The document discusses the manufacture and properties of cement. There are two main processes for cement production - the dry process and wet process. In the dry process, raw materials are ground, dried, blended and fed into a kiln to form clinker. This process uses less water and energy than the wet process. The major chemical compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. Hydration reactions of these compounds produce strength-giving calcium silicate hydrates and calcium hydroxide. The type and proportions of compounds affect properties like strength development and heat evolution.

1. 1
CEMENT
Manufacture of Cement
DRY PROCESS:-
 In the Dry and Semi-dry processes, the raw materials are crushed and fed in
correct proportions into a grinding mill
 They are dried and reduced in size to a fine powder.
 The dry powder called raw meal is then pumped into a blending silo, where an
intimate and uniform mixture is obtained, usually by introducing a
compressed air.
 In the Semi-dry process, the blended meal is sieved and fed into a rotating dish
called granulator and water weighing about 12 % of the meal is added at the
same time.
 In this manner hard pellets of about 15 mm in diameter are formed
 This is necessary, as cold powder fed direct into the kiln would not permit the
air flow and exchange of heat necessary for chemical reaction required for the
formation of cement clinker.
 The pellets are baked hard in a pre-heating grate by means of hot gases from
the Kiln.
 The pellets then enter the kiln for burning and subsequent conversion into
clinker.

2. 2
BLENDING
CLAY
WATER
CHALK
WATER
SLURRY
TANK
ROTARY KILN
Wash
Mill
Clay
Slurry
BALL MILLS
BURNING ZONE
COLD AIR
CLINKER COOLER
GYPSUM
PULVERIZED COAL
TO CEMENT SILOS
WET PROCESS
Manufacturing of Cement

3. 3
Jumbo Bag Packing
Electronic Packers: It has
continuous weighing system &
ensures that the bags separating
from the nozzles have accurate
weight of Cement
Cross-section
Multi Compartment Silo

4. 4
 Since the moisture content is only 12 % as compared to 40 % in the Wet
Process, the size of the kiln is comparatively smaller
 The heat required is also much smaller, thereby making this process quit
economical.
 The total consumption of Coal in this method is only 100 Kg whereas in the
wet process the requirement of coal is 350 Kg for producing 1 ton of cement.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT:-
Following are the major constituents of cement
The above compounds are also known as Bogue’s Compounds based on the work
done by R. H. Bogue and others.
Name of Compound Oxide Composition Abbreviation
Tri-Calcium Silicate 3CaO SiO2 C3S [CaO – C & SiO2 – S]
Di-Calcium Silicate 2CaO SiO2 C2S
Tri-Calcium Aluminate 3CaO Al2 O3 C3A [Al2O3 – A]
Tetra-Calcium Alumino ferrite 4CaO Al2 O3Fe2O3 C4AF [Fe2O3 – F]

5. 5
Various Compounds in Clinker

6.  In addition to the main compounds listed above there exist minor compounds,
which are a few percent of the weight of cement
MgO TiO
Mn2O3 K2O
Na2O Fe2O3
 Two of the above compounds i.e. the oxides of potassium and sodium are of interest.
 They are found to react with some of the aggregates and the product of reaction causes
disintegration of concrete.
 They also affect the gain of strength of the cement.
Composition of Portland Cement
6
OXIDES Percentage
Ca O 60 – 67
Si O2 17 – 25
Al2 O3 03 – 08
Fe2 O3 0.5 – 6.0
Mg O 0.1 – 4.0
Alkalis 0.2 – 0.3
S O3 01 – 03

7. 7
 The Silicates C3S and C2S are responsible for the strength of hydrated cement
paste.
 The Aluminate C3A in cement paste is undesirable: as it contribute little or
nothing to the strength of the cement except at early ages.
 However C3A is beneficial in the manufacture of cement as it facilitates the
combination of lime and silica.
 The reaction by virtue of which Portland Cement becomes a bonding agent,
takes place in water cement paste. In other words, in the presence of water, the
silicates and aluminates forms the products of hydration, which in time
produces a firm and hard mass – The Hardened Cement Paste.
 The Silicates C3S and C2S are the main cementitious compounds in cement.
 In commercial cements, the calcium silicate contains some small impurities
from some of the oxides present in the clinker. These impurities have a strong
effect on the properties of the hydrated cement. The impure C3S is known as
alite and the impure C2S as belite.
 C3S hydrates more rapidly than C2S.
 The product of hydration of C3S and C2S is the micro-crystalline hydrate
C3S2H3 with some lime separating out as crystalline Ca(OH)2.
 C2S produces less lime than C3S.

8. Hydration of Cement
 Anhydrous Cement Compounds when mixed with water react with other to form
Hydrated Compounds of very low solubility .
 The reaction of Cement with Water is Exothermic.
 The reaction liberates considerable amount of heat
 This liberation of heat is termed as heat of Hydration
 The Hydration Process is not an Instantaneous process – Faster in the early
Period and Continues indefinitely at a decreasing rate.
 Complete Hydration cannot be obtained under a period of one year or so.
 The product of hydration shows unattacked Cores of Calcium Silicate,
surrounded by a layer of Hydrated Silicate
 This layer of Hydrated Silicate is Impervious and further slows down the
Hydration Reaction
 After 28 days of Curing, it is found that the Cement Grain is Hydrated only upto
a depth of 4 .
 It is also observed that complete hydration is possible only for cement particle
smaller than 50
 The Largest Crystal of C3S or C2S is about 40 with an average size being 15-20
 C2S present at the surface of the Cement Grain may get Hydrated and a more
reactive C3S lying in the interior of the cement grain may not get hydrated 8

