This document discusses barium swallow procedures and techniques. It provides details on:
- Barium sulfate properties and its use as a contrast agent for visualizing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Techniques for barium swallow exams including single and double contrast for evaluating the esophagus and surrounding anatomy.
- Important anatomical landmarks visualized and potential findings such as esophageal rings, varices, and vascular impressions.
- Considerations for modifying the exam based on suspected issues like leaks or aspiration risk and conditions like motility disorders.
COMPLETE BARIUM STUDIES Of GIT NAD [Adrian Dungu Niyimpa].pdfnadriandungu
Barium studies involve using barium sulfate contrast media under fluoroscopy to examine the gastrointestinal tract. A barium swallow specifically examines the pharynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach. It may be used to diagnose a wide range of esophageal pathologies like motility disorders, strictures, and perforations. Common findings include gastroesophageal reflux disease seen as reflux esophagitis, and achalasia seen as a dilated esophagus tapering at the lower esophageal sphincter. Barium swallows allow for assessment of swallowing function and mucosal abnormalities.
This document provides information about a barium meal procedure, including:
1. A barium meal involves oral administration of barium sulfate contrast media to visualize the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum under fluoroscopy.
2. Indications for a barium meal include epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
3. The procedure involves fasting, administering barium, imaging the stomach and duodenum with fluoroscopy and spot films, and observing gastric emptying through the pylorus.
4. Barium meals can be performed with single or double contrast to visualize
(1) A barium swallow, or esophagram, is an x-ray exam that uses barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus.
(2) Barium sulfate coats the lining of the esophagus, allowing it to be seen clearly on x-rays. Images are taken as the patient swallows the barium.
(3) The exam can detect abnormalities in the esophagus like strictures, tears, or tumors and assess conditions like dysphagia or acid reflux. It provides a non-invasive evaluation of the anatomy and function of the upper GI tract.
This document provides information about barium procedures, including barium swallow, barium meal, and barium follow through examinations. It defines barium as a radioopaque contrast agent used to provide a roadmap of GI tract pathologies in x-ray exams. Barium sulphate is commonly used because it is non-toxic, non-absorbable, and coats the mucosa, allowing double contrast studies. The document describes the techniques, positions, and views used in various barium exams to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It also lists common indications, contraindications, and complications.
The document discusses barium enema procedures including:
1. Preparations for barium enema which involve dietary restrictions and bowel washouts to clear residual stool.
2. Types of barium enemas including double contrast barium enema (DCBE), single contrast barium enema (SCBE), and special procedures like sigmoid flush.
3. Technical aspects of performing barium enemas including patient positioning, contrast injection, and imaging of different colon segments.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
A barium enema is a radiographic procedure used to examine the large intestine. During the procedure, a liquid suspension of barium sulfate is introduced into the rectum to coat the intestinal walls. X-rays are then taken to visualize the colon. It allows visualization of the entire colon and can detect conditions like colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticulitis. Proper preparation and positioning of the patient is important. Double contrast technique involves injecting air in addition to barium to better visualize the mucosal lining. Findings are evaluated for abnormalities that may indicate diseases of the colon.
Barium procedures provide a radiographic examination of the GI tract using barium sulfate as a contrast agent. Barium sulfate coats the intestinal mucosa, allowing visualization of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine on x-rays. A barium swallow examines the esophagus, while a barium meal examines the stomach and duodenum. A barium follow through further examines the small intestine by serial x-rays taken over 1-2 hours as barium transits through the bowel. These procedures are generally well-tolerated but risks include barium aspiration or leakage in cases of unsuspected perforation. Positioning, timing of x-rays, and use of compression allow optimal visualization
COMPLETE BARIUM STUDIES Of GIT NAD [Adrian Dungu Niyimpa].pdfnadriandungu
Barium studies involve using barium sulfate contrast media under fluoroscopy to examine the gastrointestinal tract. A barium swallow specifically examines the pharynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach. It may be used to diagnose a wide range of esophageal pathologies like motility disorders, strictures, and perforations. Common findings include gastroesophageal reflux disease seen as reflux esophagitis, and achalasia seen as a dilated esophagus tapering at the lower esophageal sphincter. Barium swallows allow for assessment of swallowing function and mucosal abnormalities.
