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Substance abuse and addiction during adulthood
The document discusses substance abuse and addiction during adulthood, highlighting that many individuals begin using drugs during adolescence, with varying risks associated with age and social pressures. It outlines the definitions of addiction and substance abuse, the impact of alcohol and nicotine, and the mental health implications of substance use. Prevention tips and the relationship between mental health and substance use disorders are emphasized, along with the challenges faced by adults in different life stages.
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Substance abuse and addiction during adulthood
- 1. SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTION DURINGADULTHOOD LYDIA BETSY. M 2ND YEAR MSC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
- 2. INTRODUCTION • People aremost likely to begin abusing drugs including tobacco, alcohol, and illegal and prescription drug during adolescence and young adulthood. • By the time individuals reach their mid-twenties, many would have reduced the use of alcohol and drugs. • According to Johnson & others(2008), it was found that male young adults are more likely to take drugs than their female counterparts. • Older adults can increase the risks associated with consuming alcohol or other drugs. • By the time they are seniors, almost 70 percent of high school students will have tried alcohol, half will have taken an illegal drug, nearly 40 percent will have smoked a cigarette, and more than 20 percent will have used a prescription drug for a nonmedical purpose. • Different drugs affect the brain differently, but a common factor is that they all raise the level of the chemical dopamine in brain circuits that control reward and pleasure. • 1 in 4 Americans who first smoked, drank or used other drugs before age 18 has a substance problem, compared to 1 in 25 Americans who first drank, smoked or used other drugs at age 21 or older.
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF ADULTHOOD •The transition from adolescence to adulthood that involves experimentation and exploration. • Ranging from 20yrs to 40yrs EARLY ADULTHOOD • The developmental period that begins at approximately 40yrs of age and extends to about 60yrs of age. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD • The longest span of any period of human development. They face a number of problems. • Ranging from 60yrs to till death. LATE ADULTHOOD
- 4. • Source: SAMHSA,Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2013.
- 5. WHAT IS ADDICTION? Addictionis a behavior pattern characterized by an overwhelming involvement with a drug and securing its supply. Eg: Nicotine, alcoholism.
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- 8. WHAT IS SUBSTANCEABUSE? According to WHO “Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs”. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome.
- 9. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OFSUBSTANCE ABUSE
- 10. INCREASED RISK INEARLY ADULTHOOD YEARS • Adults may turn to addictive substances: 1. When coping with the stresses of child rearing,. 2. Balancing a career with family. 3. Managing a household.
- 11. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL •Two problems are associated: 1. Binge drinking: Consumption of an excessive amount of alcohol in a short period of time. • According to Schulenberg & others (2000), chronic binge drinking is more common among college men and women and students living away from home. • In a national survey of drinking patterns on 140 campuses, almost half of the binge drinkers reported problems that included missing classes, physical injuries, troubles with police and having unprotected sex. • Higher level of alcohol use have been consistently linked to higher rates of sexual risk taking, such as engaging in casual sex, sex without using contraception and sexual assaults (Lawyer & others, 2010). • In a National longitudinal study binge drinking by 19-22yrs old women increased from 28% in 1995 to 34% in 2007.
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- 13. 2. Alcoholism: Alcoholismis a disorder that involves long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker’s health and social relationships. • An estimated 50% to 60% of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have genetic predisposition for it. • Studies also reveal that it is related to the environment factors which leads to alcoholism. • A positive outcome and recovery from alcoholism are predicted by certain factors: I. A strong negative experience related to drinking, such as serious medical emergency and condition. II. Finding a substitute dependency to compete with alcohol abuse, such as medication, exercise or overeating. III. Having new social supports. IV. Joining an inspirational groups, such as religious organizations or alcoholics anonymous.
- 16. CIGARETTE SMOKING AND NICOTINE •Smoking is linked to 30% of cancer deaths, 21% heart diseases deaths and 82% of chronic pulmonary disease deaths. • In US, the prevalence of smoking in men has dropped from 42% in 1965 to 20.6% in 2007. However, more than 50 million Americans still smoke cigarettes today. • Nicotine, the active drug in cigarettes, is a stimulant that increases the smoker’s energy and alertness, a pleasurable and reinforcing experience. • Nicotine also stimulates neurotransmitters that have a calming or pain reducing effect.
- 17. INCREASED RISK INMIDDLE AGE YEARS • New risks for addiction and substance abuse may emerge for individuals in middle age: 1. Financial pressures. 2. Divorce. 3. Empty nest. 4. Personal or family illness. 5. Economic and emotional stresses of caring for aging parents or the death of a parent or other loved one.
