The document provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy, injury mechanisms, clinical implications, symptoms, and management strategies for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. It discusses detailed classification, diagnostic tests, and both non-surgical and surgical treatment options including various graft types used for reconstruction, with emphasis on their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it addresses the differences in injury rates between males and females and outlines the importance of considering patient activity levels and associated injuries when determining treatment approaches.

1. ANTERIOR CRUCIATE
LIGAMENT-INJURY &
MANAGEMENT
Dr.Akshay

2. ANATOMY
 ACL is composed of multiple collagen fascicles
surrounded by an endotendineum which is
grouped into fibers measuring around
38mm in length (range 25 to 41 mm) and
10 mm in width (range 7 to 12 mm)
 Microspocially composed of interlacing fibrils
(150 to 250 Nanometer in diamter)
 synovial membrane envelope the ACL

3.  ORIGIN
- From the posteromedial corner of medial
aspect of lateral femoral condyle in the
intercondylar notch
 INSERTION
- Fossa in front of lateral to anterior spine of
tibia

4.  ACL is composed of two principal parts
1. Small Anteromedial band
and
2. Larger bulky posterolateral portion
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
- Anteromedial bundle is tight in flexion and the
posterolateral bundle is tight in extension
- In extension both bundles are parallel
- In flexion both bundles are crossed

10. Action
These attachments allow the ACL to resist anterior
translation and medial rotation of the tibia, in
relation to the femur.

11. INNERVATION:
- Tibal nerve( Infiltrates the capsule posteriorly)
- Golgi tendon receptors
BLOOD SUPPLY:
- Major blood supply is from
MIDDLE GENICULAR ARTERY
Bony attachments do not provide a significant
source of blood to distal or proximal ligaments

12.  ACL vascularization arises from the middle genicular
artery and vessels of the infrapatella fat pad and
adjacent synovium
 The artery gives rise to periligamentous vessels
which form a web-like network within the synovial
membrane
 These periligamentous vessels give rise to
penetrating branches which transversely cross the
ACL and anastomose with a network of
longitudinally oriented endoligamentous vessels

13.  Terminal branches of the inferior medial and lateral
genicular arteries supply the distal portion of the
ACL directly.
 The extremities of the ACL seem to be better
vascularized than the middle part, and the proximal
portion seems to have a greater vascular density
than the distal portion

14. CAUSE OF ACL INJURY
The anterior cruciate ligament
can be injured in
several ways
 Changing direction rapidly
 Stopping suddenly
 Slowing down while running
 Landing from a jump
incorrectly
 Direct contact or collision,
such as a football tackle

16.  Several studies have shown that
female athletes have a higher
incidence of ACL injury than male
athletes because of Differences in
- Physical conditioning
- Muscular strength
- Neuromuscular control
- pelvis and lower extremity
(leg) alignment
and
- the effects of estrogen on
ligament properties.

17.  ACL injuries occur in combination with damage to
-The meniscus
-Articular cartilage or
-Other ligaments
 ACL Injury Triad (Unhappy Triad) : ACL Tear, MCL Tear, and
Medial Meniscus Tear.
 Secondary damage may occur in patients who have
repeated episodes of instability due to ACL injury.

18.  With chronic instability, up to 90 percent of patients
will have meniscus damage when reassessed 10 or
more years after the initial injury.
 Similarly, the prevalence of articular cartilage
lesions increases up to 70 percent in patients who
have a 10-year-old ACL deficiency

19. GRADING
 Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament are
rare
 Most ACL injuries are complete or near complete
tears
 Injured ligaments are considered "sprains" and are
graded on a severity scale.

20.  Grade 1 Sprains.
The ligament is mildly damaged . It has been slightly
stretched, but is still able to keep the knee joint stable.
 Grade 2 Sprains.
The ligament is stretched to the point where it becomes
loose. This is often referred to as a partial tear of the
ligament.
 Grade 3 Sprains.
This type of sprain is most commonly referred to as a
complete tear of the ligament. The ligament has been
split into two pieces, and the knee joint is unstable.

