buski, which infect the bile
Tissue nematodes.
This document discusses two types of tissue nematodes: Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus. W. bancrofti causes filariasis and elephantiasis when transmitted via mosquitoes. It causes inflammation and obstruction of lymphatic vessels leading to edema. O. volvulus causes onchocerciasis (river blindness) when transmitted via blackflies. It causes inflammation, nodules, and microfilariae that migrate to the eyes and skin, potentially causing blindness, skin thickening, and dermatitis. Both are diagnosed via blood smears (W. bancrofti) or skin biopsies (O. volvulus)
Plasmodium & toxoplasma
This document discusses Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, which cause malaria and toxoplasmosis respectively. It covers their life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnosis. Plasmodium is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes malaria, while Toxoplasma is transmitted through contact with cat feces or undercooked meat and causes toxoplasmosis including congenital infection. Both involve asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients.
Leishmania & trypanosoma
This document summarizes information about four pathogens - Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma gambiense/rhodesiense. It describes their life cycles, which involve transmission between hosts via sandfly or tsetse fly vectors. It also discusses the diseases they cause, including visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Signs and symptoms are provided for each disease's acute and chronic stages. Methods for laboratory diagnosis focus on identifying the pathogens in blood, tissue, or spinal fluid samples via microscopy or serology.
Intestinal nematodes
The document discusses several intestinal nematodes (roundworms) that infect humans, including their life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and diagnosis. It covers Enterobius (pinworm), Trichuris (whipworm), Ascaris (giant roundworm), hookworms (Necator and Ancylostoma), and Strongyloides. The nematodes have complex life cycles involving egg and larval stages, with transmission occurring through ingestion of eggs or larval penetration of skin. Symptoms range from pruritus to diarrhea and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs in stool samples, with larvae seen in stool for Strongyloides.
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Behavior sciences paper
- 1. BEHAVIOR_SCIENCE S mid term paper Solved by Arman Malik
- 3. Q1 Biopsychosocial Modle of health, Its challenges and Impication? • The biopsychosocial model (abbreviated "BPS") is a general model or approach posessing that biological, psychological (which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness. • Implication. Consider biological, psychological, and social factors Relationships are significant to health • Patient and doctor • Patient and family, friends, others Keep people healthy rather than wait to treat them when they become ill.
- 4. Challenges Poverty as underlying issue • Lack of resources, education Behavior and/or lifestyle Misuse of antibiotics Gaps in immunizations Lack of access to healthcare New diseases and re-emerging strains
- 5. Q2.Difference between Normality and abnormality? Characteritics of normal mentality of person. • Normality vs. Abnormality • Normality. The absence of illness and the presence of state of well being called normality. The condition of being normal; the state of being usual, typical, or expected
- 6. Abnormality A physical malformation; deformity Deviation from the typical or usual; irregularity ( According to Morgan & King) Abnormality is the significant deviation from commonly accepted patterns of behavior, emotion or thought".
- 7. Characteristic of normal mental person • Efficient perception of reality They have a realistic view of their strengths and weaknesses • Self knowledge • They have an understanding of WHY they do things and WHY they have certain emotions. • Ability to control behaviour • Occasionally normal people may act impulsively [Without thinking] but normally they can control DRIVES such as aggression • Self-esteem • They know their own value and feel happy with their achievements and abilities.
- 8. • Able to form close relationships NORMAL people are able to form close and satisfying friendships and relationships. They are aware of other peoples feelings and beliefs and adapt to them. • Productivity They are able to channel their energies into work' and social life.
- 9. Q3. Selective Attention And How can impove the concentration • Selective Attention • s the process of attending to some information coming into our senses and ignoring or screening out other information. • Impoveing concentration learn to manage stress, 2. recognize energy demands of concentration, 3. practice concentrating 4 experience the skill 5 direct attention away from distracting thoughts and feelings 6 think non judgmentally
- 10. Q4.Memory And different processes and stages of memory • Memory. • Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved (Recovered). • Processes of memory Encoding.Convert of information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems. Storage.holding onto information for some period of time. • Retrieval.recall or recognition: calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
- 11. Stages of Memory 1. Sensory Memory • 2. Short-Term Memory • 3. Long-Term Memory
- 12. • Sensory Memory • the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. • Short-Term Memory • the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. • Long-Term Memory • the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
- 13. Q5Different types of communication And Characterstic of good communication • Types of Communication. • Inter persoanal. Communication between tow or more than people called inter personal communication. • Intra personal communication. Communication is processe in which the people communcate with thenselves either consciously or unconsiously. • extra personal communication. Communication between human and non human entites. • Group communication. communication in group from. • Mass communication. communication through electronic gadgets likes TV
- 14. Characterstic of good communication • having good listening skills • being able to communicate in a way that is clear and concise • Effective communicators also know their audience. • Good communicators are not afraid to ask for clarification if something was not clearly stated. • They also are aware of the body language of their audience and keep eye contact with them as much as possible to make sure they are understanding.
- 15. Personality And influence of personality in determining reactions during health, disease, hospitalization and stress • Personality • Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual • OR • Attractive qualities that make something unusual or interesting
- 16. Influence of personality in determining reactions during health, disease, hospitalization and stress • Individuals differ dramatically in their response to a problem or a stressor. Some people are born with a temperament that predisposes them to higher or lower levels of tolerance to stress. • Your cognitive reaction to a situation plays a role in determining how stressful a situation is to you