Absolutism summary 0910
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Absolutism strengthened the power of European monarchs in the 17th century in several ways. Nobles were given tax exemptions and control over local governments in exchange for their loyalty. Louis XIV further consolidated power by creating new nobles who owed their status directly to him. The Catholic Church supported absolutism by giving divine legitimacy to the king's rule and becoming a national church under the king's control. Large standing armies required for new warfare tactics necessitated increased tax collection across each kingdom, further extending the reach and power of absolute monarchs.
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Paglakas ng simbahang katoliko bilang isang institusyon sa gitnang panahon
The document discusses the rise of Catholicism as an institution during the Middle Ages. It summarizes key aspects like how Christianity provided hope during difficult times, how the Church became a strong social institution, the growth of Christianity's doctrines, and the establishment of early churches in major cities. It also covers the role of the popes, development of canon law, founding of monastic orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans, and the Crusades launched to retake the Holy Land. Overall, it analyzes how the Catholic Church became a powerful force in medieval society and culture.
Crusadesedited
The document summarizes the revival of the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries through new religious orders like the Cistercians and mendicant orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic, as well as reforms to address issues like simony and married priests. It also covers the growth of papal power under figures like Gregory VII and Innocent III, and the Crusades launched to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars called by the Pope in the 11th century with three main goals: to regain Christian access to holy sites in the Middle East, heal the split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, and stop the expansion of the Seljuk Turks into parts of Europe and the Holy Land. The Crusades lasted over 200 years and saw both victories and losses for Christians and Muslims as they fought for control over Jerusalem and other holy cities. The Crusades had lasting effects, including increased trade and the spread of goods and ideas between Europe and the Middle East, the growth of centralized power among European monarchs, and a legacy of religious conflict and violence between Christians and Muslims.
Crusades And Changes In Medieval Society
The document provides an overview of the Crusades and the economic changes in medieval Europe between 800-1500 CE. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Crusades were a series of religious wars called by the Pope starting in 1095 CE with the goal of retaking the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 CE.
2) Economic changes led to population growth in medieval Europe. The development of new farming techniques like the three-field system and use of horses increased food production. Guilds also emerged to regulate trades and improve conditions for merchants and artisans.
3) A commercial revolution expanded agriculture, business and trade routes to Asia and Africa.
The Crusades
The document discusses the history of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It began when Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095 to retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks and protect Christian pilgrims. This led to the establishment of Crusader states in the Holy Land. Subsequent crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced challenges from Saladin and failed to achieve lasting control over Jerusalem and the region. The Crusades had lasting religious, political, and economic impacts on relations between Christianity and Islam.
The Age of Justinian
The Age of Justinian saw the Byzantine Empire reach its greatest extent under Emperor Justinian from 527 to 565 AD. He recovered much of Italy, North Africa, and Spain that had been lost, though this weakened the empire financially and militarily. His greatest lasting achievement was the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, renowned for its massive dome and symbolic grandeur. Justinian also had the laws of the Roman Empire codified into a collection known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, which formed the basis of law in Europe. Though the empire declined after Justinian, it persisted as a buffer state between Europe and invading forces from the East for centuries.
Civilizacion I
Christianity first reached Britain before the 4th century AD and spread across the country through both Celtic missionaries and the conversion of Anglo-Saxon kings. In 597, Pope Gregory sent Augustine to Britain to convert the kingdom of Kent to Christianity. The king of Kent, Ethelbert, had a Christian wife who influenced him to convert, establishing Christianity at the court. However, the Celtic and Roman churches disagreed over Easter and authority, until the Synod of Whitby in 663 ended the conflict by supporting the Roman church. Saxon kings then helped spread Christianity across Britain in exchange for the church increasing the kings' power.
Byzantine Empire -- 7th Grade SS
The Byzantine Empire lasted from around 500 CE to 1453 CE, approximately 1000 years longer than the Western Roman Empire. It was centered in Constantinople, formerly known as Byzantium, which was strategically located at a trade crossroads and surrounded by water on three sides. The Byzantine Empire experienced a period of growth under the rule of Justinian I in the 6th century CE, but eventually went into decline and fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. A major schism occurred between the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in 1054 CE.
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The document discusses the rise of Catholicism as an institution during the Middle Ages. It summarizes key aspects like how Christianity provided hope during difficult times, how the Church became a strong social institution, the growth of Christianity's doctrines, and the establishment of early churches in major cities. It also covers the role of the popes, development of canon law, founding of monastic orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans, and the Crusades launched to retake the Holy Land. Overall, it analyzes how the Catholic Church became a powerful force in medieval society and culture.