21. SYMPTOMS
 When ACL is injured , pt might hear a "popping"
noise.
 Other typical symptoms include:
-Pain with swelling.
-Loss of full range of motion
-Tenderness along the joint line
-Discomfort while walking

22. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
INCLUDE
 ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST
 LACHMAN’S TEST
 PIVOT SHIFT TEST
 KT-2000 ARTHROMETER TEST

23. ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST
 To perform anterior drawer test, examiner grasps
pt's tibia & pulls it forward when the affected leg is
flexed at 90 degree while noting degree of
anterior tibial displacement

24. LACHMAN’S TEST
 This is a variant of the anterior drawer test
 The examination is carried out with the knee in 15 deg of
flexion, and external rotation (relaxes IT band)
 For a right knee, the examiner's right hand grips the inner
aspect of the calf and the left hand grasps outer aspect of
the distal thigh
 Attempt to quantify the displacement in mm is done by
comparing this displacement to the normal side

25.  End point should be graded as hard or soft
- End point is said to be hard when the ACL
abruptly halts the forward motion of the tibia on
the femur
- End point is soft when there is no ACL &
restraints are more elastic secondary stabilizers;

26. PIVOT SHIFT TEST
 The patient lies supine with legs relaxed
 Therapist presses against the head of the fibula with one
hand, and grasps the ankle with the other hand.
 The lower leg is passively internally rotated, while the
knee is kept in full extension.
 The hip is flexed to 30 degrees, while the knee is flexed.
 A valgus force and axial load are applied to the knee at
the same time.

27.  Upon damage to the ACL, there will be subluxation of the
lateral tibial plateau in the fully extended position.
 When the knee is flexed between 20 and 40 degrees, the
lateral tibial plateau will reduce itself, and a palpable
shift or clunk will be noticed.
 GRADES:
Grade 0 - Normal
Grade 1 - Glide
Grade 2 - Clunk
Grade 3 - Locked Subluxation

28. KT-2000 ARTHROMETER TEST

29. KT-2000 Arthrometer
 The KT-2000 arthrometer is a device used to measure the anterior-posterior
laxity of the knee, specifically to assess the integrity of the anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL). It provides objective data on the degree of knee laxity by
applying a standardized force to the tibia and measuring the displacement
relative to the femur.
Procedure:
1. Positioning: The patient lies supine with the knee flexed at about 20-30
degrees.
2. Device Application: The KT-2000 arthrometer is placed on the anterior aspect
of the knee with pads positioned on the tibia and femur.
3. Calibration: The device is calibrated to zero to ensure accurate measurements.
4. Measurement: The clinician applies an anterior force to the tibia, and the device
measures the displacement. The procedure is repeated several times to ensure
consistency.

30. KT-2000 Arthrometer
 Interpretation:
Normal ACL: Displacement of less than 3 mm.
Partial Tear: Displacement between 3 mm and 5 mm.
Complete Tear: Displacement greater than 5 mm.
 Advantages:
- Provides quantitative data.
- Helps in the diagnosis of ACL tears.
- Useful for pre- and post-surgical evaluation.

31. INVESTIGATIONS
 MRI
 Arthroscopy

32. INVESTIGATION

34. TREATMENT
 NON-SURGICAL METHOD
 SURGICAL METHOD

35. TREATMENT
 Immediately after injury
 R.I.C.E ( Rest Ice Compression Elevation )
 This is reserved for Grade I and II tears and
consists of rest, long leg casts for 4-6 weeks,
NSAIDs, physiotherapy
 Exercise (after swelling decreases and weight-bearing
progresses)
 Braces
 Rehabilitation Brace
 Functional Brace

36. Nonsurgical Treatment
 Nonsurgical management is indicated in patients
with
- partial tears and no instability symptoms
- complete tears and no symptoms of knee
instability
- Who do light manual work or live sedentary
lifestyles
- Whose growth plates are still open (children)

37. Precautions
 Modification of active lifestyle to avoid high
demand activities
 Muscle strengthening exercises
 May require knee brace
 Despite above precautions ,secondary damage to
knee cartilage & meniscus leading to premature
arthritis

38. Surgical Treatment
 Timing of Surgery
 1) Swelling in the knee must go down to near-normal
levels
 2) Range-of-motion (bending and straightening) of the
injured knee must be nearly equal to the uninjured knee
 3) Good Quadriceps muscle strength must be present.
 Usually it takes a couple of weeks after injury before
ACL reconstruction can be performed.
 The presence of any associated injuries to the knee joint
involving cartilage, meniscus, or other ligaments may
change the time-frame for surgery.

