A chemical reaction describes what occurs in a chemical change. It shows not only the kind but also the relative amounts of the substances involved in a change. The coefficients written before the formulas in a balanced equation represent the number of moles of each substance involved in a reaction. Since the number of moles is related to the mass of any substance and to the volume of any gaseous substance, the mole relationship can be easily changed to mass/volume relationship. The concepts on how to calculate molarity, molality and normality are important in identifying the relative amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.
Solutions: types and properties of solutions. Units of concentration, ideal and real
solutions. Henry’s law, distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids, distribution
law. Partition coefficient and solvent extraction.
A chemical reaction describes what occurs in a chemical change. It shows not only the kind but also the relative amounts of the substances involved in a change. The coefficients written before the formulas in a balanced equation represent the number of moles of each substance involved in a reaction. Since the number of moles is related to the mass of any substance and to the volume of any gaseous substance, the mole relationship can be easily changed to mass/volume relationship. The concepts on how to calculate molarity, molality and normality are important in identifying the relative amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.
Solutions: types and properties of solutions. Units of concentration, ideal and real
solutions. Henry’s law, distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids, distribution
law. Partition coefficient and solvent extraction.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Mixtures – a review
• Mixture: a combination of two or more
substances that do not combine
chemically, but remain the same
individual substances; can be separated
by physical means.
• Two types:
– Heterogeneous
– Homogeneous
3. Heterogeneous Mixture
• “Hetero” means “different”
• Consists of visibly different substances or
phases (solid, liquid, gas)
• Can be separated by filtering
• Example:
4. Homogeneous Mixture
• “Homo” means the same
• has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout; maintain one phase
(solid, liquid, gas)
• Commonly referred to as solutions
• Example:
Salt Water
5. Solution
• Solution: a mixture of two or more substances
that is identical throughout (homogeneous)
• can be physically separated
• composed of solutes and solvents
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute
Iced Tea Mix
(solute)
Water
(solvent)
Iced Tea
(solution)
Salt water is
considered a
solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
6. Solution
• The solvent is the largest part of the solution
and the solute is the smallest part of the
solution
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
S O L V E N T
S O L U T E
7. Types of Solutions
Gaseous solutions – air = Oxygen + Nitrogen
Liquid solutions – drinks = mix + water
Solid solutions – alloys = steel, brass, etc
8. Concentration
• the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature
•described as dilute if it has
a low concentration of solute
dissolved
•described as concentrated
if it has a high concentration
of solute dissolved
9. Concentration
•Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved
•Saturated - has the maximum
concentration of solute dissolved
(can see solid in bottom of
solution)
•Supersaturated -contains more
dissolved solute than normally
possible (usually requires an
increase in temperature followed
by cooling)
10. Solubility
• the amount of solute that
dissolves in a certain amount of a
solvent at a given temperature
and pressure to produce a
saturated solution
11. Factors affecting solubility of solids
Temperaturee
increased temperature causes
solids to dissolve faster
Shaking
Note: Increasing the amount of solute
DOES NOT increase the rate of dissolving
Shaking (agitation) causes
solids to dissolve faster
Smaller particles dissolve
Faster because they have
more surface area
Particle Sizee
12. • Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in one
another.
• Immiscible liquids are not soluble in
each other.
Chemistry-Borders
13. Polarity and Dissolving
• Chemists use the saying
“like dissolves like”:
Polar solutes tend to
dissolve in polar
solvents.
Nonpolar solutes tend to
dissolve in nonpolar
solvents.
Oil is nonpolar while water is
polar. They are immiscible.
15. To read the
graph, find the
line for the
substance. The
amount that
dissolves at a
given
temperature is
on the y- axis.
16. How much KNO3
dissolves in 100g
(or 100mL H2O
at 50oC?
1.Find the line (green)
2.Find the temperature
and follow up to the
line.(red arrow)
3. Read across to the y-
axis and this is the
answer. (blue arrow)
4. Since it is more than
½-way between 80 and
90, it is 87.
17. A point on the line is a saturated solution.
Above the line is supersaturated.
Below the line is unsaturated.
18. Using Solubility Curves
What is the solubility of
NaNO3 in 100 g of H2O at
0°C?
How many grams of KNO3
will dissolve in 200g of
H2O at 45°C?
How much water is needed to
dissolve 190g of NaNO3 at
30°C?
73g NaNO3
75g = ?
100g H2O 200g H2O
= 150 g KNO3
95g = 190g
100g H2O ? g H2O
= 200 g H2O
20. Molarity
• Molarity is the concentration of a
solution expressed in moles of solute
per Liter of solution.
• Molarity is a conversion factor for
calculations
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
Liters of solution
21. Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 1: What is the molarity of a solution
that has 2.3 moles of sodium chloride in 0.45
liters of solution?
2.3 moles NaCl = 5.1M NaCl
0.45 L
22. Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 2: How many moles of Na2CO3 are there
in 10.0 L of 2.0 M solution?