Crusadesedited
The document summarizes the revival of the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries through new religious orders like the Cistercians and mendicant orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic, as well as reforms to address issues like simony and married priests. It also covers the growth of papal power under figures like Gregory VII and Innocent III, and the Crusades launched to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars called by the Pope in the 11th century with three main goals: to regain Christian access to holy sites in the Middle East, heal the split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, and stop the expansion of the Seljuk Turks into parts of Europe and the Holy Land. The Crusades lasted over 200 years and saw both victories and losses for Christians and Muslims as they fought for control over Jerusalem and other holy cities. The Crusades had lasting effects, including increased trade and the spread of goods and ideas between Europe and the Middle East, the growth of centralized power among European monarchs, and a legacy of religious conflict and violence between Christians and Muslims.
Crusades And Changes In Medieval Society
The document provides an overview of the Crusades and the economic changes in medieval Europe between 800-1500 CE. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Crusades were a series of religious wars called by the Pope starting in 1095 CE with the goal of retaking the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 CE.
2) Economic changes led to population growth in medieval Europe. The development of new farming techniques like the three-field system and use of horses increased food production. Guilds also emerged to regulate trades and improve conditions for merchants and artisans.
3) A commercial revolution expanded agriculture, business and trade routes to Asia and Africa.
The Crusades
The document discusses the history of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It began when Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095 to retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks and protect Christian pilgrims. This led to the establishment of Crusader states in the Holy Land. Subsequent crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced challenges from Saladin and failed to achieve lasting control over Jerusalem and the region. The Crusades had lasting religious, political, and economic impacts on relations between Christianity and Islam.
The Age of Justinian
The Age of Justinian saw the Byzantine Empire reach its greatest extent under Emperor Justinian from 527 to 565 AD. He recovered much of Italy, North Africa, and Spain that had been lost, though this weakened the empire financially and militarily. His greatest lasting achievement was the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, renowned for its massive dome and symbolic grandeur. Justinian also had the laws of the Roman Empire codified into a collection known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, which formed the basis of law in Europe. Though the empire declined after Justinian, it persisted as a buffer state between Europe and invading forces from the East for centuries.
Civilizacion I
Christianity first reached Britain before the 4th century AD and spread across the country through both Celtic missionaries and the conversion of Anglo-Saxon kings. In 597, Pope Gregory sent Augustine to Britain to convert the kingdom of Kent to Christianity. The king of Kent, Ethelbert, had a Christian wife who influenced him to convert, establishing Christianity at the court. However, the Celtic and Roman churches disagreed over Easter and authority, until the Synod of Whitby in 663 ended the conflict by supporting the Roman church. Saxon kings then helped spread Christianity across Britain in exchange for the church increasing the kings' power.
Byzantine Empire -- 7th Grade SS
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Crusades and its Effects PPT
The Crusades had significant economic, social, and political impacts on Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Middle Ages. For Christians in Europe, it increased the use of money and banking, led kings to establish tax systems, and strengthened the power of monarchs. It also exposed Christians to new foods, spices, and trade goods from the Middle East. For Muslims, the Crusades prompted the adoption of new military strategies and weapons while also uniting Muslims against the Christian invaders. For Jews, however, the Crusades exacerbated longstanding antisemitism and discrimination, resulting in massacres of Jewish communities and their eventual expulsion from England and France.
Institutionalization 1
The document summarizes key events in the history of the Christian church, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches in 1054, and the Crusades between the 11th-13th centuries. It discusses how theological and political differences grew over time between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Great Schism formally split the church after representatives from each excommunicated one another. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though many ended in failure or unintended consequences like sacking the Christian city of Constantinople.
The Byzantine Empire
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Crusades
The Crusades were military expeditions launched by Western Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between the 11th and 13th centuries. Major Crusades include the First Crusade which resulted in the establishment of the Crusader States, and the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip II, and Frederick I which allowed for Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem through a peace treaty. The Ninth and final Crusade ended Crusader control of the Holy Land.
The renaissance and the reformation
The document discusses the major events that preceded the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It describes how the popes moved to Avignon and lost influence over kings, sparking disputes over religious authority. It also discusses how figures like John Wycliffe and Martin Luther helped reveal biblical truths that had been dormant, with Luther specifically arguing against indulgences and works-based salvation based on his realization of God's grace. The growth of printing and nationalism also contributed to challenges to the Catholic Church's power.
Age of Justinian
527-565: Justinian revived the ancient Roman Empire, recovering much of Italy, Africa, and Spain. This expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest size under Justinian's rule. However, the wars exhausted the treasury and weakened defenses.
