The document discusses the properties and definitions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen (H+) ions or hydronium (H3O+) ions in water. Acids taste sour and react with metals and carbonates. Bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in water, taste bitter and slippery, and feel soapy. Common strong acids include HNO3, HCl, and H2SO4. Strong acids and bases ionize completely in water. Weak acids and bases only partially ionize. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions. The autoionization of water and the pH scale are also explained.
In chemistry, acids and bases have been defined differently by three sets of theories. One is the Arrhenius definition, which revolves around the idea that acids are substances that ionize (break off) in an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen (H+) ions while bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution.
In chemistry, acids and bases have been defined differently by three sets of theories. One is the Arrhenius definition, which revolves around the idea that acids are substances that ionize (break off) in an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen (H+) ions while bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Acids bases
1. 11
The Chemistry of AcidsThe Chemistry of Acids
and Basesand Bases
Santosh Kumar Kar
Jaya Durga High School,
Narla Road,
Kalahandi,Odisha
2. 22
Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid. CitrusHave a sour taste. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid. Citrus
fruits contain citric acid.fruits contain citric acid.
React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gasReact with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas..
React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbonReact with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon
dioxide gasdioxide gas
Have a bitter taste.Have a bitter taste.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
Bases
3. 33
Some Properties of Acids
Produce H+
(as H3O+
) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a
hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule)
Taste sour
Corrode metals
Electrolytes
React with bases to form a salt and water
pH is less than 7
Turns blue litmus paper to red “Blue to Red A-CID”
5. 55
Some Properties of Bases
Produce OHProduce OH--
ions in waterions in water
Taste bitter, chalkyTaste bitter, chalky
Are electrolytesAre electrolytes
Feel soapy, slipperyFeel soapy, slippery
React with acids to form salts and waterReact with acids to form salts and water
pH greater than 7pH greater than 7
Turns red litmus paper to blue “Turns red litmus paper to blue “BBasicasic BBlue”lue”
6. 66
Some Common Bases
NaOHNaOH sodium hydroxidesodium hydroxide lyelye
KOHKOH potassium hydroxidepotassium hydroxide liquid soapliquid soap
Ba(OH)Ba(OH)22 barium hydroxidebarium hydroxide stabilizer for plasticsstabilizer for plastics
Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 magnesium hydroxidemagnesium hydroxide “MOM” Milk of magnesia“MOM” Milk of magnesia
Al(OH)Al(OH)33 aluminum hydroxidealuminum hydroxide Maalox (antacid)Maalox (antacid)
7. 77
Acid/Base definitions
• Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional)
Acids – produce H+
ions (or hydronium ions
H3O+
)
Bases – produce OH-
ions
(problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide
ions!)
8. 88
Acid/Base Definitions
• Definition #2: Brønsted – Lowry
Acids – proton donor
Bases – proton acceptor
A “proton” is really just a hydrogen
atom that has lost it’s electron!
9. 99
Learning Check!
Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, andLabel the acid, base, conjugate acid, and
conjugate base in each reaction:conjugate base in each reaction:
HCl + OHHCl + OH--
Cl Cl--
+ H+ H22OO
HH22O + HO + H22SOSO44 HSO HSO44
--
+ H+ H33OO++
10. 1010
Acids & Base DefinitionsAcids & Base Definitions
Lewis acid - aLewis acid - a
substance thatsubstance that
accepts an electronaccepts an electron
pairpair
Lewis base - aLewis base - a
substance thatsubstance that
donates an electrondonates an electron
pairpair
Definition #3 – Lewis
11. 1111
Lewis Acid-Base InteractionsLewis Acid-Base Interactions
in Biologyin Biology
• The heme group in hemoglobin canThe heme group in hemoglobin can
interact with Ointeract with O22 and CO.and CO.
• The Fe ion in hemoglobin is a Lewis acidThe Fe ion in hemoglobin is a Lewis acid
• OO22 and CO can act as Lewis basesand CO can act as Lewis bases
12. 1212
TheThe pH scalepH scale is a way ofis a way of
expressing the strength ofexpressing the strength of
acids and bases. Instead ofacids and bases. Instead of
using very small numbers, weusing very small numbers, we
just use the NEGATIVE powerjust use the NEGATIVE power
of 10 on the Molarity of the Hof 10 on the Molarity of the H++
(or OH(or OH--
) ion.) ion.
