This document discusses reasons for drug use and addiction. It provides 10 reasons why drug use is more serious today, including increased potency of drugs, younger age of experimentation, and greater availability of information. It then covers basic reasons people use drugs, the nature and costs of addiction, and risk factors. Biological and psychological explanations for drug use are presented, including the role of genetics and drugs activating the brain's reward system. Finally, signs of drug abuse and risks of different drug choices are outlined.
My name is Megan Johnson. My presentation is on Drug Addiction. The warning signs, Effects on the brain, and how it is possible to recover from addiction.
Drugs –What they Are and What they Do ?
CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS
Two main Categories of Drugs
Why do so many Teenagers start down this potentially Dangerous path ?
- Why do people start?
Causes
TREATMENT
Think again
My name is Megan Johnson. My presentation is on Drug Addiction. The warning signs, Effects on the brain, and how it is possible to recover from addiction.
Drugs –What they Are and What they Do ?
CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS
Two main Categories of Drugs
Why do so many Teenagers start down this potentially Dangerous path ?
- Why do people start?
Causes
TREATMENT
Think again
drug abuse- what is it? most common stimulants, cocaine abuse, aderall abuse, meth abuse, physiology of drug abuse, physical signs of drug abuse, treatment
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
drug abuse- what is it? most common stimulants, cocaine abuse, aderall abuse, meth abuse, physiology of drug abuse, physical signs of drug abuse, treatment
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Training innovations dual diagnosis cambian fountains march 16Patrick Doyle
Dual Diagnosis describes the co-occurring problems of mental illness and substance misuse. However, the term 'dual' is something of a misnomer - the needs of this client group are often highly complex and extend beyond the relatively simplistic scenario implied by the term 'dual diagnosis'. This course uses realistic scenarios to enable participants to look at the reasons why mentally ill clients are so prone to drug and alcohol problems, the potential consequences of dual diagnosis, and current assessment and treatment approaches
Duration: half-day. one day, or two day options
Experience: None required
This course is suitable for: all staff currently working within health and social care settings in the United Kingdom. The course is designed to meet the training needs of domiciliary care agencies, care home or hospital settings and all staff. The course is also ideal for carers.
Number of Trainees: 15 maximum
Course Standard: Certificate of attendance
Equipment Needed: Hand-outs will be provided
Candidates will cover:
•Definitions of dual diagnosis and co-morbidity.
•Possible reasons for substance misuse in those with mental health difficulties
•Effects of substance misuse on those with mental health difficulties
By the end of the course Candidates will be able to:
•Discuss the relationship between substance misuse and mental health problems
•Describe the risk factors associated with these behaviours
•Understand the skills that are necessary to effectively work with clients who have dual diagnosis
A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeutic effect in the body. Many prescription drugs that produce therapeutic effects may also cause non-therapeutic effects if taken in excess and/or without a specific prescription.
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Definition of substance abuse, addiction and adulthood. Various stages of addiction, how one can overcome addiction and substance abuse, substance abuse and addiction across adulthood years. Effect on the mental health of an individual support with research studies.
JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
THE CORE 5E
Chapter 10:
Drug Use and
Delinquency
Marijuana and Hashish
Marijuana
Produced from the leaves of cannabis
sativa
Hashish
Concentrated form of cannabis made of
unadulterated resin from the female plant
Main ingredient in both is tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
A mild hallucinogen
Most commonly used drug by teenagers
Large amounts causes distortions that produce
hallucinatory effects
Not physically addictive, but long term effects debatable
Cocaine, Crack & Heroin
Cocaine
Alkaloid derivative of the coca plant
Most powerful natural stimulant that produces euphoria, restlessness,
and excitement
It can be sniffed, snorted, or injected
Immediate feeling or rush is short lived
Crack
Processed street cocaine
Gained popularity in the mid-1980s
Relatively inexpensive
Can provide a powerful high and is highly addictive
Heroin
Most dangerous commonly abused drug
Alcohol
Drug of choice for most teenagers
64% of high school seniors reported abusing it in the past
year
70% say they have tried it
By the 12th grade, 51% reported having been drunk
Negatively impacts society
Factor in nearly half of all murders, suicides, and
accidental deaths
1.4 million drivers are arrested each year for D.U.I.