This document provides information about a barium meal procedure, including:
1. A barium meal involves oral administration of barium sulfate contrast media to visualize the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum under fluoroscopy.
2. Indications for a barium meal include epigastric pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
3. The procedure involves fasting, administering barium, imaging the stomach and duodenum with fluoroscopy and spot films, and observing gastric emptying through the pylorus.
4. Barium meals can be performed with single or double contrast to visualize
(1) A barium swallow, or esophagram, is an x-ray exam that uses barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus.
(2) Barium sulfate coats the lining of the esophagus, allowing it to be seen clearly on x-rays. Images are taken as the patient swallows the barium.
(3) The exam can detect abnormalities in the esophagus like strictures, tears, or tumors and assess conditions like dysphagia or acid reflux. It provides a non-invasive evaluation of the anatomy and function of the upper GI tract.
This document provides information about barium procedures, including barium swallow, barium meal, and barium follow through examinations. It defines barium as a radioopaque contrast agent used to provide a roadmap of GI tract pathologies in x-ray exams. Barium sulphate is commonly used because it is non-toxic, non-absorbable, and coats the mucosa, allowing double contrast studies. The document describes the techniques, positions, and views used in various barium exams to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It also lists common indications, contraindications, and complications.
The document discusses barium enema procedures including:
1. Preparations for barium enema which involve dietary restrictions and bowel washouts to clear residual stool.
2. Types of barium enemas including double contrast barium enema (DCBE), single contrast barium enema (SCBE), and special procedures like sigmoid flush.
3. Technical aspects of performing barium enemas including patient positioning, contrast injection, and imaging of different colon segments.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
A barium enema is a radiographic procedure used to examine the large intestine. During the procedure, a liquid suspension of barium sulfate is introduced into the rectum to coat the intestinal walls. X-rays are then taken to visualize the colon. It allows visualization of the entire colon and can detect conditions like colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticulitis. Proper preparation and positioning of the patient is important. Double contrast technique involves injecting air in addition to barium to better visualize the mucosal lining. Findings are evaluated for abnormalities that may indicate diseases of the colon.
Barium procedures provide a radiographic examination of the GI tract using barium sulfate as a contrast agent. Barium sulfate coats the intestinal mucosa, allowing visualization of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine on x-rays. A barium swallow examines the esophagus, while a barium meal examines the stomach and duodenum. A barium follow through further examines the small intestine by serial x-rays taken over 1-2 hours as barium transits through the bowel. These procedures are generally well-tolerated but risks include barium aspiration or leakage in cases of unsuspected perforation. Positioning, timing of x-rays, and use of compression allow optimal visualization
This document provides information on barium sulfate (BaSo4) used for barium studies and summarizes the procedures and findings for various barium examinations. It discusses the chemical nature and advantages/disadvantages of BaSo4. It also outlines the techniques, indications, findings and pathology seen on barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, enteroclysis and barium enema. Key findings are described for conditions like gastric ulcer, Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis and celiac disease.
Barium meal is a radiological study used to examine the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum. It involves oral administration of barium contrast media. There are several types of barium meal studies including single contrast, double contrast, and biphase studies. Single contrast studies visualize the gross anatomy while double contrast studies provide better mucosal detail using barium and gas contrast. Barium meal exams can detect abnormalities such as ulcers, masses, polyps, and narrowings that may indicate conditions like peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, cancer, or motility disorders.
1. The document describes the procedure for an upper GI exam, including barium swallow and barium meal.
2. It details the anatomy of the upper GI tract, indications, contraindications, equipment, and techniques for barium swallow and barium meal exams.
3. Common pathologies that can be detected include hiatal hernia, achalasia, Zenker's diverticulum, esophageal varices, and GERD.
1. This document provides information on various radiological procedures including enteroclysis, ERCP, ascending urethrogram, barium swallow, single contrast enema, T-tube cholangiography, and barium enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, required equipment, contrast agents, techniques, and potential complications for each procedure.
2. Five high risk factors for reactions to ionic contrast media are discussed. Ionic contrast agents contain both positively and negatively charged ions which can increase the risk of allergic-like reactions compared to non-ionic contrast.