Justinian's greatest achievements were rebuilding the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and creating the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code), which formed the basis of law for many centuries. He ruled as an autocrat with absolute power, even over the church, aided by his wife Theodora, a powerful and influential woman. After Justinian, the Byzantine Empire continued to serve as a buffer between Europe and invading forces from Persia
Crusades powerpoint
This document provides an overview of several topics from the High Middle Ages:
1) The Crusades were launched in response to Muslim control of holy sites, and stimulated trade between Europe and Asia as Asian goods were brought back.
2) Trade revived for several reasons, including increased contact during the Crusades and the rise of trade centers like Flanders.
3) Towns grew as serfdom declined, allowing serfs to leave manors for opportunities in urban areas or changing agricultural practices.
Church-The Early-christian-community
The early church community dated back 60 AD when christians devoutly spend and gather to celebrate the Word of God
The Cristero War
The Cristero War was a conflict between the Catholic Church and the Mexican government in the 1920s that resulted in over 90,000 deaths. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 included anti-clerical laws that restricted religious freedoms and property rights of the Catholic Church. In response, bishops mandated a boycott against the government in the mid-1920s. This led to armed rebellion by Catholic groups known as Cristeros against the Mexican government starting in 1926. The war ended in 1929 through agreements that restored some religious freedoms but kept anti-clerical laws in place.
The Crusades[1]
The document provides background information on the Crusades:
Pope Urban II called for the Crusades in the 11th century to retake the Holy Lands from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped this would unite Christianity and increase the power and prestige of the Church. Thousands answered the call for religious and political reasons. The Crusades had mixed success in retaking lands but ultimately failed in their goal. They led to increased trade and the rise of stronger centralized monarchies in Europe.
At first christianity arrived to britain
Christianity first arrived in Britain in the early 4th century and was accepted by Roman emperors, spreading among Celtic areas and controlling large regions. When England was Christianized, the first archbishop was sent to establish Christian authority, teaching the faith to ordinary villagers. The religion was useful to the government and church for conveniently controlling the people's minds, with bishops creating a center of power at kings' courts. While one church focused on people's hearts, the other emphasized authority, and Christianity increased its influence rapidly except in a few remaining areas as it helped kings consolidate power by claiming God's approval for conquests.
The crusades
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions organized by the Pope and European kings between 1096-1396 CE to take the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were economic motivations as well, as European kings wanted to control trade routes in the Orient. While the First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem, later Crusades failed to retain control of the Holy Land due to infighting between Christian factions, stronger Muslim armies at times, and settlements that were difficult for Europeans to support from far away.
Church in middle ages
The Catholic Church was the dominant institution in Europe during the Middle Ages and wielded significant political power. Bishops and other high-ranking clergy often sat on kings' councils and helped govern. Monasteries were run according to St. Benedict's rules, with monks and nuns taking vows of poverty, chastery, and obedience. Pilgrimages to holy sites were also an important part of religious life. The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of holy sites in Palestine. In response to heresy, the Inquisition was established in 1233 to investigate and punish those accused of holding beliefs contrary to Church doctrine.
Constantine and charlemagne
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and legalize the religion in the Roman Empire. He established a new capital in Constantinople and helped spread Christianity. Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 and expanded their territory, being crowned emperor by the pope in 800, which unified much of Western Europe under his rule and launched a cultural revival.
Chapter 25 The Church And Crusades
The document discusses the Catholic Church and Crusades between 1000-1300 AD. It describes the political and social influence of the Catholic Church during this period and the issues of heresy that led to the Inquisition. It then summarizes the origins and goals of the Crusades, including the Peasants' Crusade and Nobles' Crusade that captured Jerusalem in 1099. Finally, it discusses the later Crusades including Saladin retaking Jerusalem and the failure of the Third Crusade.
His 101 chapter 8 expansion of europe (chaos, conlfict, order)
Charlemagne ruled as King of the Franks from 768-814 and succeeded in militarizing his state, conducting conquests against the Lombards, appointing counts to supervise new lands, establishing a coinage system, and controlling bishops and abbots. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800 and played a major role in promoting education and scholarship through initiatives like Carolingian minuscule script.
Constantine & Religion
- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
- The document discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the persecution of Christians by Roman authorities for roughly 300 years. It then outlines the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and his efforts to legalize and promote the religion.
- The Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern sections with Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions and controlled major trade routes.
