This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
Acid rain or acid deposition is any kind of precipitation with unusually high acidic components such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall in the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms.This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
This is a PPT on Atmospheric Pollution. Here it decribes the 3 main types of Atmospheric Pollution: 1.Acid Rain, 2.Ozone Depletion, 3.Green House Effect.
this presentation is about Acid Rain
what is Acid Rain
What are the main gases of acid rain
What are the sources of Acid Rain
What are the effects of acid rain
What is the solution
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
This presentation is about air pollution. There are various topics related to air pollution such as definition, major pollutants, causes of air pollution, effects of air pollution on earth and how to reduce air pollution.
Acid rain or acid deposition is any kind of precipitation with unusually high acidic components such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall in the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms.This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
This is a PPT on Atmospheric Pollution. Here it decribes the 3 main types of Atmospheric Pollution: 1.Acid Rain, 2.Ozone Depletion, 3.Green House Effect.
this presentation is about Acid Rain
what is Acid Rain
What are the main gases of acid rain
What are the sources of Acid Rain
What are the effects of acid rain
What is the solution
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
This presentation is about air pollution. There are various topics related to air pollution such as definition, major pollutants, causes of air pollution, effects of air pollution on earth and how to reduce air pollution.
Ecological consequences of The Acid rainIOSR Journals
Acid rain affects each and every components of ecosystem. Acid rain also damages man-made materials and structures Acid rain is one of the most serious environmental problems emerged due to air pollution Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen and ozone to some extent are the primary causes of acid rain. These pollutants originate from human activities such as combustion of burnable waste, fossil fuels in thermal power plants and automobiles. These constituents interact with reactants present in the atmosphere and result into acid deposition Due to the interaction of these acids with other constituents of the atmosphere, protons are released causing increase in the soil acidity, lowering of soil pH mobilizes and leaches away nutrient cations and increases availability of toxic heavy metals. Such changes in the soil chemical characteristics reduce the soil fertility, which ultimately causes the negative impact on growth and productivity of forest trees and crop plants. Acid rain has also been reported in India. A rainfall of pH 3.5 was reported in Mumbai. The air pollution levels are steadily rising in the metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai. Acid rain problem in Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and southern coastal India has been predicted to lead to infertile soil. Acid rain makes the water bodies acidic. The amphibians are also affected by acidification of water bodies .At low pH, many species of amphibians including frogs, toads and salamander are particularly sensitive. Indirect effect of acid rain on human health involves toxic heavy metals because these are liberated from soil when soil gets acidified. The most common heavy metals are Al, Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, Mn and Fe. These mobilized contaminants are dissolved in soil and water make their way to groundwater that is drunk by humans and contaminate the food (Fish, meat, and vegetables) eaten by humans .These heavy metals get accumulated in the body and resulted into various health problems like dry coughs, asthma, headache, eye, nose and throat irritations. Acid rain problem has been tackled to some extent in the developed world by reducing the emission of the gases causing acid rain.
ACID RAIN, THEIR IMPACTS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENTAmbika Prajapati
Acid rain is one of the major environmental threats since 19th century. The effect of acidification has been sighted all over the world such as deleterious ecological effects such as reduced reproduction of aquatic fish species, dieback and stunted growth in plants, accumulation of toxic aluminium and heavy metals in soil and water bodies, biodiversity loss including corals and shellfish, degrade to the manmade structures made up of marble and stone and corrosion of metal structures.
The term acid rain was coined in 1852 by Scottish chemist Robert Angus Smith, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry, which calls him the "father of acid rain."
Acid rain and aquatic organisms by Uwamose martinUwamose MNO
Acid rain is a broad term used to describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere. Acid rain is a phenomenon that results from industrial activities where sulfuric and nitric acids are produced by the release of sulfuric oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere. This induces the acidification of inland waters which results in damage to aquatic ecosystems, including fish. Acid rain flows into streams, lakes, and marshes after falling on forests, fields, buildings, and roads. It also falls directly on aquatic habitats. Acid rain was first reported in Manchester, England, which was an important city during the Industrial Revolution. The term “acid rain” was first used by Robert Angus Smith in 1872.
Green house effect , Global warming , Acid rainsanatyadav1992
Here i have given some information about the three major problems like
1.) GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
2.) GLOBAL WARMING
3.) ACID RAIN.