3. Key details are provided for performing a single or double contrast barium enema examination including the indications, contraindications,
Barium meal ppt presentation is very important for radiology resident , radiologist and radiographers. this slide contents lots of barium image and technique, position, indication and modification and lots of information. this presentation help alot thanks .
This document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the stomach. It provides the following key points:
1. During embryonic development, the stomach rotates along its longitudinal and anteroposterior axes, causing its final adult position with the cardiac portion on the left and pylorus on the right.
2. The adult stomach is located in the left upper quadrant and extends across the midline, with the greater curvature forming the anterior wall and lesser curvature the posterior wall.
3. Radiological techniques for examining the stomach include barium studies, CT, MRI, and virtual endoscopy, which allow evaluation of stomach morphology, layers, and relationships to surrounding organs.
This document provides information about various radiological studies of the gastrointestinal tract including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and conditions that can be examined using barium swallow such as achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Techniques, indications, contraindications and findings for each study are summarized. Common abnormalities that can be identified on these studies including ulcers, polyps, tumors and inflammatory conditions are also outlined.
The document provides information about barium meal examinations, including indications, contraindications, preparation, techniques, and findings. It describes single contrast and double contrast barium meal studies. Key points include:
- Barium meal examines the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum through oral administration of barium contrast.
- Indications include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, and suspected masses or malignancies.
- Contraindications include suspected perforation and recent biopsies.
- Single contrast visually assesses anatomy while double contrast enhances mucosal details through added gas contrast.
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities like ulcers,
A T-tube cholangiogram is a radiological procedure to visualize the biliary tract after surgery involving placement of a T-tube. Contrast medium is injected through the T-tube under fluoroscopy and images are taken in various views. It is used to identify any obstructions in the biliary tract post-surgery. Precautions include having bleeding parameters within normal limits and administering antibiotics prior. The T-tube cholangiogram provides important information about the biliary system after surgery involving placement of a T-tube for biliary drainage.
This document provides information on barium studies used to examine the gastrointestinal tract, including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of esophageal constriction. It discusses indications, contraindications, and techniques for various barium studies and how they are used to diagnose conditions like esophageal webs, Achalasia, hiatal hernia, gastric ulcer, and colorectal cancer. Radiographic images demonstrate abnormalities seen on barium exams.
Barium meal follow through (BMFT), Enteroclysis and Barium enema (BE)Khursheed Ganie
This document provides information about various radiographic procedures involving the gastrointestinal tract, including barium meal follow through (BMFT), enteroclysis, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the small and large intestines, indications and contraindications for the procedures, patient preparation, techniques used, and advantages and disadvantages. BMFT involves administering barium orally to visualize the small intestine, enteroclysis involves inserting a tube to infuse barium directly into the jejunum, and barium enema involves administering barium rectally to examine the large intestine. The document provides detailed information on performing each procedure.
The document discusses radiographic techniques for examining the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. It describes 3 parts of the pharynx and techniques for visualizing each part, including lateral views with the mouth open or Valsalva maneuver. Esophagography techniques include single- and double-contrast studies to evaluate the esophageal walls and detect lesions or disorders. Stomach examinations involve prone, upright, and oblique views under single- or double-contrast to assess mucosal lining and identify abnormalities.
This document provides information about different types of barium enema examinations, including double contrast barium enema, single contrast barium enema, and water soluble contrast enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, patient preparation, procedure, and potential complications for each type. It also discusses special considerations for colostomy enema and conditions requiring contrast enema in neonates.
This document describes a barium swallow procedure used to examine the esophagus and detect esophageal diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus, the contrast agent used, and provides details on the different phases of swallowing. It outlines the technique for performing a barium swallow study, including evaluation of the pharynx and esophagus. Key findings on radiographic images are described. The document emphasizes analyzing swallowing studies by looking for asymmetry, stasis, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and aspiration.
A barium enema, also known as a lower GI exam, is an x-ray examination of the large intestine that uses barium sulfate and fluoroscopy to detect abnormalities. During the procedure, a contrast material is instilled into the rectum and colon through an enema tube while x-ray images are taken. It can detect issues like cancer, polyps, inflammation and other structural abnormalities. Barium enemas can be single or double contrast, with double contrast using air in addition to barium to better coat the colon walls. The test aims to evaluate symptoms like bleeding, pain, weight loss or change in bowel habits. Precautions are taken to avoid perforation and risks like barium hardening.