The crusades
The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The Muslims had captured Jerusalem, preventing Christian pilgrimages. Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks and return of the Holy Land to Christianity. Thousands answered the call, including feudal lords, knights, and peasants. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, though the Turks later retook much of the territory, leading to further Crusades over the next century with no lasting victories for the Christians.
14.1 church reform and the crusades
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
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This document discusses absolutism in European history when monarchs had total control over their nations. It mentions that rulers often disregarded people's needs and provides examples of absolute rulers like Louis XIV of France who declared himself the state and Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia who westernized Russia and made it a major world power.
French Revolution - Part I
The document provides background on the French Revolution from 1789-1794. It describes the three estates system and growing discontent of the Third Estate, as well as events that sparked the revolution such as the storming of the Bastille. The summary focuses on key groups that emerged during the Moderate and Radical stages of the revolution. The Moderate stage saw the formation of the National Assembly and early reforms. The Radical stage was dominated by the Sans-culottes, Jacobins, and Montagnards like Marat and Robespierre who unleashed terror, while the Girondins lost popularity for opposing the overthrow of the monarchy.
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Crusades and its Effects PPT
The Crusades had significant economic, social, and political impacts on Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Middle Ages. For Christians in Europe, it increased the use of money and banking, led kings to establish tax systems, and strengthened the power of monarchs. It also exposed Christians to new foods, spices, and trade goods from the Middle East. For Muslims, the Crusades prompted the adoption of new military strategies and weapons while also uniting Muslims against the Christian invaders. For Jews, however, the Crusades exacerbated longstanding antisemitism and discrimination, resulting in massacres of Jewish communities and their eventual expulsion from England and France.
Institutionalization 1
The document summarizes key events in the history of the Christian church, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches in 1054, and the Crusades between the 11th-13th centuries. It discusses how theological and political differences grew over time between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Great Schism formally split the church after representatives from each excommunicated one another. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though many ended in failure or unintended consequences like sacking the Christian city of Constantinople.
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering Italy and North Africa. Justinian ruled as an autocrat and had the Hagia Sophia and Hippodrome constructed. His legal code organized Roman law and influenced modern concepts of justice. The Byzantine Empire survived until 1453 when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire.
Reforms presentation
Church reform in the 16th century was influenced by earlier movements such as the Waldensians, Lollards, and Hussites, who criticized the Catholic Church. Martin Luther furthered reform with his 95 Theses and writings on "Sola Fide". In England, King Henry VIII broke with Rome over his divorce and passed acts establishing himself as the head of the Church of England. Under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, further reforms through acts of uniformity and the Book of Common Prayer standardized Protestant theology, though reform remained an ongoing process.
Crusades
The Crusades were military expeditions launched by Western Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between the 11th and 13th centuries. Major Crusades include the First Crusade which resulted in the establishment of the Crusader States, and the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip II, and Frederick I which allowed for Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem through a peace treaty. The Ninth and final Crusade ended Crusader control of the Holy Land.
The renaissance and the reformation
The document discusses the major events that preceded the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It describes how the popes moved to Avignon and lost influence over kings, sparking disputes over religious authority. It also discusses how figures like John Wycliffe and Martin Luther helped reveal biblical truths that had been dormant, with Luther specifically arguing against indulgences and works-based salvation based on his realization of God's grace. The growth of printing and nationalism also contributed to challenges to the Catholic Church's power.
Age of Justinian
527-565: Justinian revived the ancient Roman Empire, recovering much of Italy, Africa, and Spain. This expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest size under Justinian's rule. However, the wars exhausted the treasury and weakened defenses.
Justinian's greatest achievements were rebuilding the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and creating the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code), which formed the basis of law for many centuries. He ruled as an autocrat with absolute power, even over the church, aided by his wife Theodora, a powerful and influential woman. After Justinian, the Byzantine Empire continued to serve as a buffer between Europe and invading forces from Persia
Crusades powerpoint
This document provides an overview of several topics from the High Middle Ages:
1) The Crusades were launched in response to Muslim control of holy sites, and stimulated trade between Europe and Asia as Asian goods were brought back.
2) Trade revived for several reasons, including increased contact during the Crusades and the rise of trade centers like Flanders.
3) Towns grew as serfdom declined, allowing serfs to leave manors for opportunities in urban areas or changing agricultural practices.
Church-The Early-christian-community
The early church community dated back 60 AD when christians devoutly spend and gather to celebrate the Word of God
The Cristero War
The Cristero War was a conflict between the Catholic Church and the Mexican government in the 1920s that resulted in over 90,000 deaths. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 included anti-clerical laws that restricted religious freedoms and property rights of the Catholic Church. In response, bishops mandated a boycott against the government in the mid-1920s. This led to armed rebellion by Catholic groups known as Cristeros against the Mexican government starting in 1926. The war ended in 1929 through agreements that restored some religious freedoms but kept anti-clerical laws in place.