Designed and Created by;
Sanat .R .Yadav
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Acid rain
1.
2.
3. A RAIN OR OTHER TYPES OF
PRECIPITATION THAT CONTAIN
ELEVATED HYDROGEN ION
LEVELS ARE REFERRED TO AS
ACID RAIN. ELEVATED LEVELS OF
HYDROGEN IONS CAUSE THE RAIN
TO HAVE A LOW PH; HENCE
MAKING IT ACIDIC .ACID RAIN IS
CAUSED BY THE EMISSIONS
OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDE,
WHICH REACT WITH THE WATER
MOLECULES IN
4.
5. • The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble
was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the
poor condition of the Arundel marbles. Since the Industrial Revolution,
emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere
have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the
relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution
in Manchester, England.
• Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853, it was not until the late 1960s
that scientists began widely observing and studying the
phenomenon. The term "acid rain" was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus
Smith, A Scottish chemist. Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first
to research a "dead" lake. At first the main focus in research lay on local
affects of acid rain. the chemical-laden clouds themselves know no
borders and have the potential to float over a large area.
6. • Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long-distance
transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to
Norway. This became a media issue in the early 1980’s. By this time most
of the countries started noticing changes in the wildlife, population of fish
and trees. Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s
after The New York Times published reports of the deleterious
environment. Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below
2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas.
• In 1980, the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act. This Act
established an 18-year assessment and research program under the
direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP). NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific
perspective. Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical
changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems, nitrogen saturation, power
plant pollution, decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil, episodic
acidification, regional haze, and damage to historical monuments.
12. Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of
eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia, the north eastern of
the United States, and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the
southeastern coast of China South Asia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Southern
India and Taiwan.
13. WHAT CAUSES ACID RAIN?
Both natural and man-made sources are known to play a role in the
formation of acid rain. Natural Sources include volcanic emissions,
decaying vegetation, wildfires and lighting strikes .But, it is mainly
caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, or
even oil which results in emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx). Man-made sources include air pollution
sources emitting sulphur and nitrogen gases like factories, power
generations facilities, and automobiles. The burning of gasoline and
diesel in vehicles leads to building the amount of acidified water
droplets in the atmosphere.
14.
15.
16.
17. Nitrogen oxide is another major component of acid rain.
Chemistry involved
While reacting with atmospheric moisture, nitrogen oxide also undergoes
oxidation reaction to give rise to nitric or nitrous acid.
NO2 (g) + H2O (l) = HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq)
18. Formation
These gases are produced in combustion processes, which involve
extremely high temperatures. For example, utility plants, automobiles
and chemical industries such as in the production of fertilizers.
Five percent of nitrogen oxide is emitted by natural processes like
lightning, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and action of bacteria in the
soil. Industrial processes emit 32% and vehicular transportation is
responsible for 43%.
19.
20. Acid rain seeps into the earth and poisons plants and trees by
dissolving toxic substances in the soil, such as zinc, lead,
chromium, copper etc.
Acid rain releases aluminum in the soil which destroys the
beneficial minerals and nutrients and thus destroying the
plants. Young shoots and roots are adversely affected as it
stops the growth of the plants.
When there is frequent acid rain, it corrodes the waxy
protective coating of the leaves. When this protective coating
on the leaves is lost, it results in making the plant susceptible
to disease. Due to the damaged leaves, the plant loses its
ability to produce sufficient amounts of nutrition which is
need for it to stay healthy. It results in making the plant
vulnerable to the cold weather, insects, and disease, which
can in turn lead to its death.
High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are
often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic
than rain.
21.
22. BIRDS
Acid rain has affected the
bird population to an
extent. Certain bird
studies conducted have
proved the extinction of
certain species of birds
around the globe. The
breeding habits have
considerably declined. The
calcium levels have also
decreased so the eggs
become unhealthy.
31. CLEANING UP SMOKESTACKS
Most of the electric power supporting the modern-day
energy requirements comes from combusting fossil
fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal .Washing coal,
use of coal comprised of low sulphur, and use of
devices known as “scrubbers” can provide technical
solution to SO2 emissions. “Scrubbing” also called
flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) typically work to
chemically eliminate SO2 from the gases leaving
smokestacks. It can eliminate up to 95% of
SO2gases. The scrubbers produce sludge while
reducing the sulphur content. It also produces a
building material called gypsum, which is used to
make plaster of Paris and cement, in the process.