- 18. INCREASED RISK OFLATE ADULTHOOD YEARS • Older adults face additional life challenges that can lead to problems with addictive substances: 1. Retirement. 2. Sudden or chronic illness. 3. Loss of independent living. 4. Financial woes. 5. Need to care for aging parents or grandchildren or the deaths of family members or friends.
- 19. SUBSTANCE USE ANDABUSE • A National survey found that binge drinking declines through the late adulthood years. Indeed, a majority of US adults 65 years and older completely abstain from alcohol. • The belief is that substance abuse often goes undetected in older adults, and there is concern about older adults who abuse not only illicit drugs but prescription drugs as well (Segal, 2007). • The consequences of alcohol abuse are depression, inadequate nutrition, congestive heart failure and frequent falls. • Late onset alcoholism is the label used to describe the onset of alcohol after the age of 65yrs. It is often related to loneliness, loss of a spouse or a disabling condition. • One study revealed better physical and mental health and increased longevity in older adults who drank moderately compared with those who drank heavily or did not drink at all. • Moderate drinking benefits involve better physical and mental performance, being more open to social contacts and being able to assert mastery over one’s life.
- 20. CONNECTION BETWEEN MENTAL HEALTHAND SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTION
- 21. MENTAL HEALTH ANDSUBSTANCE ABUSE• Chronic use of some drugs can lead to both short- and long-term changes in the brain, which can lead to mental health issues including paranoia, depression, anxiety, aggression, hallucinations, and other problems. • The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) reports that there is a “definite connection between mental illness and the use of addictive substances” and that mental health disorder patients are responsible for the consumption of: 38 percent of alcohol 44 percent of cocaine 40 percent of cigarettes • In 2015, an estimated 43.4 million (17.9 percent) adults ages 18 and older experienced some form of mental illness (other than a developmental or substance use disorder). Of these, 8.1 million had both a substance use disorder and another mental illness.
- 22. • Although substanceuse disorders commonly occur with other mental illnesses, it’s often unclear whether one helped cause the other or if common underlying risk factors contribute to both disorders. • Drugs that can cause mental health problems: cocaine, inhalants, ketamine, kratom, LSD, marijuana, MDMA, methamphetamine, PCP, prescription stimulants, steroids. (SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2014 and 2015) • Today, one in four deaths is attributable to alcohol, tobacco, and illicit or prescription drug use.
- 23. TIPS TO HELPPREVENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE UNDERSTAND HOW SUBSTANCE ABUSE DEVELOPS AVOID TEMPTATION AND PEER PRESSURE SEEK HELP FOR MENTAL ILLNESS EXAMINE THE RISK FACTORS KEEP A WELL BALANCED LIFE
- 24. CONCLUSION • Substance abuseand addiction is very common during the young adulthood and late adulthood years due to various reasons. • It is very closely related to the mental health. • Substance abuse and addiction affects the mental health of an individual and leads to various mental illness. • They can overcome when they take the appropriate treatment or receive good support from friends circle or family.
- 25. REFERENCES • National instituteon drug abuse. (2014, July). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science- addiction/addiction-health • American Addiction center. (2014, March 18th). Retrieved from http://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/five-tips-help-prevent-substance-abuse/ • Katehakis A (2011, April 11th). The cycle of Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sex-lies-trauma/201104/the-cycle-addiction • World Health Organization (2002). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/ • Adolescence and Adulthood. (2000) Retrieved from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/intropsych/pdf/chapter10.pdf
Editor's Notes
- #3 When combined with tranqulizers or sedatives, alcohol use can impair breathing, produce excessive sedation and be fatal.
- #5 Adolescents Differ from Adults in Substances Most Abused
- #7 Pain: low self esteem, frustration, guilt, anxiety, physical and emotional suffering. Need to act out: discomfort has reached an intorelable level, There is sense of urgency to bring out some typr of relief Acting out: using substance abuse, engaging in some type of behavior Temprorary relief: action is the distraction, while uder the substance or engaged in the behavior the person does not deem himself as being responsible for his behavior Consequences of acting out: and they return back to original pain. There is still the original pain that remains undiminished or is even compounded by acting out. The cycle repeats itself until there is sucide, jail, death or treatment/intervention
- #9 a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state.
- #12 Binge drinking college students were 11times more likely to fall behind in school, 10times more likely to drive after drinking and twice as likely to have unprotected sex than college students who did not binge drink.
- #16 Create a group story word by word.
- #20 Having 5 or more drinks in one day.