The Crusades[1]
The document provides background information on the Crusades:
Pope Urban II called for the Crusades in the 11th century to retake the Holy Lands from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped this would unite Christianity and increase the power and prestige of the Church. Thousands answered the call for religious and political reasons. The Crusades had mixed success in retaking lands but ultimately failed in their goal. They led to increased trade and the rise of stronger centralized monarchies in Europe.
At first christianity arrived to britain
Christianity first arrived in Britain in the early 4th century and was accepted by Roman emperors, spreading among Celtic areas and controlling large regions. When England was Christianized, the first archbishop was sent to establish Christian authority, teaching the faith to ordinary villagers. The religion was useful to the government and church for conveniently controlling the people's minds, with bishops creating a center of power at kings' courts. While one church focused on people's hearts, the other emphasized authority, and Christianity increased its influence rapidly except in a few remaining areas as it helped kings consolidate power by claiming God's approval for conquests.
The crusades
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions organized by the Pope and European kings between 1096-1396 CE to take the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were economic motivations as well, as European kings wanted to control trade routes in the Orient. While the First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem, later Crusades failed to retain control of the Holy Land due to infighting between Christian factions, stronger Muslim armies at times, and settlements that were difficult for Europeans to support from far away.
Church in middle ages
The Catholic Church was the dominant institution in Europe during the Middle Ages and wielded significant political power. Bishops and other high-ranking clergy often sat on kings' councils and helped govern. Monasteries were run according to St. Benedict's rules, with monks and nuns taking vows of poverty, chastery, and obedience. Pilgrimages to holy sites were also an important part of religious life. The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of holy sites in Palestine. In response to heresy, the Inquisition was established in 1233 to investigate and punish those accused of holding beliefs contrary to Church doctrine.
Constantine and charlemagne
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and legalize the religion in the Roman Empire. He established a new capital in Constantinople and helped spread Christianity. Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 and expanded their territory, being crowned emperor by the pope in 800, which unified much of Western Europe under his rule and launched a cultural revival.
Chapter 25 The Church And Crusades
The document discusses the Catholic Church and Crusades between 1000-1300 AD. It describes the political and social influence of the Catholic Church during this period and the issues of heresy that led to the Inquisition. It then summarizes the origins and goals of the Crusades, including the Peasants' Crusade and Nobles' Crusade that captured Jerusalem in 1099. Finally, it discusses the later Crusades including Saladin retaking Jerusalem and the failure of the Third Crusade.
His 101 chapter 8 expansion of europe (chaos, conlfict, order)
Charlemagne ruled as King of the Franks from 768-814 and succeeded in militarizing his state, conducting conquests against the Lombards, appointing counts to supervise new lands, establishing a coinage system, and controlling bishops and abbots. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800 and played a major role in promoting education and scholarship through initiatives like Carolingian minuscule script.
Constantine & Religion
- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
- The document discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the persecution of Christians by Roman authorities for roughly 300 years. It then outlines the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and his efforts to legalize and promote the religion.
- The Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern sections with Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions and controlled major trade routes.
The crusades
The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The Muslims had captured Jerusalem, preventing Christian pilgrimages. Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks and return of the Holy Land to Christianity. Thousands answered the call, including feudal lords, knights, and peasants. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, though the Turks later retook much of the territory, leading to further Crusades over the next century with no lasting victories for the Christians.
14.1 church reform and the crusades
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
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His 101 chapter 8 expansion of europe (chaos, conlfict, order)
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Intro Age Of Absolutism 1222829510446566 8
This document discusses absolutism in European history when monarchs had total control over their nations. It mentions that rulers often disregarded people's needs and provides examples of absolute rulers like Louis XIV of France who declared himself the state and Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia who westernized Russia and made it a major world power.
French Revolution - Part I
The document provides background on the French Revolution from 1789-1794. It describes the three estates system and growing discontent of the Third Estate, as well as events that sparked the revolution such as the storming of the Bastille. The summary focuses on key groups that emerged during the Moderate and Radical stages of the revolution. The Moderate stage saw the formation of the National Assembly and early reforms. The Radical stage was dominated by the Sans-culottes, Jacobins, and Montagnards like Marat and Robespierre who unleashed terror, while the Girondins lost popularity for opposing the overthrow of the monarchy.