39. Surgical Treatment
 ACL tears are not usually repaired using suture to
sew it back together, because repaired ACLs have
generally been shown to fail over time
 Therefore, the torn ACL is generally replaced by a
substitute graft made of tendon

40. The grafts commonly used to replace the ACL include
 Patellar tendon
 Hamstring tendon
 Quadriceps tendon
 patellar tendon,
 Achilles tendon,
 semitendinosus,
 gracilis, or posterior
tibialis tendon
autograft Allograft

41.  Patients treated with surgical reconstruction of the
ACL have long-term success rates of 82 %- 95%
 The goal of the ACL reconstruction surgery is to
prevent instability and restore the function of the
torn ligament, creating a stable knee.
 Recurrent instability and graft failure are seen in
approximately 8% of patients.

42. PATIENT CONSIDERATIONS
 Active adult patients involved in sports or jobs that
require pivoting, turning or hard-cutting as well as
heavy manual work are encouraged to consider
surgical treatment.
 Activity, not age, should determine if surgical
intervention should be considered.

43.  In young children or adolescents with ACL tears,
early ACL reconstruction creates a possible risk of
growth plate injury, leading to bone growth
problems. The surgeon can delay ACL surgery until
the child is closer to skeletal maturity or the surgeon
may modify the ACL surgery technique to decrease
the risk of growth plate injury.

44.  A patient with a torn ACL and significant functional
instability has a high risk of developing secondary
knee damage and should therefore consider ACL
reconstruction.
 It is common to see ACL injuries combined with
damage to the menisci (50 %), articular cartilage
(30 %), collateral ligaments (30 %), joint capsule, or
a combination of the above.

45. Surgical Choices
1.PATELLAR TENDON AUTOGRAFT.
 The middle third of the patellar tendon of the patient, along
with a bone plug from the shin and the patella is used in the
patellar tendon autograft. Occasionally referred to by some
surgeons as the "gold standard" for ACL reconstruction,
recommended for high-demand athletes and patients whose
jobs do not require a significant amount of kneeling.
 In studies comparing outcomes of ACL reconstruction, the rate
of graft failure was lower in the patellar tendon group

46.  In addition, most studies show equal or better
outcomes in terms of postoperative tests for knee
laxity (Lachman's, anterior drawer and instrumented
tests) when this graft is compared to others.

47. DISADVANTAGES
The Disadvantages of the patellar tendon
autograft are:
-Postoperative patellofemoral pain
-Pain with kneeling
-increased risk of postoperative stiffness
-risk of patella fracture
-Quadriceps Weakness
-Persistent Tendon Defect

48. HAMSTRING TENDON AUTOGRAFT
2.Hamstring tendon autograft.
 The semitendinosus hamstring tendon on the inner
side of the knee is used in creating the hamstring
tendon autograft for ACL reconstruction.
 Some use an additional tendon, the gracilis, which
is attached below the knee in the same area. This
creates a two- or four-strand tendon graft.

49.  Hamstring graft proponents claim there are fewer
problems associated with harvesting of the graft
compared to the patellar tendon autograft
including:
- Fewer problems with anterior knee pain after
surgery
- Less postoperative stiffness problems
- Smaller incision
- Faster recovery

50.  The graft function may be limited by the strength and
type of fixation in the bone tunnels, as the graft does
not have bone plugs.
 There have been conflicting results in research studies
as to whether hamstring grafts are slightly more
susceptible to graft elongation (stretching), which may
lead to increased laxity during objective testing. Recently,
some studies have demonstrated decreased hamstring
strength in patients after surgery.

51.  There are some indications that patients who have
intrinsic ligamentous laxity and knee hyperextension
of 10 degrees or more may have increased risk of
postoperative hamstring graft laxity on clinical exam.
Therefore, some clinicians recommend the use of
patellar tendon autografts in these hypermobile
patients.

52.  chronic or residual medial collateral ligament
laxity (grade 2 or more) at the time of ACL
reconstruction may be a contra-indication for
use of the patient's own semitendinosus and
gracilis tendons as an ACL graft.

53. QUADRICEPS TENDON AUTOGRAFT
3.QUADRICEPS TENDON AUTOGRAFT.
 The quadriceps tendon autograft is often used for
patients who have already failed ACL
reconstruction.
 Middle third of the patient's quadriceps tendon and
a bone plug from the upper end of the patella
are used.

54.  This yields a larger graft for taller and heavier
patients. Because there is a bone plug on one side
only, the fixation is not as solid as for the patellar
tendon graft.
 There is a high association with postoperative
anterior knee pain and a low risk of patella
fracture. Patients may find the incision is not
cosmetically appealing

57. ALLOGRAFTS.
 Allografts are grafts taken from cadavers and are
becoming increasingly popular.
 These grafts are also used for patients who have failed
ACL reconstruction before and in surgery to repair or
reconstruct more than one knee ligament.
 Advantages of using allograft tissue include
- Elimination of pain caused by obtaining the graft
from the patient
- Decreased surgery time and smaller incisions.