840,000 more are arrested for alcohol-related offenses
The economic cost is staggering: $185 billion lost lost
each year
Impact on Health
Long term use is linked to depression and physical
ailments, ranging from heart disease to cirrhosis of the
liver
Perceived Benefits
Reduces tension, enhances pleasure, improves social
skills, and some claim it transforms experiences for the
better
Other Drugs
Anesthetic Drugs
Central nervous system depressants
Most widely abused is phencyclidine (PCP), aka angel dust
Inhalants
Some youths inhale vapors that cause a euphoric feeling that is
followed by disorientation, slurred speech, and drowsiness
Sedatives and barbiturates
Depress the central nervous system, creating a sleeplike condition
Tranquillizers
Reduce anxiety and promote relaxation
Overuse can lead to addiction, and withdrawal can be painful and
hazardous
Other Drugs
• Hallucinogens
• Provide vivid distortions of the senses without greatly
disturbing the viewers consciousness
• Examples of common hallucinogens:
• Mescaline
• LSD
• Stimulants
• Synthetic drugs that increase blood pressure, breathing rate,
bodily activity, and elevate mood
• Methedrine is the most widely used dangerous amphetamine
• aka “meth”, “speed”, “crystal meth”
• Economic cost of meth use in the U.S. exceeds $23
billion a year
Other Drugs
Steroids
Anabolic steroids are used to gain muscle bulk and strength
Black market sales approach $1 billion annually
Cause health problems such as liver ailments, tumors, kidney
problems, sexual dysfunc ...
Addiction is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by repeated use of drugs, or repetitive engagement in a behavior such as gambling, despite harm to self and others.
How Addiction effects us ,our fnf, our different body parts & how to treat it... It could be treated & there is still hope out there... So be brave and strong ...U can do it...U can do anything because it is ur great legacy...
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. Why Do People Use Drugs?
• What causes people to subject their bodies
and minds to the harmful effects of
nonmedical and/or recreational drug use
that often leads to drug addiction?
• Why is drug use a more serious problem
today than in the past?
• Why are some people attracted to
recreational drug use?
3. Ten Reasons Why Drug Use
Is More Serious Today (1 of 3)
• From 1960 to the present, drug use has become a
widespread phenomenon.
• Drugs are much more potent than they were years ago.
• Drug use remains extremely popular. Drugs sales are a
multibillion-dollar-a-year business, with major influence
on many national economies.
• More so today than years ago, both licit and illicit drugs
are experimented with by youths at an increasingly
younger age. Older siblings, friends, and acquaintances
often supply these drugs.
4. Ten Reasons Why Drug Use Is
More Serious Today (2 of 3)
• Through the media (such as television, radio, magazine,
and newspaper advertising), people in today’s society are
more directly exposed to drug advertising.
• There is greater availability and wider dissemination of
drug information through emails, drug websites for
purchasing prescription drugs without prescriptions, chat
rooms, and methods and instructions on how to make
drugs.
• Crack as well as crystal methamphetamine and other
manufactured “newer” drugs offer potent effects at a low
cost.
5. Ten Reasons Why Drug Use Is
More Serious Today (3 of 3)
• Drug use endangers the future of a society by
harming its youth and potentially destroying the
lives of many young men and women.
• Drug use and especially drug dealing are
becoming major factors in the growth of crime
rates among the young.
• Seven in 10 drug users work full time, and this
decreases productivity and increases the
possibility of serious accidents in the workplace.
6. Basic Reasons People Take
Drugs
• Searching for pleasure
• Relieve stress, tension, or depression
• Peer pressure
• Enhance religious or mystical experiences
• Enhance social experiences
• Enhance work performance (i.e., amphetamine-types of drugs
and cocaine)
• Drugs (primarily performance-enhancing drugs) can be used to
improve athletic performance
• Relieve pain or symptoms of illness
• Can you think of any additional reasons not listed above?
7. Nature of Addiction
• Should addiction be considered:
- A bad habit?
- A failure of healthy choices?
- A failure of morality?
- A symptom of other problems?
- A chronic disease?
8. Costs of Addiction
• As a major social problem, the public’s
view of drug abuse and addiction has been
debatable over the past 20 years while the
social costs of addiction have not.
• The total criminal justice, health insurance,
and other costs in the United States are
roughly estimated at $90 to $185 billion
annually.
9. Major Factors Affecting Alcohol
and Drug Use
• Body size: smaller or thinner persons experience the effects of
drugs more intensely
• Gender: physical make-up of women has reduced tolerance to
drugs in comparison to men
• Other drugs (poly drug use): taking multiple drugs can
dramatically increase drug impairment
• Fatigue or illness: increases drug effects
• Empty stomach: increases drug effects
• Strength (alcohol proof) and how the amount of the drug affects
one’s reaction
• Mindset: uncontrollable or impulse drinking and/or use of drugs
dramatically increases drug effects
10. Defining Addiction
• The term addiction is derived from the Latin verb
addicere, which refers to the process of binding to
things. Today, the word largely refers to a chronic
adherence (attachment) to drugs.
• Originally, the World Health Organization (WHO)
defined it as “a state of periodic or chronic
intoxication detrimental to the individual and society,
which is characterized by an overwhelming desire to
continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any
means” (1964, pp. 9–10).