Under 7 = acidUnder 7 = acid
7 = neutral7 = neutral
Over 7 = baseOver 7 = base
13. 1313
Calculating the pH
pH = - log [H+]
(Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity)
Example: If [H+
] = 1 X 10-10
pH = - log 1 X 10-10
pH = - (- 10)
pH = 10
Example: If [H+
] = 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - log 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - (- 4.74)
pH = 4.74
14. 1414
pH calculations – Solving for H+pH calculations – Solving for H+
If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [HIf the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H++
] = ???] = ???
Because pH = - log [HBecause pH = - log [H++
] then] then
- pH = log [H- pH = log [H++
]]
Take antilog (10Take antilog (10xx
) of both) of both
sides and getsides and get
1010-pH-pH
==[H[H++
]]
[H[H++
] = 10] = 10-3.12-3.12
= 7.6 x 10= 7.6 x 10-4-4
MM
*** to find antilog on your calculator, look for “Shift” or “2*** to find antilog on your calculator, look for “Shift” or “2ndnd
function” and then the log buttonfunction” and then the log button
15. 1515
pH calculations – Solving for H+pH calculations – Solving for H+
• A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is theA solution has a pH of 8.5. What is the
Molarity of hydrogen ions in theMolarity of hydrogen ions in the
solution?solution?
pH = - log [HpH = - log [H++
]]
8.5 = - log [H8.5 = - log [H++
]]
-8.5 = log [H-8.5 = log [H++
]]
Antilog -8.5 = antilog (log [HAntilog -8.5 = antilog (log [H++
])])
1010-8.5-8.5
= [H= [H++
]]
3.16 X 103.16 X 10-9-9
= [H= [H++
]]
16. 1616
More About Water
KKww = [H= [H33OO++
] [OH] [OH--
] = 1.00 x 10] = 1.00 x 10-14-14
at 25at 25 oo
CC
In aIn a neutralneutral solution [Hsolution [H33OO++
] = [OH] = [OH--
]]
so Kso Kww = [H= [H33OO++
]]22
= [OH= [OH--
]]22
and so [Hand so [H33OO++
] = [OH] = [OH--
] = 1.00 x 10] = 1.00 x 10-7-7
MM
AutoionizationAutoionization
17. 1717
pOH
• Since acids and bases areSince acids and bases are
opposites, pH and pOH areopposites, pH and pOH are
opposites!opposites!
• pOH does not really exist, but it ispOH does not really exist, but it is
useful for changing bases to pH.useful for changing bases to pH.
• pOH looks at the perspective of apOH looks at the perspective of a
basebase
pOH = - log [OHpOH = - log [OH--
]]
Since pH and pOH are on oppositeSince pH and pOH are on opposite
ends,ends,
pH + pOH = 14pH + pOH = 14
18. 1818
[H[H33OO++
], [OH], [OH--
] and pH] and pH
What is the pH of theWhat is the pH of the
0.0010 M NaOH solution?0.0010 M NaOH solution?
[OH-] = 0.0010 (or 1.0 X 10[OH-] = 0.0010 (or 1.0 X 10-3-3
M)M)
pOH = - log 0.0010pOH = - log 0.0010
pOH = 3pOH = 3
pH = 14 – 3 = 11pH = 14 – 3 = 11
OR KOR Kww = [H= [H33OO++
] [OH] [OH--
]]
[H[H3OO++
] = 1.0 x 10] = 1.0 x 10-11-11
MM
pH = - log (1.0 x 10pH = - log (1.0 x 10-11-11
) = 11.00) = 11.00
20. 2020
HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 are among the
only known strong acids.
Strong and Weak Acids/BasesStrong and Weak Acids/Bases
The strength of an acid (or base) is
determined by the amount of
IONIZATION.
