The document discusses normal and abnormal gait, defining normal gait as a coordinated progression of the body and outlining various types of abnormal gait caused by factors like inflammation, trauma, and congenital diseases. It describes types of abnormal gait, including antalgic, arthrogenic, ataxic, and Parkinsonian gait, along with their characteristics and compensatory mechanisms. Additionally, specific gait patterns are explained, such as high stepping and scissoring, highlighting how different conditions affect the walking motion.

1. TOPIC- ABNORMAL
GAIT
made by- jayashri Machhale

2. CONTENT
1. Normal Gait
2. Abnormal Gait
3. Causes of Abnormal Gait
4. Types of Abnormal Gait

3. NORMAL GAIT
Definition:- It is defined as translatory
progression of a body as a whole,
produced by co-ordinated, rotatory
movements of body segments.
Gait cycle:- It is a time interval between
initial contact of one foot to the next
initial contact of another foot (total
duration- 0.6sec).

4. PHASES OF GAIT
Stance phase- 60%
Swing phase- 40%

5. ABNORMAL GAIT
There are many systems of body,
such as strength, coordination &
sensation, that work together to allow
a person to walk which is considered
as Normal gait.
 When one or more of these interacting
systems is not working smooth, it can
result in Abnormal gait.

6. CAUSES OF ABNORMAL GAIT
 1) Inflammatory joint diseases.
 2) Joint and bone infection.
 3) Muscle diseases.
 4) Tendon diseases.
 5) Due to trauma.
 6) Congenital diseases.
 7) Footwear.

7. TYPES OF ABNORMAL GAIT
1) Antalgic gait
2) Arthrogenic gait
3) Ataxic gait
4) Trendelenberg gait
5) Circumductory gait
6) High stepping gait
7) Scissoring gait
8) Genu recurvatum
gait
9) Parkinsonism gait
10) Quadriceps gait
11) Gluteus maximus
gait
12) Stiff hip gait
13) Alderman’s gait

8. ANTALGIC GAIT
 It is a painful gait and is self protective and is
the result of injury to the pelvis,
hip ,knee ,ankle or foot.
 The stance phase on the affected leg is
shorter than that on the non affected leg,
because the patient attempts to remove
weight from the affected leg as quickly as
possible ; therefore, the amount of time on
each leg should be noted.
 The swing phase of the uninvolved leg is
decreased.

9.  The result is a shorter step length on the
uninvolved side, decreased walking
velocity and decreased cadence.
 In addition, the painful region is often
supported by one hand, if it is within
reach, and the other arm, acting as a
counter balance , is outstretched.

10.  If a painful hip is causing the problems,
the patient also shifts the body weight
over the painful hip.
 This shift decreases the pull of the
abductor muscles, which decreases the
pressure on the femoral head, from more
than two times the body weight to
approximately the body weight, owing to
vertical instead of angular placement of
the load over the hip.

12. ARTHROGENIC GAIT (STIFF HIP OR KNEE
GAIT)
1. Due to stiffness, laxity, or deformity and may
be painful or pain free.
2. If knee is recently been removed from
cast of fracture patient walk by elevating
pelvis, by exaggerating planter flexion,
on non affected side and circumduction of
stiff leg to provide to clearance, so this
movement compensate for a
lack of flexion of hip and knee in stiff leg.

14. ATAXIC GAIT
Two types :- 1. Cerebellar ataxia
2. Sensory ataxia

15. 1. CEREBELLA ATAXIA : (SLAPPING
GAIT)
- PATIENT HAS POOR BALANCE,
LACK OF MUSCLE CO-ORDINATION
AND BROAD BASE, ALL MOVEMENTS
ARE EXAGGERATED.
- THIS GAIT ALSO CALLED LURCH
OR STAGGER GAIT.

16. 2. Sensory ataxia :
- Loss of sensation in lower extremity
in sole of foot.
- As patient can not feel his feet, he
slaps the ground and looks down to
have a visual feedback.
- gait is irregular and jerky.