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France on the eve of the revolution was divided into three estates. The First Estate was the clergy who owned 10% of the land and paid no taxes. The Second Estate was the nobles who held government positions but also paid no taxes. The Third Estate was everyone else, around 98% of the population who were peasants, workers, and the middle class and paid all the taxes. The Third Estate resented the privileges of the upper estates and the burden of taxes especially as food prices rose. King Louis XVI called the Estates General to address France's economic troubles but each estate got one vote, favoring the First and Second Estates. The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to create
Age Of Absolutism 16th – 19th Century
The document provides an overview of the Age of Absolutism in Europe between the 16th-19th centuries. It summarizes the rise of absolute monarchies in Spain, France, England, and Russia during this period and their eventual downfalls. Key events included the defeat of the Spanish Armada weakening Spain's power, the English Civil War replacing the absolute British monarchy with a constitutional one, and the Russian Revolution overthrowing the Russian czar and establishing communism.
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The document provides an overview of the rise of absolutism in 17th century Europe in response to religious and social unrest. It discusses how monarchs like Louis XIV of France consolidated power by limiting the influence of nobles and establishing divine right. It also summarizes the development of constitutional monarchy in England through conflicts between monarchs and Parliament that led to the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution, establishing more power for Parliament.
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Henry IV brought stability to France after the Wars of Religion through the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious tolerance. He reformed the government and increased the power of the monarchy, laying the foundations for absolutism. Under the guidance of Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin, Louis XIII and Louis XIV further strengthened the monarch's control over the nobility and established absolutism, with Louis XIV proclaiming "L'état, c'est moi." Louis XIV expanded the bureaucracy, built up the army, revoked the Edict of Nantes, and was a patron of the arts, but his revocation damaged France's economy and reputation.
Age Of Absolutism
Absolute monarchies were common during the Age of Absolutism from the 1500s to late 1700s. Absolute monarchs possessed total control over their kingdoms and had several advantages, such as efficient decision making and long-term stability. However, they also had weaknesses like being undemocratic and restricting individual rights. Russia in particular was isolated during this period due to Mongol rule and a lack of warm water ports, but Czars like Peter the Great sought to modernize and Westernize the nation through reforms like building the new capital St. Petersburg.
Age Of Absolutism
During the Age of Absolutism, several European powers centralized power around strong absolute monarchies. France was centralized under Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King", who ignored parliament and spent lavishly. Prussia became a powerful Protestant state under Frederick William and his son Frederick the Great. Austria remained strong under Catholic Hapsburg rule, led by Maria Theresa. Russia was westernized and its power centralized by Peter the Great and later Catherine the Great, though both increased serfdom. These powers vied for dominance in shifting alliances while seeking to maintain a balance of power in Europe through competition and war.
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Early Middle Ages
This document provides an overview of medieval Europe, focusing on the relationship between secular and religious power. It discusses how the Catholic Church became deeply involved in government during this period and established a common religious identity across Europe. It also examines the feudal system of land ownership and social roles, the Crusades, and influential figures like Charlemagne and Pope Gregory VII who challenged lay investiture. Overall, the document analyzes how the Catholic Church established itself as a unifying religious and political force in medieval Europe while also contesting power with secular rulers at times.
Medieval society
Medieval society was divided into three estates: nobility, clergy, and workers. The nobility did not pay taxes and were responsible for defending the population. The clergy's duty was to pray for spiritual salvation and some participated in government. Most workers were peasants who produced food and goods while paying taxes. The feudal system established hierarchies of power and obligations between the king, nobles, and peasants over lands and resources.
Feudalism
Feudalism developed in Western Europe following the collapse of the Roman political order. As Roman rule gave way to anarchy in the 5th century, kings had to rely more on local nobles to administer their kingdoms, granting them land in exchange for military service. This led to the decentralization of political power as nobles subdivided their lands among lesser nobles. Though this system led to instability and conflict at first, feudalism provided some defense against raids and invasions in the absence of strong central government. By 1000 AD feudalism had established a degree of stability in Western Europe, setting the stage for renewed civilization in the High Middle Ages.
His 102 ch 15 (2018)
This document summarizes key aspects of absolutism in Europe between 1660-1789. It describes the political theory of absolutism and how rulers like Louis XIV of France centralized power. It discusses enlightened absolutism under monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Catherine the Great of Russia who balanced absolutism with support for education and the merchant class. War was used by these empires to consolidate power and increase their territories, shifting the balance of power in Europe. Colonialism and slavery developed under mercantilism to maximize profits for the mother countries.