Power generation facilities can also shift to using
fuels that emit much less SO2 such as natural gas
instead of burning coal.
32. Cleaner Automobiles
Cars and trucks are major sources of
the pollutants that cause acid rain.
Therefore, automobile manufacturers
are required to reduce the amount of
nitrogen oxides and other pollutants
released by new cars. One type of
technology used in cars is called a
catalytic converter. Catalytic converters
are fixed on the exhaust pipe system to
reduce NOx emission. This piece of
equipment has been used for over 20
years to reduce the amount of nitrogen
oxides released by cars. Some new
cars can also use cleaner fuels, such
as natural gas.
33. Restoring Damaged
Environments
Use of limestone or lime, a process called liming, is a practice
that people can do to repair the damage caused by acid rain to
lakes, rivers and brooks. Adding lime into acidic surface waters
balances the acidity. Furthermore, it only offers a short-term
solution at the expense of solving the broader challenges of SO2
and NOx emissions and risks to human health. Nevertheless, it
helps to restore and allow the survival of aquatic life forms by
improving chronically acidified surface waters. The effect on
food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers
to replace lost nutrients. In cultivated areas, limestone may also
be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH
stable.
34. Alternative Energy Sources
Besides fossil fuels, there is a wide range of alternative energy
sources that can generate electrical power. These include wind energy,
geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower, and nuclear power.
Harnessing these energy sources can offer effective electrical power
alternatives instead of using fossil fuels. Fuel cells, natural gas, and
batteries can also substitute use of fossil fuel as cleaner energy sources.
As of today, all energy sources have environmental and economic costs
as well as benefits. The only solution is using sustainable energy that can
protect the future.
35. Millions of people directly and indirectly contribute to
SO2 and NOx emissions. Mitigation of this challenge
requires individuals to be more informed about
energy conservation and ways of reducing emissions
such as: turning off lights or electrical appliances
when not using them; use public transport;
use energy efficient electrical appliances; and use of
hybrid vehicles or those with low NOx emissions,
walking down to nearby places instead of driving, etc.,
can help us save fuel and gas, as well as reduce the
adverse effects.
37. Not only is it great
to add plants and
trees to the planet
that will help
absorb carbon
dioxide, but growing
your own food will
also further reduce
your reliance on the
fossil fuels
associated with food
transportation.
38. A significant portion of fossil fuel consumption can
be traced to the manufacturing of chemicals, rubber,
and plastics. To reduce your reliance on plastics, don’t
buy bottled water, invest in reusable shopping bags,
purchase food items in bulk, opt for items that are
packaged in glass instead of plastic, and
support companies that limit their
packaging.
40. Energy released
on combustion
(in KJ)
Dihydrogen (in
gaseous state)
Dihydrogen (in liquid
state)
LPG CH4gas
Octane( in
liquid state)
per mole 286 285 2220 880 5511
per gram 143 142 50 53 47
per litre 12 9968 25590 35 34005
41. TAJ MAHAL (INDIA)
The Taj Mahal is India’s prominent tourist destination, attracting between
two and four million visitors annually. The once brilliant-white Taj has been
losing its luster, dulling into a sickly pale shade. Excessive exposure to
sulphur dioxide and suspended particulate matter(SPM) was the main
cause of the Taj Mahal’s ‘marble cancer’-a fungal growth that corroded its
surface giving it a yellowish tinge.MC Mehta, an environmentalist lawyer,
filed a Public Interest Litigation(PIL) in 1984 expressing concern over the
havoc polluting units in Agra were wreaking on the Taj Mahal due to
Mathura Refinery which is owed by Indian Oil Corporation and other
industries around this area. To protect Taj Mahal, the Government of India
announced an action plan in 1995. The plan aims at clearing the air in 'Taj
Trapezium'. Taj Trapezium refers to an area that includes towns of Agra,
Mathura, Bharatpur and Firozabad.
42. The Supreme Court ordered 292 industries in the vicinity to either
adopt pollution control measures or to shut down. It also made it
mandatory for these units to either switch over to eco-friendly fuels
like natural gases or shift out of the area. As a result of this plan, the
industries situated inside the trapezium had switched over to the use
of liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas in the place of coal or oil.