18. GLUTEUS MEDIUS (TRENDELENBURG’S) GAIT:-
 If the hip abductor muscles (gluteus medius and
minimus) are weak, the stabilizing effects of these
muscles during stance phase is lost, and patient
exhibit its excessive lateral list in which the thorax is
thrust laterally to keep the center of gravity over the
stance leg.
 A positive trendelenburg’s sign is also exhibited (i.e.
the contralateral side drops because the ipsilateral
hip abductors do not stabilize or prevent the drop.)

19.  If there is bilateral weakness of the
gluteus medius muscle, the gait shows
accentuated side to side movements,
resulting in a wobbling gait or “chorus girl
swing”.
 This gait may also be seen in patients with
congenital dislocation of the hip and coxa
vara.

21. HEMIPLEGIC OR HEMIPARETIC GAIT
 The patient with hemiplegic gait swings
the paraplegic legs outward and ahead in
a circle (circumduction) or pushes it
ahead.
 In addition, the affected upper limb is
carried across the trunk for balance.
 This is sometimes referred to as a
NUROGENIC/FLACCID GAIT.

23. HIGH STEPPAGE GAIT (DROP FOOT GAIT)
The patient with a steppage gait has
weak or paralysed dorsiflexor
muscle,resulting in a foot drop.
To compensate and avoid dragging
the toes against the ground,the
patient lifts the knee higher than
normal.

24.  At initial contact, the foot slaps on the ground
because of the loss of control of dorsiflexor
muscles due to injury to the muscle, their
peripheral nerve supply or the nerve root
supplying the muscle.

26. SCISSORING GAIT
 This gait is a result of the spastic paralysis
of the hip adductor muscles, which causes
the knee to be drawn together.
 So that the legs can be swung forward only
with great effort.
 This is seen in spastic paraplegia and may
be referred to as a NEUROGENIC/SPASTIC
GAIT.

28. GENU RECURVATUN GAIT
 In paralysis of hamstring muscles, the
knee goes in for hyper extension while
transmitting the weight in midstance
phase.
 Seen in poliomylites.

30. SHORT LIMB GAIT
 If one leg is shorter than the other or there is a
deformity in one of the bones of the legs, the
patient may demonstrate a lateral shift to the
affected side, and the pelvis tilts down on the
affected side.
 The patient may also supinate the foot on the
affected side to try to “lengthen” the limb.

31.  The joints of the unaffected limb may
demonstrate exaggerated flexion, or hib
hiking may occur during the swing phase to
allow the foot to clear the ground.
 The weight bearing period may be the same
for two legs.
 How a patient adapts for legs length
difference has wide variability.
 With proper footwear, the gait may appear
normal.
 This gait me also be termed as PAINLESS
OSTEOGENIC GAIT.

33. PARKINSONIAN GAIT
 The neck, trunk and knees of the patient with
parkinsonian gait are flexed.
 The gait is characterized short rapid steps at times.
 The arms are held stiffly and do not have their normal
associative movement.
 During the gait the patient may lean forward and walk
progressively faster as though unable to stop.

35. QUADRICEPS GAIT
 If the quadriceps muscles have been
injured(ex-femoral nerve neuropathy ,reflex
inhibition , trauma). The patient
compensates in the trunk and lower legs.
 Forward flexion of the trunk combined with
strong ankle planter flexion causes knee
to extend(hyper extend).

36. If the trunk, hip flexors and ankle
muscle cannot perform this
movement, the patient may use
hand to extend the knee.

38. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS GAIT
 If the gluteus maximus muscle, which is a
primary hip extensor, is weak, the patient
thrusts the thorax posteriorly at initial contact
(heel strike) to maintain hip extension of the
stance leg.
 The resulting gait involve a characteristic
backward lurch of the trunk.

40. REFERENCES
 www.wikipedia.com
 Joint structure and function-Cynthia C.
Norkin
 Orthopedic physical assessment –David J.
Magee

41. 
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