Imafing in bariatric surgery and complications farhaFarha Naz
This document discusses various bariatric surgery procedures and their associated imaging findings. It describes laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and sleeve gastrectomy procedures. Common complications discussed include band slippage, erosion, or leakage with LAGB and anastomotic leaks or strictures with RYGB. With sleeve gastrectomy, dilatation, leaks, or stenosis may occur. The radiologist plays a key role in preoperative planning and postoperative monitoring for complications on imaging studies.
barium enema121 study and its applications .pptxx6tmnbjp8k
A barium enema involves inserting barium sulfate into the rectum to coat and image the lining of the large intestine. It has advantages over other contrast agents by providing better mucosal detail due to barium's inability to be absorbed. Potential adverse effects include chemical peritonitis and barium embolisms. Proper bowel preparation and catheter placement are important for successful double contrast barium enemas, which allow clearer visualization compared to single contrast exams. Findings may reveal diverticula, polyps, inflammatory conditions, or cancers appearing as characteristic signs.
Barium follow through and small bowel enema sahara mahatosahara mahato
This document discusses barium follow through and small bowel enema examinations. It begins by explaining that barium is used as a contrast medium to visualize the small bowel on radiographs. It then describes the anatomy and divisions of the small bowel. The document outlines the procedures for barium follow through and small bowel enema, including patient preparation, technique, and potential findings. Complications are also briefly mentioned. In summary, it provides an overview of using barium and radiography to examine the small intestine.
The document describes the procedures for performing a barium enema exam, including:
1) Preparing the patient by thoroughly cleansing their large bowel with laxatives to empty it.
2) Inserting the enema tip into the patient's rectum after lubricating it and having the patient exhale.
3) Hanging the closed barium enema bag system no higher than 24 inches above the patient and beginning fluoroscopy to examine the large intestine and detect any abnormalities while infusing the barium sulfate contrast.
The document discusses the findings from a barium study conducted by Dr. Sandra Johns. It summarizes abnormalities found in the esophagus, stomach, ileocecum, colon, and presence of diverticulosis. Key findings included a dilated esophagus and stomach, thickening and narrowing of the terminal ileum and ileocecal valve, a pulled up and thickened caecum, an apple core sign in the colon, and contrast pooling within diverticula.
This document appears to be a list of medical college seats and vacancies in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It includes the name of the institution, location, category of seat (e.g. All India, DNB Quota), medical branch (e.g. Anesthesiology, General Surgery), and number of available seats. The list spans multiple pages and contains entries for government medical colleges, private hospitals, district hospitals and more. It seems to provide detailed information on postgraduate medical training opportunities in Andhra Pradesh.
This document provides information on barium sulfate (BaSo4) used for barium studies and summarizes the procedures and findings for various barium examinations. It discusses the chemical nature and advantages/disadvantages of BaSo4. It also outlines the techniques, indications, findings and pathology seen on barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, enteroclysis and barium enema. Key findings are described for conditions like gastric ulcer, Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis and celiac disease.
Barium meal is a radiological study used to examine the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum. It involves oral administration of barium contrast media. There are several types of barium meal studies including single contrast, double contrast, and biphase studies. Single contrast studies visualize the gross anatomy while double contrast studies provide better mucosal detail using barium and gas contrast. Barium meal exams can detect abnormalities such as ulcers, masses, polyps, and narrowings that may indicate conditions like peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, cancer, or motility disorders.
1. The document describes the procedure for an upper GI exam, including barium swallow and barium meal.
2. It details the anatomy of the upper GI tract, indications, contraindications, equipment, and techniques for barium swallow and barium meal exams.
3. Common pathologies that can be detected include hiatal hernia, achalasia, Zenker's diverticulum, esophageal varices, and GERD.
1. This document provides information on various radiological procedures including enteroclysis, ERCP, ascending urethrogram, barium swallow, single contrast enema, T-tube cholangiography, and barium enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, required equipment, contrast agents, techniques, and potential complications for each procedure.
2. Five high risk factors for reactions to ionic contrast media are discussed. Ionic contrast agents contain both positively and negatively charged ions which can increase the risk of allergic-like reactions compared to non-ionic contrast.