58. The PATELLAR TENDON ALLOGRAFT allows for
strong bony fixation in the tibial and femoral bone
tunnels with screws.

59.  However, allografts are associated with
- Risk of infection, including viral transmission (HIV
and Hepatitis C)
- There have also been conflicting results in
research studies as to whether allografts are
slightly more susceptible to graft elongation
(stretching), which may lead to increased laxity
during testing.

60.  Recently published literature may point to a higher
failure rate with the use of allografts for ACL
reconstruction.
 Failure rates ranging from 23% to 34.4% have
been reported in young, active patients returning to
high-demand sporting activities after ACL
reconstruction with allografts.
 This is compared to autograft failure rates ranging
from 5% to 10%.

61. Meta-analysis of Patellar vs. Hamstring tendons in ACL
reconstruction
 • Controlled trials with minimum 2 year follow-up
• Evaluated; return to pre-injury level of activity, KT
testing, Lachman scores, pivot shift scores, ROM,
complications, failures • 4 studies fulfilled inclusion
criteria • B-T-B (bone-tendon-bone) showed a
>20% chance return to pre-injury activity level
versus hamstring, (p value = 0.01)
 Yunes, M. et al “Patellar Versus Hamstring Tendons
in ACL reconstruction; A Meta-analysis” Arthroscopy
Vol. 17, No. 3 (March) 2001; pp248-257

62. SYNTHETIC GRAFTS
 The best scenario for the use of the synthetic graft is
when the graft can be buried in soft tissue, such as
in extra-articular reconstruction.
 This allows for collagen in growth and ensures the
long-term viability of the synthetic graft.
 It will be sure to fail early if it is laid into a joint
bare, especially going around tunnel edges, and is
unprotected by soft tissue.

63. Common Synthetic Grafts:
1. Ligament Augmentation and Reconstruction System
(LARS): Made from polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) fibers.
2. Leeds-Keio Ligament: Also made from PET fibers,
used in some regions.
3. Carbon Fiber Ligaments: Less commonly used due
to issues with durability and biocompatibility.
4. Gore-Tex graft : It is made from “expanded
polytetrafluroethylene (ePTFE)”

64. Disadvantages
 The main disadvantage is that all the long-term studies have
shown high failure rate. There is the potential for reaction to the
graft material with synovitis, as seen with the use of the Gore-
Tex graft.
 With the Gore-Tex graft, there was also the increased risk of
late hematogenous joint infection.
 The results that have been reported with the use of the Gore-Tex
graft suggest that it should not be used for ACL reconstruction.
 Unacceptable failure rates have also been reported with the use
of the Stryker Dacron ligament and the Leeds-Keio ligament.

65. GRAFT FIXATION

66. FEMORAL FIXATION DEVICES
Ultimate load to failure of femoral fixation devices.
 Mitek 600N
 BioScrew 400N
 Endo-button: tape 500N
 BioScrew: Endo-pearl 700N
 Bone mulch screw 900N
 Cross pin 900N
 Endo-button with closed loop tape 1300N

67. Interference Fit Screws
Advantages
 Quick, familiar, and easy to use.
 Direct bone to tendon healing, with Sharpey’s fibers at the tunnel
aperture.
 Less tunnel enlargement.
Disadvantages
 Longer graft preparation time.
 Bone quality dependent.
 Damage to the graft with the screw.
 Divergent screw has poor fixation.
 Removal of metal screw makes revision difficult

68. Interference screw
 Biodegradable
 Metalic

70. Inteference Screw

71. Cross-Pin Fixation
Advantages
 The advantages are as follows:
 Strongest tested fixation.
 May individually tension all bundles of graft.
Disadvantages
 The disadvantages are as follows:
 Pin may tilt in soft bone and lose fixation.
 Steep learning curve of fiddle factor.
 Special guides are required.

72. Transfix

73. Crosspin/transfix

74. Endobutton
 The EB is a small oval button that anchors the graft against the outer
femoral cortex.
 The Endobutton (EB) is the most widely used femoral fixation device
worldwide that is designed specifically for soft tissue grafts.
 Pioneered by Dr. Thomas Rosenberg and introduced around 1990, it
was the first device specifically designed to hold soft tissue grafts.
 As originally designed, the surgeon would tie a Dacron tape
connecting the button to the tendon.
 In the past 5 years, this technique has been largely supplanted by use
of the EB-CL (continuous loop), which obviates the need to tie knots.
 Due to the longevity of the device, there is a much greater literature
concerning it than any of the other newer, soft tissue–specific devices.