• Addiction is a complex disease.
11. Another Definition of Addiction
• The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
defines addiction as “. . . a chronic, relapsing brain
disease that is characterized by compulsive drug-
seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It
is considered a brain disease because drugs change
the brain—they change its structure and how it
works. These brain changes can be long lasting
and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in
people who abuse drugs.” (NIDA 2008a, p. 5)
12. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
(APA 2013) (1 of 2)
• DSM-5 combines substance abuse and substance
dependence into a single condition called
substance use disorder.
• The diagnosis of substance use disorder includes
the following:
- Pharmacological – taking the substance in larger doses
- Excessive time spent obtaining the substance
- Craving the drug
13. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
(APA 2013) (2 of 2)
• Social impairment: failure to meet goals and
obligations
• Risky use of the substance: despite physical
and/or psychological problems encountered
• Tolerance: The individual needs increased
amounts to achieve the diminishing effects of
the drug
• Withdrawal: Symptoms that can often leading
to renewed substance dependence
14. Addiction Includes Physical and
Psychological Dependence
• Physical dependence refers to the body’s
need to constantly have the drug or drugs.
• Psychological dependence refers to the
mental inability to stop using the drug or
drugs.
15. Major Models of Addiction
• Moral Model: Poor morals and lifestyle; a choice
• Disease Model: A belief that addiction is both
chronic and progressive and that the drug user does
not have control over the use and abuse of the drug
• Characterological or Personality Predisposition
Model: Personality disorder, problems with the
personality of the addicted (needs, motives, attitudes
of the individual, and impulse control disorders)
16. Career Pattern of Addiction
• Experimentation or initiation of drug use
• Escalation: increasing use
• Maintenance: optimistic belief that the drug fits in
well with day-to-day goals and activities
• Dysfunction: problems with use interfering with
day-to-day goals
• Recovery: getting out of drug use/abuse
• Ex-addict: successfully quitting
17. Major Risk Factors for Addiction
• Alcohol and/or other drugs used alone
• Alcohol and/or other drugs used in order to reduce
stress and/or anxiety
• Availability of drugs
• Abusive and/or neglectful parents; other dysfunctional
family patterns
• Misperception of peer norms regarding the extent of
alcohol and/or drug use (belief that many other people
are using drugs)
• Alienation factors, like isolation and emptiness
18. Major Risk Factors for
Adolescents (1 of 2)
• Physical or sexual abuse (past and/or
present)
• Peer norms favoring drug use
• Misperception and/or power of age group
peer norms
• Conflicts, such as dependence versus
independence, adult maturational tasks
versus fear, and low self-esteem
20. Major Risk Factors for Adults
• Loss of meaningful role or occupational identity due
to pending retirement
• Loss, grief, or isolation due to divorce, loss of parents,
or departure of children (“empty nest syndrome”)
• Loss of positive body image
• Dealing with a newly diagnosed illness (e.g., diabetes,
heart problems, arthritis, cancer)
• Disappointment when life’s expectations are clearly
not met
21. Biological Explanations for the
Use and Abuse of Drugs
• Biological: Genetic and biophysiological theories
- Addiction is based on genes, brain dysfunction, and
biochemical patterns.
- Biological explanations emphasize the effects of drugs on
the central nervous system (CNS).
• Reward centers in some people are more sensitive to drugs,
resulting in more pleasure and greater rewarding experiences
from the use of drugs.
• Drugs interfere with functioning neurotransmitters
(neurotransmitters are chemical messengers used for
communication between brain regions).
22. Three Principle Biological
Theories
• Abused Drugs are Positive Reinforcers
- Most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by
causing the release of specific brain neurotransmitters such
as dopamine.
• Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders
- Biological explanations are thought to be responsible for the
substantial overlap that exists between drug addiction and
mental illness.
• Genetic Explanations
- Inherited traits can predispose some individuals to drug
addiction.
23. Abused Drugs Function as
Positive Reinforcers
• It is generally believed that most drugs with
abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by
causing the release of specific brain
neurotransmitters such as dopamine
(Bespalov et al. 1999; NIDA 2008b).
24. Genetic Explanations and Drug
Abuse Vulnerability
• Character traits, such as insecurity and
vulnerability, which are often found in
many drug users/abusers, may be
genetically determined.
• Factors that determine how difficult it will
be to break a drug addiction may be
genetically determined.
25. Genetic Factors and Drug Abuse
Vulnerability
• Psychiatric disorders may be relieved by taking
drugs of abuse, thus encouraging their use.
• Drug users may have reward centers in the brain
that may be especially sensitive to addictive drugs.
• Addiction is a medical condition in the brain of
addicts.
• Addiction is genetically determined, and people
with this predisposition are less likely to abandon
their drug of abuse.