3. Key details are provided for performing a single or double contrast barium enema examination including the indications, contraindications,
Barium meal ppt presentation is very important for radiology resident , radiologist and radiographers. this slide contents lots of barium image and technique, position, indication and modification and lots of information. this presentation help alot thanks .
This document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the stomach. It provides the following key points:
1. During embryonic development, the stomach rotates along its longitudinal and anteroposterior axes, causing its final adult position with the cardiac portion on the left and pylorus on the right.
2. The adult stomach is located in the left upper quadrant and extends across the midline, with the greater curvature forming the anterior wall and lesser curvature the posterior wall.
3. Radiological techniques for examining the stomach include barium studies, CT, MRI, and virtual endoscopy, which allow evaluation of stomach morphology, layers, and relationships to surrounding organs.
This document provides information about various radiological studies of the gastrointestinal tract including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and conditions that can be examined using barium swallow such as achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Techniques, indications, contraindications and findings for each study are summarized. Common abnormalities that can be identified on these studies including ulcers, polyps, tumors and inflammatory conditions are also outlined.
The document provides information about barium meal examinations, including indications, contraindications, preparation, techniques, and findings. It describes single contrast and double contrast barium meal studies. Key points include:
- Barium meal examines the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum through oral administration of barium contrast.
- Indications include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, and suspected masses or malignancies.
- Contraindications include suspected perforation and recent biopsies.
- Single contrast visually assesses anatomy while double contrast enhances mucosal details through added gas contrast.
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities like ulcers,
A T-tube cholangiogram is a radiological procedure to visualize the biliary tract after surgery involving placement of a T-tube. Contrast medium is injected through the T-tube under fluoroscopy and images are taken in various views. It is used to identify any obstructions in the biliary tract post-surgery. Precautions include having bleeding parameters within normal limits and administering antibiotics prior. The T-tube cholangiogram provides important information about the biliary system after surgery involving placement of a T-tube for biliary drainage.
This document provides information on barium studies used to examine the gastrointestinal tract, including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of esophageal constriction. It discusses indications, contraindications, and techniques for various barium studies and how they are used to diagnose conditions like esophageal webs, Achalasia, hiatal hernia, gastric ulcer, and colorectal cancer. Radiographic images demonstrate abnormalities seen on barium exams.
Barium meal follow through (BMFT), Enteroclysis and Barium enema (BE)Khursheed Ganie
This document provides information about various radiographic procedures involving the gastrointestinal tract, including barium meal follow through (BMFT), enteroclysis, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the small and large intestines, indications and contraindications for the procedures, patient preparation, techniques used, and advantages and disadvantages. BMFT involves administering barium orally to visualize the small intestine, enteroclysis involves inserting a tube to infuse barium directly into the jejunum, and barium enema involves administering barium rectally to examine the large intestine. The document provides detailed information on performing each procedure.
The document discusses radiographic techniques for examining the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. It describes 3 parts of the pharynx and techniques for visualizing each part, including lateral views with the mouth open or Valsalva maneuver. Esophagography techniques include single- and double-contrast studies to evaluate the esophageal walls and detect lesions or disorders. Stomach examinations involve prone, upright, and oblique views under single- or double-contrast to assess mucosal lining and identify abnormalities.
This document provides information about different types of barium enema examinations, including double contrast barium enema, single contrast barium enema, and water soluble contrast enema. It describes the indications, contraindications, patient preparation, procedure, and potential complications for each type. It also discusses special considerations for colostomy enema and conditions requiring contrast enema in neonates.
This document describes a barium swallow procedure used to examine the esophagus and detect esophageal diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus, the contrast agent used, and provides details on the different phases of swallowing. It outlines the technique for performing a barium swallow study, including evaluation of the pharynx and esophagus. Key findings on radiographic images are described. The document emphasizes analyzing swallowing studies by looking for asymmetry, stasis, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and aspiration.
A barium enema, also known as a lower GI exam, is an x-ray examination of the large intestine that uses barium sulfate and fluoroscopy to detect abnormalities. During the procedure, a contrast material is instilled into the rectum and colon through an enema tube while x-ray images are taken. It can detect issues like cancer, polyps, inflammation and other structural abnormalities. Barium enemas can be single or double contrast, with double contrast using air in addition to barium to better coat the colon walls. The test aims to evaluate symptoms like bleeding, pain, weight loss or change in bowel habits. Precautions are taken to avoid perforation and risks like barium hardening.