9.  The Hydrated product adheres firmly to the unhydrated Core of Cement Grain
 Hence Unhydrated Cement left in a grain of cement will not reduce the strength
of cement mortar or concrete as long as the product of hydration are well
compacted.
 Nowadays Calcium Silicate hydrates are described as C-S-H gel. ( Previously
referred to as tobermorite gel)
9

10. 10
The Approximate hydration reaction are:-
For C3S :
2 C3S + 6H = C3S2H3 + 3Ca(OH)2
[100] [24] [75] [49]
For C2S :
2 C2S + 4H = C3S2H3 + 3Ca(OH)2
[100] [21] [99] [22]
For C3A:
C3A + 6H = C3AH6
[100] [40] [140]

11. 11
 The Numbers in Brackets indicate the corresponding weights/masses.
 On the Weight/Mass basis, both silicates require approximately the same amount of water
for their hydration.
 But C3S produces more than twice as much Ca(OH)2 as is produced by the hydration of C2S.
 The amount of C3A in most of the cements is small. Its hydrated structure is of cubic
crystalline form, which is surrounded by Calcium Silicate hydrates.
Heat of Hydration and Strength
 Hydration of cement is exothermic.
 The temperature at which the hydration takes place is important
 Half of the total heat is liberated between 1 to 3 days.
 Nearly 90% is liberated in 6 months.
 Heat of hydration can be reduced by reducing the quantity of C3S and C3A
 Also fineness of the cement affects the heat of hydration.
Oxides Heat of Hydration in J/g
C3S 502
C2S 260
C3A 867
C4AF 419

12. 12
Compressive
Strength
(MPa)
70
80
60
50
40
30
20
20
7 28 90 180 360
C3A
C4AF
C3S
C2S
AGE-DAYS
Fig: Development of Strength of Pure Compounds

13. • C3S and C2S, which together constitute 70%-80% of cement, contribute
to most of the strength developing characteristics of cement.
• High percentage of C3S (Low C2S) results in high early gain of strength
accompanied by higher heat of hydration.
• Low C3S and high C2S leads to a slower rate of gain of strength with
lesser heat of hydration. Though the long term strength of cement with
any combination of C3S and C2S remain nearly the same.
• C3S contribute to most of the strength during first four weeks, C2S
influences the strength after four weeks.
• Thus, their individual contribution to strength in long term(1 year) is
equal for equal individual weights
• But,
• Lower rate of gain of strength leads to denser gel formation with high
ultimate strength.
• In certain cements their might be a retrogression of strength in high
C3S cements and continued increase in strength in high C2S cement
over a longer period of time.
• This may be explained by the fact that hydration of C2S produces more
of C3S2H3 and less Ca(OH)2 than that produced by C3S. 13

14. SECONDARY HYDRATION:-
 It is seen that Ca(OH)2 is produced during the hydration of C3S and C2S.
 This Ca(OH)2 is the weakest link since it is prone to chemical attack ultimately
leading to
 Distress
 Leaching(seepage)
 Corrosion
 Cracks
 Expansion
Finally leading to disintegration of concrete.
 Lime in highly corrosive environment leaches out of Concrete & Plaster, rendering
the structure Porous.
 Certain type of siliceous materials, which are made reactive in finely divided form,
are able to combine with lime at ordinary temperatures, to produce a binder
similar in composition to that resulting from the hydration of Portland Cement.
Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 C3S2H3
 This Secondary hydration reaction, continue over years and make the Concrete &
Cement Plaster Dense.
14

15. 15
C3S(3CaOSio2 + H2O = 3CaO.2Sio2.3H2O + Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + Sio2 = 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O

16. Different Grades of Cement
• Higher grade of cements (higher than 33 grade) are produced by finer
grinding and by increasing Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) content.
• Cements attaining high early strength are produced, by increasing the ratio of
C3S/ C2S and the fineness. This leads high 28-day strength.
• The grade of cement refers to the compressive strength of mortar cube
prepared with that cement & measured after 28 day of curing.
• The Compressive Strength of Cement of Grade 43 after 28 days of curing is
expected to be 43 MPa.
• The long-term Strength of high and low-grade cements is the same.
16

17. Types of Portland Cements
 Cement with different Chemical Composition, when hydrated exhibit different
properties.
 It is possible to select different proportions of raw materials for making different
types of cement having different properties.
 Special types of cements can be produced with special uses.
 Commercially different types of Portland Cements are available in the market.
 Cements have been produced to ensure good resistance and durability of concrete
under different environment.
 The composition of the cement should be such that it can resist the Loads,
Shrinkage, Creep Permeability Weathering etc.
Main Types of Portland Cement ( British Classification)
17
1 Ordinary Portland Cement 6 Sulphate Resistance Portland Cement
2 Rapid Hardening Portland 7 Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
3 Ultra High Early Strength Portland 8 Low Heat Portland Blast Furnace
4 Low Heat Portland 9 White Portland Cement
5 Modified Cement 10 Portland Pozzolana Cement

18. Average Values of Compositions of Various Cements
18
Cement C3S % C2S
%
C3A% C4AF
%
Minor
Compounds
1 Ordinary Portland 59 15 12 8 -
2 Modified Cement 46 29 6 12 -
3 Rapid hardening 60 12 12 8 -
4 Low Heat Portland 30 46 5 13 -
5 Sulphate Resistance 43 36 4 12 -