75. ENDOBUTTON
Advantages
 The Endo-button with closed loop tape is strong,
 The plastic button is cheap, available and easy to do
Disadvantages
 Fixation site is distant with increase in laxity, with the
bungee cord effect.
 Increased in tunnel widening.
 Plastic button has low pullout strength, dependent on
the sutures

76. Endobuttom Loop

77. Clinical Results
 In the largest meta-analysis of anterior cruciate
ligament reconstruction (ACLR) autografts, the EB-
hamstring combination was found to have the
highest stability rates of any graft-fixation construct
when paired with modern tibial fixation. Morbidity
has been minimal.

78. MILAGRO
 Milagro (Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Polylactide
Co-Glycolide Biocomposite)
The Milagro screw can be used for femoral or tibial
fixation for soft tissue or bone–tendon–bone (BTB)
autografts or allografts. It is available in various
diameters from 7 to 12mm and in 23-, 30-, and
35-mm lengths. The Milagro screw is made from a
polymer composite, Biocryl Rapide.

79.  EZLoc Femoral Fixation of a Soft Tissue Graft
 The EZLoc (Arthrotek, Warsaw, IN) is a cortical femoral fixation
device for a soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
reconstruction that combines superior fixation properties (high
resistance to slippage, infinite stiffness, and 1427N strength)
with a simple surgical technique.
 The EZLoc consists of a deployable lever arm connected to an
axle in a slotted body through which the ACL graft is looped.
 The EZLoc comes sterilely package with a sharp-tip passing pin
that is secured in the slotted body with a suture tied under
tension. The passing pin is passed through the tunnels, the gold
lever arm is positioned lateral, and the soft tissue graft is
looped through the slot in the EZLoc.

80. Tibial Fixing Devices
Ultimate load to failure of tibial fixation devices.
 Single staple 100N
 Double staple 500N
 Screw post 600N
 Button 400N
 RCI 300N
 BioScrew 400N
 BioScrew and button 600N
 Intrafix 700N
 Screw and washer 800N
 Washer Loc 900N

81. One bundle or two bundle ACL
reconstruction

83.  What is an “Anatomic” ACL reconstruction?
 Every person is different; some people are short, others
are tall. Similarly, each person has a different size and
shape of the ACL. In order to properly reconstruct the ACL it
is important to reproduce each persons individual anatomy.
The goals of anatomic ACL reconstruction are to:
 Restore 60 – 80% of normal ACL anatomy
 Regain stability and return to pre-injury activity level
 Maintain long term knee health

84.  What is anatomic Double-Bundle ACL
reconstruction?
 In a “double-bundle” ACL reconstruction, the ACL is
restored using two bundles. Just like the normal ACL,
there will be an AM and a PL bundle.
 In a “single-bundle” reconstruction, the ACL is
restored using one bundle. There are some benefits
of a “double-bundle” reconstruction, when
compared to a “single-bundle” reconstruction.

85.  Anatomic double-bundle reconstruction better
restores knee stability compared to single-bundle
reconstruction.
 Because anatomic double-bundle reconstruction
uses two bundles to restore the ACL, it allows for a
replacement of a larger size ACL

86. Pre requisite for single-bundle/double-bundle
reconstruction
 An ACL insertion site greater than 18 mm allows for
double-bundle reconstruction.
 If the insertion site is less than 14 mm, there is only
space available for a single-bundle procedure.
 Between 14 – 18 mm, we can perform either
double- or single-bundle reconstruction.

87. Indications for single bundle recon.
 The patient is still growing and his or her growth
plate is not closed.
 The patient has severe arthritis of the knee.
 The patient has multiple knee ligament injuries or a
knee dislocation and multiple other ligaments need
to be reconstructed at the same time.
 The patient has bone that is severely bruised.
 The patient has a small intercondylar notch.

90.  A prospective comparative cohort study was carried out with 72
consecutive patients with chronic ACL deficiency to compare three
ACL reconstruction procedures using hamstring tendon grafts.
 The first 24 patients underwent a single-bundle procedure using
a six-strand hamstring tendon graft.
 The next 24 patients underwent a non anatomical double-bundle
procedure using four-strand and two-strand hamstring tendon
grafts.
 The final 24 patients underwent the anatomical double-bundle
procedure using the same four-strand and two-strand hamstring
tendon grafts. All 72 patients underwent postoperative
management with the same rehabilitation protocol. There were no
significant differences among the background factors.