Imafing in bariatric surgery and complications farhaFarha Naz
This document discusses various bariatric surgery procedures and their associated imaging findings. It describes laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and sleeve gastrectomy procedures. Common complications discussed include band slippage, erosion, or leakage with LAGB and anastomotic leaks or strictures with RYGB. With sleeve gastrectomy, dilatation, leaks, or stenosis may occur. The radiologist plays a key role in preoperative planning and postoperative monitoring for complications on imaging studies.
barium enema121 study and its applications .pptxx6tmnbjp8k
A barium enema involves inserting barium sulfate into the rectum to coat and image the lining of the large intestine. It has advantages over other contrast agents by providing better mucosal detail due to barium's inability to be absorbed. Potential adverse effects include chemical peritonitis and barium embolisms. Proper bowel preparation and catheter placement are important for successful double contrast barium enemas, which allow clearer visualization compared to single contrast exams. Findings may reveal diverticula, polyps, inflammatory conditions, or cancers appearing as characteristic signs.
Barium follow through and small bowel enema sahara mahatosahara mahato
This document discusses barium follow through and small bowel enema examinations. It begins by explaining that barium is used as a contrast medium to visualize the small bowel on radiographs. It then describes the anatomy and divisions of the small bowel. The document outlines the procedures for barium follow through and small bowel enema, including patient preparation, technique, and potential findings. Complications are also briefly mentioned. In summary, it provides an overview of using barium and radiography to examine the small intestine.
The document describes the procedures for performing a barium enema exam, including:
1) Preparing the patient by thoroughly cleansing their large bowel with laxatives to empty it.
2) Inserting the enema tip into the patient's rectum after lubricating it and having the patient exhale.
3) Hanging the closed barium enema bag system no higher than 24 inches above the patient and beginning fluoroscopy to examine the large intestine and detect any abnormalities while infusing the barium sulfate contrast.
Similar to bariumswallow-190421101820 (1).pdf (20)
The document discusses the findings from a barium study conducted by Dr. Sandra Johns. It summarizes abnormalities found in the esophagus, stomach, ileocecum, colon, and presence of diverticulosis. Key findings included a dilated esophagus and stomach, thickening and narrowing of the terminal ileum and ileocecal valve, a pulled up and thickened caecum, an apple core sign in the colon, and contrast pooling within diverticula.
This document appears to be a list of medical college seats and vacancies in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It includes the name of the institution, location, category of seat (e.g. All India, DNB Quota), medical branch (e.g. Anesthesiology, General Surgery), and number of available seats. The list spans multiple pages and contains entries for government medical colleges, private hospitals, district hospitals and more. It seems to provide detailed information on postgraduate medical training opportunities in Andhra Pradesh.
This document discusses the role of imaging in diagnosing fractures. It begins by describing signs and symptoms of fractures and different types of fractures such as complete, incomplete, open, comminuted, spiral, oblique, transverse, impacted, greenstick, compression, hairline, stress, and pathological fractures. It then discusses using x-rays, CT scans, and MRI to diagnose fractures and describes imaging appearances of fractures in various bones including the skull, vertebrae, clavicle, wrist, femur, patella, tibia, humerus, and shoulder joint. Key imaging findings like the fat pad sign are also covered.
This document summarizes metabolic bone diseases. It discusses that osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease, affecting those over 50 years old. It is characterized by diminished bone mass and structure. Osteoporosis can be local or generalized. Other diseases discussed include rickets/osteomalacia, which affect mineralization of bone, and hyperparathyroidism, which increases bone resorption. Secondary causes like chronic kidney disease can also cause bone diseases. Specific radiographic findings are described for each condition.
MRI and CT of the spine can detect a variety of abnormalities including:
1. Traumatic injuries like fractures which occur predominantly at C2 and C7 and can include burst fractures or distraction injuries.