21. 2121
Strong and Weak Acids/BasesStrong and Weak Acids/Bases
• Generally divide acids and bases into STRONG orGenerally divide acids and bases into STRONG or
WEAK ones.WEAK ones.
STRONG ACID:STRONG ACID: HNOHNO33 (aq) + H(aq) + H22O (l) --->O (l) --->
HH33OO++
(aq) + NO(aq) + NO33
--
(aq)(aq)
HNOHNO33 is about 100% dissociated in water.is about 100% dissociated in water.
22. 2222
• Strong Base:Strong Base: 100% dissociated in100% dissociated in
water.water.
NaOH (aq) ---> NaNaOH (aq) ---> Na++
(aq) + OH(aq) + OH--
(aq)(aq)
Strong and Weak Acids/BasesStrong and Weak Acids/Bases
Other common strongOther common strong
bases include KOH andbases include KOH and
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22..
CaO (lime) + HCaO (lime) + H22O -->O -->
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 (slaked lime)(slaked lime)
CaOCaO
23. 2323
• Weak base:Weak base: less than 100% ionizedless than 100% ionized
in waterin water
One of the best known weak bases isOne of the best known weak bases is
ammoniaammonia
NHNH33 (aq) + H(aq) + H22O (l)O (l) NHNH44
++
(aq) + OH(aq) + OH--
(aq)(aq)
Strong and Weak Acids/BasesStrong and Weak Acids/Bases
24. 2424
Equilibria InvolvingEquilibria Involving
Weak Acids and BasesWeak Acids and Bases
Consider acetic acid, HCConsider acetic acid, HC22HH33OO22 (HOAc)(HOAc)
HCHC22HH33OO22 + H+ H22OO HH33OO++
+ C+ C22HH33OO22
--
AcidAcid Conj. baseConj. base
(K is designated K(K is designated Kaa for ACID)for ACID)
K gives the ratio of ions (split up) to moleculesK gives the ratio of ions (split up) to molecules
(don’t split up)(don’t split up)
25. 2525
Equilibria Involving A Weak AcidEquilibria Involving A Weak Acid
You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. theYou have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the
equilibrium concs. of HOAc, Hequilibrium concs. of HOAc, H33OO++
, OAc, OAc--
,,
and the pH.and the pH.
Step 1.Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICEDefine equilibrium concs. in ICE
table.table.
[HOAc][HOAc] [H[H33OO++
]][OAc[OAc--
]]
initialinitial
changechange
equilibequilib
1.001.00 00 00
-x-x +x+x +x+x
1.00-x1.00-x xx xx
26. 2626
Equilibria Involving A Weak AcidEquilibria Involving A Weak Acid
Step 2.Step 2. Write KWrite Kaa expressionexpression
You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the equilibrium concs.You have 1.00 M HOAc. Calc. the equilibrium concs.
of HOAc, Hof HOAc, H33OO++
, OAc, OAc--
, and the pH., and the pH.
This is a quadratic. Solve using quadraticThis is a quadratic. Solve using quadratic
formula.formula.
or you can make an approximation if x is veryor you can make an approximation if x is very
small! (Rule of thumb: 10small! (Rule of thumb: 10-5-5
or smaller is ok)or smaller is ok)
27. 2727
Equilibria Involving A Weak AcidEquilibria Involving A Weak Acid
Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M solution ofCalculate the pH of a 0.0010 M solution of
formic acid, HCOformic acid, HCO22H.H.
HCOHCO22H + HH + H22OO HCOHCO22
--
+ H+ H33OO++
KKaa = 1.8 x 10= 1.8 x 10-4-4
Approximate solutionApproximate solution
[H[H33OO++
] = 4.2 x 10] = 4.2 x 10-4-4
M,M, pH = 3.37pH = 3.37
Exact SolutionExact Solution
[H[H33OO++
] = [HCO] = [HCO22
--
] = 3.4 x 10] = 3.4 x 10-4-4
MM
[HCO[HCO22H] = 0.0010 - 3.4 x 10H] = 0.0010 - 3.4 x 10-4-4
= 0.0007 M= 0.0007 M
pH = 3.47pH = 3.47
28. 2828
Equilibria Involving A Weak BaseEquilibria Involving A Weak Base
You have 0.010 M NHYou have 0.010 M NH33. Calc. the pH.. Calc. the pH.
