ee

1. ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS

2. Ions
 Some times substances go through a
reaction that breaks off a hydrogen or
even a hydrogen and an Oxygen.
 These extra Ions (Charged Particles) are
what make up Acids and Bases.
 H2O -> H+ + OH-

3. Ions
 Because the Single Hydrogen no longer
shares that electron is becomes positively
charged.
 He is now called a Hydrogen Ion.

4. Ions
 The Oxygen and Hydrogen now have an
extra electron and become negatively
charged.
 They are now called a Hydroxide Ion.

5. Acid
 Any substance that has extra Hydrogen
Ions is an acid.
 The more Hydrogen Ions the more acidic.

6. Basis
 When a substance has extra hydroxide
ions (OH- ) then it is a base.
 The more hydroxide ions the more basic.
 (Bases can also be called Alkaline)

7. pH Scale
 The pH scale was created to better
compare the relative concentration of
Hydrogen ions.
 pH stands for partial Hydrogen.
 The scale ranges from 0 to 14 and each
step is a multiple of 10. The scale is
logarithmic.

9. pH
 Example:
 Urine generally has a pH of 6 where as
water has a pH of 7.
 This means that Urine has 10 times more
Hydrogen Ions than water.

10. pH
 A pH of 7 is considered neutral.
 This means that there as many Hydrogen
ions as there are hydroxide ions.
 They balance each other out.

11. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 11
T E R M S
ACIDS are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+
(aq))
when dissolved in water eg
 BASES are hydroxides that react and neutralize.
 In acid solutions there are more H+ ions than
OH- ions.
 In alkaline solution there are more OH- ions
than H+ ions.
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

12. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 12
Strong or Weak
- Acids or Bases that dissociate completely are Strong
Acids/Bases.
 Acids or Bases that dissociate only partially are Weak
Acids/Bases
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

13. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 13
Physical Properties of Acids & Bases
 ACIDS
 Acids taste sour (e.g. vinegar, lemon juice).
 Acids are harmful to living cells.
 Aqueous solutions of all acids contain hydrogen ions.
 Acid turns blue litmus red.
 Strong acids are corrosive.
 BASES
 Alkalis are taste bitter
 Strong alkalis are corrosive.
 Aqueous solutions of all alkalis contain hydroxide ion.
 Alkalis turns red litmus blue.
 Soapy touch.
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

14. Neutralization
 H+1 + OH-1  HOH
 Acid + Base  Water + Salt (double replacement)
 Example:
 HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  HOH (l) + NaCl (aq)
 H2SO4 (aq) + KOH (aq)  2 HOH (l) + K2SO4 (aq)
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 14

15. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 15
SALTS
 When H+ ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion, a
salt is produced e.g.
 H2SO4+ 2NaOH====== Na2SO + 2H2O
 Here sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) is the salt formed.
Salts are ionic compounds.
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

16. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 16
Methods of making Soluble
Salts
1) ACID + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN
2) ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER
3) ACID + CARBONATE  SALT + WATER +
CARBON DIOXIDE
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

17. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 17
Types of Salts
 Normal Salts:
 Normal salts are formed when all the
replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have
been completely replaced by metallic ions.
 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 H2SO4(aq) + ZnO(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

18. Types of Salts
 Acid salts:
 Acid salts are formed when replaceable
hydrogen ions in acids are only partially
replaced by a metal.
 H2SO4 + KOH  KHSO4 + H2O
 H3PO4 + NaOH  NaH2PO4 + H2O
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 18

19. Types of Salts
 Basic Salts:
 Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH-.
They are formed when there is insufficient
supply of acid for the complete neutralization of
the base.
Zn(OH)2 + HCl  Zn(OH)Cl + H2O
Mg(OH)2 + HNO3  Mg(OH)NO3 + H2O
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 19

20. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 20
USES OF SALTS
S.No
.
SALT USE
1 Ammonium Chloride In torch batteries
2 Ammonium Nitrate In fertilizers
3 Calcium Chloride As drying agent
4 Iron Sulphate In Iron tablets
5 Magnesium Sulphate In medicine
6 Potassium Nitrate In gunpowder etc.
7 Silver Bromide In photography
8 Sodium Chloride Making NaOH
9 Sodium Stearate In making soap.
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445

21. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES &
SALTS 21
THE END
،‫منگل‬
12
،‫ل‬ ّ‫األو‬ ‫ربیع‬
1445