91. Conclusion
 The postoperative anterior laxity measured was
significantly less after the anatomical double-
bundle reconstruction than after the single-bundle
reconstruction.

92.  Outcome of Arthroscopic Single-Bundle Versus Double-
Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A
Preliminary 2-Year Prospective Study
 Se-Jin Park, M.D., Young-Bok Jung, M.D., Hwa-Jae Jung,
M.D., Ho-Joong Jung, M.D., Hun Kyu Shin, M.D., Eugene
Kim, M.D., Kwang-Sup Song, M.D., Gwang-Sin Kim,
M.D., Hye-Young Cheon, P.A., Seonwoo Kim, Ph.D.Received:
December 29, 2008; Accepted: September 9, 2009;
Published Online: February 22, 2010
 Arthroscopy Volume 26, Issue 5, Pages 630–636, May
2010

93.  113 were included in this study. They serially obtained
clinical and radiologic data preoperatively and
postoperatively. They compared preoperative data and
data at 2 years postoperatively in patients who had
undergone single-bundle ACL reconstruction versus
patients who had undergone double-bundle ACL
reconstruction.
 There were 50 single-bundle reconstructions and 63
double-bundle reconstructions. Antero-posterior stability
was assessed objectively by anterior stress radiographs
with the telos device (telos, Marburg, Germany) and the
maximal manual test with the KT-2000 arthrometer

94. Conclusions
 Double-bundle reconstruction of the ACL by a
method using 2 femoral tunnel and 2 tibial tunnels
showed no differences in stability results or any
other clinical aspects or in terms of patient
satisfaction.

95. COMPLICATIONS

96. Skeletally immature patients
 Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally
immature adolescents are being diagnosed with
increasing frequency.
 Nonoperative management of midsubstance ACL
injuries in adolescent athletes frequently
results in a high incidence of giving-way episodes,
recurrent meniscal tears, and early onset of
osteoarthritis

97.  The concern about ACL reconstruction in the athlete
with open growth plates is that there will be
 premature fusion of the plate, growth arrest, and
potential for angular deformities.

98. Skeletally immature patients
 Non surgical methods
or
 surgical methods

99. Non surgical method
 In some less active individuals with mild-to-
moderate instability, reduction of activity level may
be all that is necessary until they have had an
appropriate growth spurt and maturing of the
physes.
 Muscle strengthening exercises
 knee brace
 Away from sports activities

100. TRANSEPIPHYSEAL REPLACEMENT OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE
LIGAMENT USING QUADRUPLE HAMSTRING GRAFTS
 The transepiphyseal replacement of anterior cruciate
ligament using quadruple hamstring grafts
 procedure described by Anderson is indicated in
patients in Tanner stage I, II, or III of development.
 The procedure is contraindicated in patients in Tanner
stage IV of development, who can have conventional
anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
 The tunnels are drilled centrally through the epiphysis
and fixed with a button on the periosteal surface.
There are no reported growth deformities with this
technique.

101. Anderson transepiphyseal replacement of anterior
cruciate ligament using quadruple hamstring grafts

102. physeal-sparing, combined intraarticular
and extraarticular reconstruction of acl by Kocher, Garg, and Micheli

103. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in
Skeletally Immature Patients With Transphyseal
Tunnels
 Lauren H. Redler, M.D., Rebecca T. Brafman, B.A., Natasha
Trentacosta, M.D., Christopher S. Ahmad, M.D.(Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, New York, U.S.A.)
 Arthroscopy Volume 28, Issue 11, Pages 1710–1717,
November 2012
 Moises Cohen, M.D., Ph.D., Mario Ferretti, M.D., Ph.D., Marcelo
Quarteiro, M.D., Frank B. Marcondes, M.D., João P.B. de
Hollanda, M.D., Joicemar T. Amaro, M.D., Rene J. Abdalla, M.D.,
Ph.D.(Orthopedic Sports Medicine Division, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Universidade Federal
de São Paulo–Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil)
 Arthroscopy Volume 25, Issue 8, Pages 831–838, August 2009

104. Conclusions
 ACL reconstruction by use of the transphyseal
technique in an immature skeleton with a hamstring
autograft, with careful attention being paid to the
technique, resulted in good clinical outcomes and no
growth abnormalities.