NHNH33 + H+ H22OO NHNH44
++
+ OH+ OH--
KKbb = 1.8 x 10= 1.8 x 10-5-5
Step 1.Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE tableDefine equilibrium concs. in ICE table
[NH[NH33]] [NH[NH44
++
]][OH[OH--
]]
initialinitial
changechange
equilibequilib
0.0100.010 00 00
-x-x +x+x +x+x
0.010 - x0.010 - x xx xx
29. 2929
Equilibria Involving A Weak BaseEquilibria Involving A Weak Base
You have 0.010 M NHYou have 0.010 M NH33. Calc. the pH.. Calc. the pH.
NHNH33 + H+ H22OO NHNH44
++
+ OH+ OH--
KKbb = 1.8 x 10= 1.8 x 10-5-5
Step 1.Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE tableDefine equilibrium concs. in ICE table
[NH[NH33]] [NH[NH44
++
]][OH[OH--
]]
initialinitial
changechange
equilibequilib
0.0100.010 00 00
-x-x +x+x +x+x
0.010 - x0.010 - x xx xx
30. 3030
pH testing
• There are several ways to test pHThere are several ways to test pH
–Blue litmus paper (red = acid)Blue litmus paper (red = acid)
–Red litmus paper (blue = basic)Red litmus paper (blue = basic)
–pH paper (multi-colored)pH paper (multi-colored)
–pH meter (7 is neutral, <7 acid, >7pH meter (7 is neutral, <7 acid, >7
base)base)
–Universal indicator (multi-colored)Universal indicator (multi-colored)
–Indicators like phenolphthaleinIndicators like phenolphthalein
–Natural indicators like red cabbage,Natural indicators like red cabbage,
radishesradishes
31. 3131
Paper testing
• Paper tests like litmus paper and pHPaper tests like litmus paper and pH
paperpaper
– Put a stirring rod into the solutionPut a stirring rod into the solution
and stir.and stir.
– Take the stirring rod out, andTake the stirring rod out, and
place a drop of the solution fromplace a drop of the solution from
the end of the stirring rod onto athe end of the stirring rod onto a
piece of the paperpiece of the paper
– Read and record the colorRead and record the color
change. Note what the colorchange. Note what the color
indicates.indicates.
– You should only use a smallYou should only use a small
portion of the paper. You can useportion of the paper. You can use
one piece of paper for severalone piece of paper for several
tests.tests.
32. 3232
pH meter
• Tests the voltage of theTests the voltage of the
electrolyteelectrolyte
• Converts the voltage toConverts the voltage to
pHpH
• Very cheap, accurateVery cheap, accurate
• Must be calibrated withMust be calibrated with
a buffer solutiona buffer solution
33. 3333
pH indicators
• Indicators are dyes that can be
added that will change color in
the presence of an acid or base.
• Some indicators only work in a
specific range of pH
• Once the drops are added, the
sample is ruined
• Some dyes are natural, like radish
skin or red cabbage
34. 3434
ACID-BASE REACTIONSACID-BASE REACTIONS
TitrationsTitrations
ACID-BASE REACTIONSACID-BASE REACTIONS
TitrationsTitrations
HH22CC22OO44(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->
acidacid basebase
NaNa22CC22OO44(aq) + 2 H(aq) + 2 H22O(liq)O(liq)
Carry out this reaction using aCarry out this reaction using a TITRATIONTITRATION..
Oxalic acid,Oxalic acid,
HH22CC22OO44
35. 3535
TitrationTitration
1. Add solution from the buret.1. Add solution from the buret.
2. Reagent (base) reacts with compound2. Reagent (base) reacts with compound
(acid) in solution in the flask.(acid) in solution in the flask.
3.3. Indicator shows when exactIndicator shows when exact
stoichiometric reaction has occurred.stoichiometric reaction has occurred.
(Acid = Base)(Acid = Base)
This is called NEUTRALIZATION.This is called NEUTRALIZATION.