His 102 chapter 15 Absolutism and Empire
This document provides an overview of absolutism in Europe between 1660-1789. It discusses the political theory of absolutism and how various monarchs, such as Louis XIV of France, Frederick William of Prussia, and Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia consolidated power. It also examines how Enlightenment ideas influenced some absolutist rulers. Wars during this period, like the War of the Spanish Succession and Seven Years' War, had immense consequences for the balance of power in Europe and growth of overseas empires. Colonialism, mercantilism, and the triangular slave trade profoundly shaped European economies and their exploitation of resources in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
The Middle Ages Part 1 and The Church unifies.ppt
The Church played a major role in stabilizing Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. As political authority dissolved, the Church provided order, security, and spiritual leadership that people relied upon. It became one of the most powerful institutions through its wealth acquired from tithes, large land holdings, and political influence over rulers through powers like excommunication. The Church helped to unify the fragmented peoples under its religious authority.
Middle ages
The document summarizes key developments in Europe between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance period. It discusses the decline of the Roman and Byzantine Empires due to corruption and invasions. It also outlines the rise of Christianity and the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages, as well as the establishment of feudalism and manorialism as social and economic systems.
APUSH Colonies review
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The Medieval Fusion of Church and StateInterrelation of .docx
The Medieval Fusion of Church and State
Interrelation of Secular and Religious Authorities
Political and religious authorities in the High Middle Ages (1000-1350) had many conflicts, but none advocated a division between church and state.
I. Political and Religious InterrelationsII. Papal Reform MovementIII. The Eleventh-Century Investiture Conflict
I. Political and Religious Interrelations1. “Separation of Church and State” Defining what we mean in the twenty-first century: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”2. The political role of medieval clergyBishops as worldly lords3. The religious role of medieval secular rulers
II. Papal Reform Movement (Freedom of the Church)1. Choosing bishops and the PopeHenry III installs Pope Leo IX 1048Establishment of the College of Cardinals 10592. Attacking Church Abuses (secular clergy)SimonyProprietary ChurchesClerical Marriage/ConcubinageLay Investiture
3. Papacy as Religious Monarchy 1. Extending Papal JurisdictionPopes claim power to invest all bishops (those outside his territory in central Italy)2. Pope as Feudal LordConferred the status of king on the Norman ruler of Sicily3. Development of Canon Law and Pope as Ultimate JudgePapal Curia as a Church Supreme Court
III. The Investiture Conflict1. Control of Milan 1075Pope Gregory VII deposed German bishops appointed by Henry IVHenry IV King of Germany and “Emperor of the Romans”2. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who faces a challenger for imperial throne 3. Canossa 1077; Civil War in Germany; Second excommunication4. Gregory Flees Rome 10845. Concordat of Worms 1122
Holy War: The First Crusade
Urban II in 1095 in Clermont
The Crusades grew out of the papal reform movement of the eleventh century and the increased political role of the pope in European affairs. Through the crusades the popes applied ideas of purification and regeneration to all of Christendom.Not just the clergy needed to be purified, but also the lay warrior elite. Through holy war!
I. Preconditions for the Crusades1. Church and Papal Reform2. Penitential and Devotional Practices3. Christian Ideas of Just War and Holy War4. Political Fragmentation in the Islamic WorldBreakdown of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Influence of the Seljuk Turks
II. Unexpected Developments1. The Peasants’ Crusade (Popular Crusade)Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit2. Attacks on Jewish Communities in the Rhineland (1096)Jews forced to convert or die3. The Baron’s Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem (1099)
III. Consequences of the Crusades1. The Capture of Jerusalem (1099)2. Establishment of Latin Crusader States3. Increased Conflict with the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodox Church4. Increased Trade with the Near East
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The document summarizes the key events and developments of the Middle Ages in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the invasions of Germanic tribes led to the fragmentation of Europe, disruption of trade and decline of cities. Local nobles gained power as central authority weakened, laying the foundations for feudalism. The Catholic Church remained as a stabilizing institution and promoter of literacy. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish Kingdom and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, though his empire did not long outlive him. Overall, the period was marked by political decentralization, rise of manorialism and growing power of the Church.
Review 1
The document provides background information on the Spanish Monarchy in the 15th and 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) The union between Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon known as the Catholic Monarchs, which brought together the Crowns of Castile and Aragon but kept them largely independent.
2) Their successors, including their grandson Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) who inherited a vast empire but faced revolts from nobles and the Comuneros in Castile.
3) Philip II who inherited the empire and made Madrid the capital, centralizing power but facing ongoing conflicts with England, the Netherlands, and the Ottoman Empire.