10.0 L 2.0 mol Na2CO3
1 1 L
= 20.0 moles Na2CO3
23. Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 3: How many moles of KNO3 are needed
to make 450. mL of 1.5 molar solution?
450. mL 1L 1.5 mol KNO3
1 1000mL 1L
= .675 moles KNO3
24. Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 4: How many grams of NaCl are needed
to make 3.0 L of 1.5 M solution?
3.0 L 1.5 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl
1 1 L 1 mol NaCl
= 260 g NaCl
25. Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 5: How many L of 4.0 M solution can be
made with 132g of NaCl ?
132 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1 L
1 58.44 g NaCl 4.0 mol NaCl
= .565 L
27. Dilutions and Molarity
• Use this formula to make a more dilute
solution from a concentrated solution
Molarity1 x Volume1 = Molarity2 x Volume2
(Concentrated) (Dilute)
(before) = (after)
M1V1 = M2V2
28. Example 1
How many liters of 2.5 M HCl are
required to make 1.5 L of 1.0 M HCl?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 2.5 M
V1 = ?
M2 = 1.0 M
V2 = 1.5 L
(2.5M) V1 = (1.0M) (1.5 L)
2.5M
2.5M
= 0.60L
29. Example 1
M1 = 2.5M V1 = 0.60L M2 = 1.0 M V2= 1.5 L
How much water should you add to the volume
of 2.5M HCl you calculated above to make the
solution? (draw this in your notes)
1st add .60L of HCl to
measuring device.
30. Example 1
M1 = 2.5M V1 = 0.60L M2 = 1.0 M V2= 1.5 L
How much water should you add to the volume of 2.5M
HCl you calculated above to make the solution?
Then add enough water to get
to 1.5L of solution
V2 – V1 = Amount of water
1.5L – 0.60L = 0.90L water
31. Example 1
M1 = 2.5M V1 = 0.60L M2 = 1.0 M V2= 1.5 L
How much water should you add to the volume of 2.5M
HCl you calculated above to make the solution?
Final solution is 1.5L
of 1.0M HCl
32. Example 2
• 250.0 mL of a 0.500 M HCl solution needs
to be made from concentrated HCl. What
volume of the concentrated solution is
needed if its molarity is 12.0 M?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 =
V1 =
M2 =
V2 =
33. Example 2
• 250.0 mL of a 0.500 M HCl solution needs to be made
from concentrated HCl. What volume of the
concentrated solution is needed if its molarity is
12.0 M?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 12.0M
V1 = 10.4mL
M2 = 0.500M
V2 = 250.0mL
How much water would you
add to make the final
solution?
250.0mL - 10.4mL = 239.6mL
35. Mass Percent
• Solutions can also be represented as percent
of solute in a specific mass of solution.
• For a solid dissolved in water, you use percent
by mass which is Mass Percent.
• % by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
**Mass of solution = solute mass + solvent mass
36. Example 1
• If a solution that has a mass of 800.0
grams contains 20.0 grams of NaCl,
what is the concentration using Percent
by Mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = 20.0g NaCl x 100
800.0g solution
= 2.50% NaCl
37. Example 2
• If 10.0 grams of NaCl is dissolved in
90.0 grams of water, what is the
concentration using Percent by Mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = 10.0g NaCl x 100 = 10.0%NaCl
100.0g solution
38. Example 3
• How many grams of sodium bromide are
in 200.0g of solution that is 15.0%
sodium bromide by mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = ? g NaBr x 100 = 15.0%NaBr
200.0g solution
g NaBr = 200.0 x 15.0
100
= 30 g NaBr
40. Solution Stoichiometry
• When we previously did stoichiometry
for a reaction to determine theoretical
yield, we only worked with GRAMS and
MOLES
• Ex/ How many MOLES of HCl are
required to react with 13 GRAMS of
zinc?
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
41. Solution Stoichiometry
• But we may be given something OTHER than
grams and moles
• We can use stoichiometry to solve for ANY
unit. We just need to make sure units cancel
out and we end up with the unit we are trying
to solve for!
• The mole ratio using coefficients from the
balanced chemical equation is the key to
switching between compounds
42. Solution Stoichiometry
Ex/ How many LITERS of 12 M HCl are
required to react with 13.0 GRAMS of zinc?
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
13.0g Zn 1 mole Zn 2 mol HCl 1L HCl
1 65.38g Zn 1 mol Zn 12 mol HCl
Remember – Molarity (M) is a conversion Factor
= 0.0331 L HCl
43. Solution Stoichiometry
• Ex/ How many grams of NaOH would be
required to react with 1.50 L of 3.75M
sulfuric acid?
H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
1.50L 1 H2SO4 3.75 mole H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 40.00g NaOH
1 1 L H2SO4 1 mole H2SO4 1 mol NaOH
= 450. g NaOH