26. Psychological Explanations for
Drug Use/Abuse
• Psychological theories regarding drug use and
addiction mostly focus on mental or emotional states
of drug users, the possible existence of unconscious
motivations that are within all of us, and social and
environmental factors.
• The American Psychiatric Association classifies
severe drug dependence as a form of psychiatric
disorder.
• Drugs that are abused can cause mental conditions that
mimic major psychiatric illness.
27. Psychological Explanations for
Drug Use/Abuse (continued)
• Psychological factors of addiction include:
- Escape from reality
- Boredom
- Inability to cope with anxiety
- Destructive self-indulgence (constantly desiring intoxicants)
- Blind compliance with drug-abusing peers
- Self-destructiveness
- Blindly using drugs without wanting to understand the
harmful effects of drug use
- Self medicating (need the drug to feel better)
28. Theories Based on Learning
• Humans acquire drug use behavior by the close association or
pairing of one significant reinforcing stimulus (such as
friendship and intimacy) with another less significant or neutral
stimulus (e.g., initial use of alcohol, marijuana, ecstasy,
cocaine). In learning to use drugs, the following occurs:
• Conditioning: The close association of significant reinforcing
stimulus with another less significant or neutral stimulus
• Habituation: Repeating certain patterns of behavior until they
become established or habitual
• “Addiction to pleasure” theory: Assumes it is biologically
normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun
29. Who Is at Risk?
• People who are at a high risk for drug use and
addiction are often known as drug sensation-
seeking individuals or, simply, sensation-seekers.
- Sensation-seekers continually search for new or novel
thrills in their experiences and are known to have a
relentless desire to pursue physical and psychological
stimulation often involving dangerous behavior.
- Sensation-seekers attracted to drugs are more likely to
maintain a constant preoccupation with altering their
consciousness (getting high).
30. Social Psychological Learning
Theories
• If the effects of drug use become personally rewarding, “or
become reinforcing through conditioning, the chances of
continuing to use are greater than for stopping” (Akers
1992, p. 86).
• Primary conditions determining drug use are:
- Amount of exposure to drug-using peers
- Extent of drug use in a given neighborhood
- Age of first use (exposure to drugs at younger ages results in
greater difficulty in stopping drug use)
- Frequency of drug use among peers
31. Sociological Explanations
• Social Influence Theories: Focus on
microscopic explanations that concentrate
on the roles played by significant others and
their impact on the individual.
• Structural Influence Theories: Focus on
macroscopic explanations of drug use and
the assumption that the organizational
structure of society has a major impact on
individual drug use.
33. Social Influence Theories (2 of 2)
• Labeling theory says people whose opinions we value have
a determining influence over our self-image. Key factors in
labeling theory include:
- Primary deviance
• Secondary deviance
• Master status
• Retrospective interpretation
- Can you define these four key factors used in labeling
theory?
• Subculture theory explains that peer pressure is a
determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or
abuse.
34. Structural Influence Theories
• Structural Influence Theories: Focus on how the
organization of a society, group, or subculture is largely
responsible for drug abuse by its members
• Social Disorganization and Social Strain Theories: Drug
use is caused by rapid and disruptive social change in
society
• Control Theories: Belief that if people are left without
attachments (bonds) to other groups (family, peers, social
institutions), they have a tendency to deviate from
expected cultural values, norms, and attitudes and use
drugs
- Socialization: Internal and external controls
35. Danger Signals of Drug Abuse
(1 of 3)
• Do those close to you often ask about your
drug use? Have they noticed changes in
your moods or behavior?
• Are you defensive if a friend or relative
mentions your drug or alcohol use?
• Are you sometimes embarrassed or
frightened by your behavior under the
influence of drugs or alcohol?
36. Danger Signals of Drug Abuse
(2 of 3)
• Have you ever gone to see a new doctor because
your regular physician would not prescribe the
drug you wanted?
• When you are under pressure or feel anxious, do
you automatically take a depressant, stimulant, or
drink?
• Do you take drugs more often or for purposes
other than those recommended by your doctor?
37. Danger Signals of Drug Abuse
(3 of 3)
• Do you mix other types of drugs with alcohol?
• Do you drink or take drugs regularly to help you
sleep?
• Do you have to take drugs to relieve boredom or get
through the day?
• Do you personally think you may have a drug
problem?
• Do you avoid people who do not use drugs?
• Do you believe you cannot have fun without alcohol
or other drugs?
38. Low-Risk and High-Risk
Drug Choices
• Low-risk drug choices refer to values and attitudes
that lead to controlling the use of alcohol or drugs
—self-monitoring your drug use, behavior, and
abstinence.
• High-risk drug choices refer to developing values
and attitudes that lead to using drugs both
habitually and addictively, such as constantly
searching for drinking and drug parties and
hanging with drug abusers.