Unit 8 Political and Economic Change
The document summarizes the political and economic changes in Europe during the 15th-16th centuries. It focuses on the rise of powerful monarchies like Spain under the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. It describes how the economies and populations of European states grew after the devastation of the 14th century's Black Death. Society became divided into estates rather than serfs and peasants. Kings centralized power by reducing the influence of nobles, the church, and parliaments. In Iberia, Castile and Aragon united through marriage and conquest, establishing Spain as a major power under Ferdinand and Isabella, who pursued policies of religious unity, territorial expansion, and strengthening royal authority.
Europe After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes settled across Europe, establishing new kingdoms. They adopted some Roman governmental structures but retained Germanic social traditions like powerful family units. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire, strengthening ties between Germanic, Christian, and Roman elements. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire survived but faced threats to its frontiers and internal disputes, including a schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Restoration 2013
The document summarizes key events during the English Restoration period from 1660 to 1688. It discusses the return of the monarchy under Charles II after the Puritan rule of Oliver Cromwell. Though Charles II promised religious tolerance, the Clarendon Code imposed restrictions on non-Anglicans. Tensions increased under James II over his Catholicism, leading to the Glorious Revolution and replacement of James II by his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange in 1688.
Europe & Christianity
This document covers the history of Christianity in Europe from its origins to the Middle Ages. It discusses the establishment of the early Christian church and its organization. As Christianity spread across Europe, the church grew in power and influence over political leaders. This led to conflicts between the church and kings over issues like who had the authority to appoint bishops. The document also examines the reforms of the Catholic Church during this period and the beginnings of constitutional government.
A TUDOR REVOLUTION IN GOVERNMENT
1. Professor Elton argued that England experienced a "revolution" in government under Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell in the 1530s, transforming it from a medieval system centered around the royal household to a modern bureaucratic system. However, others have challenged aspects of this view.
2. Critics argue that important government reforms took place under earlier monarchs like Edward IV and Henry VII, and the royal court and household continued to play an important role in administration under Henry VIII. Additionally, bodies like the Privy Council evolved gradually rather than being a sudden creation of Cromwell.
3. While the Reformation enhanced royal power and national identity, the impact on perceptions of England was likely more limited in
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The document discusses the history of the American colonies from the late 1600s to the 1700s. It covers three main time periods:
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2) 1700-80, where trade increased dramatically across the Atlantic due to an influx of ships, goods, and immigrants from Britain and elsewhere to the colonies. This boosted economic growth.
3) 1700-75, known as the First Great Awakening, where religious establishments faced challenges from evangelical radicals who rejected state-sponsored churches and embraced emotional revival meetings.
The Catholic Monarchs. Spain 15ht century
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid. learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
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Monarchies
An absolute monarch is a king or queen who has total control over their nation without limits to their power. Some key examples included Phillip II of Spain and Louis XIV of France, both of whom ruled vast empires and held immense power and wealth. The English Civil War in the 1600s established a constitutional monarchy in Britain, limiting the monarch's power and establishing Parliament as a check, a system that continues today with Elizabeth II as Queen.
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire grew strong under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD through his legal reforms, military conquests, and construction projects. However, the Empire declined after Justinian's death due to invasions and loss of territory to neighboring powers like the Lombards and Persians. The Christian church also split between the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches due to disagreements over icons and the supremacy of the Roman Pope.
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Absolutism summary 0910
- 1. Absolutism Summary AP European History St. Anne’s-Belfield
- 2. Absolutism and Nobility ✦ In exchange for their loyalty, nobles were given special privileges and exemptions (tax exemptions, etc) ✦ In exchange for their loyalty, nobles were given power over local, provincial governments ✦ Louis XIV created new nobles through the selling and conferring of nobility ✦ Allows king to control “new” class of nobility (Robe) who owe their status and title to king
- 3. Absolutism and Religion ✦ The Church’s (Catholic) quest for uniformity of belief (vs. Protestantism) went hand in hand with the king’s desire to eliminate challenges to his authority ✦ The Church was able to give divine sanction to rule (king controls bodies and souls!) ✦ The Church was given the security of being the NATIONAL church ✦ The Church lost important powers like the ability to appoint bishops making it little more than an arm of the absolutist regime
- 4. Absolutism and Warfare ✦ In the aftermath of wars of religion, “reasons of state” came to dominate the rationales for going to war ✦ The Military Revolution necessitated the creation of massive, well-equipped armies ✦ The Greater Tax revenues necessary to maintain a large standing army required the development of a massive state structure to collect taxes throughout the land ✦ The regular collection of taxes by royal officials helped consolidate the king’s power throughout the nation.
Editor's Notes
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