2. Degenerative changes in the vertebral discs and bones.
3. Congenital abnormalities of the vertebrae like hemivertebrae.
4. Infections or spinal cord tumors in the spinal canal.
5. Scoliosis which can be idiopathic or caused by neuromuscular conditions.
This document discusses spinal trauma imaging. It begins with an overview of imaging techniques for spinal injuries like radiography, CT, and MRI. It then discusses considerations for cervical spine imaging, noting many injuries occur in young males from motor vehicle accidents. Guidelines are provided for when cervical spine imaging is necessary based on factors like tenderness and neurological deficits. Considerations are also given for thoracolumbar, pediatric, and elderly spinal imaging. Specific injury patterns and protocols are outlined for different spinal regions and patient populations.
This document summarizes various benign liver lesions. It describes imaging characteristics and protocols for evaluating lesions using ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Key points include:
1. Hemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumor and appear bright on T2-weighted MRI with characteristic peripheral enhancement on CT and MRI.
2. Focal nodular hyperplasia appears as a well-defined mass with a central scar showing late enhancement.
3. Hepatic adenomas demonstrate uniform enhancement on arterial phase imaging and rapid washout on portal venous phase.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research including the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning have led to AI systems that can perform complex tasks like image recognition and natural language processing.
This document discusses several pediatric lung conditions seen on radiography including hyaline membrane disease, pneumonia, collapse, and congenital lobar emphysema. Hyaline membrane disease presents with low lung volumes, diffuse granular opacities, and air bronchograms. Pneumonia can appear as lobar consolidation, lobular patchy opacities, interstitial ground glass infiltrates, or rounded masses. Collapse is identified by volume loss, fissure displacement, and mediastinal shift. Congenital lobar emphysema involves overinflation of one lobe with oligemia and mediastinal shift.
This document discusses barium enema, a radiographic study used to evaluate the large bowel. It can detect both intramural and extrinsic abnormalities of the colon that are difficult to see during colonoscopy. Both single and double contrast techniques are described, with double contrast providing more detailed mucosal views but more discomfort. Normal barium enema appearances are outlined along with various pathological findings like polyps, diverticulosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and tumors. Potential complications are minor. It provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical indications and technical performance of barium enema exams.
This document discusses imaging techniques used in ischemic stroke. It covers:
1. The role of various imaging modalities like non-contrast CT (NCCT), MRI, CTA, MRA, CT perfusion, and MRI perfusion in evaluating ischemic stroke at different time points and identifying areas of ischemia, penumbra, infarct core, and mimics like hemorrhage.
2. Key NCCT findings in acute ischemic stroke include hypoattenuating lesions and hyperdense artery sign. MRI sequences like DWI are very sensitive in detecting acute ischemia.
3. CT and MRI perfusion help identify the ischemic penumbra by measuring parameters like cerebral blood flow, volume, mean transit time which
Computed radiography (CR) is a digital radiography system that uses a phosphor plate to capture x-rays and convert them to a latent image. The plate is then scanned with a laser and the emitted light is converted to a digital image. Common artifacts in CR and digital radiography include motion artifacts from patient movement, double exposures from overlapping images, and objects like jewelry appearing on images due to failure to remove them before exposure. Other artifacts can occur due to issues with the detector like lag from previous images, orientation errors, or calibration problems.
This document provides guidance on performing an ultrasound examination of the kidneys. It describes scanning the kidneys longitudinally and transversely to visualize the anatomy. Key aspects to assess include cortical echogenicity compared to the liver, presence of hypoechoic renal pyramids, and a smooth kidney surface. Proper patient preparation and transducer positioning are outlined. Common renal pathologies and anatomical variants that may be identified on ultrasound are also discussed.
This document provides guidelines for performing an ultrasound examination of the endometrium and uterus. It describes patient preparation, probe preparation, and scanning techniques including obtaining sagittal, coronal, and depth-varied views. Key steps include inserting the probe into the vagina to obtain longitudinal and transverse views of the uterus and adnexa. Endometrial thickness is measured in the sagittal plane and varies through the menstrual cycle, with normal ranges provided. Postmenopausal thickness should typically be less than 5mm to avoid risk of carcinoma.
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2. • Barium swallow is the non invasive contrast procedure used in
assessing the anatomy, physiology & pathology of upper GI tract
including esophagus & GE junction.
• Barium has superior contrast qualities and unless there are specific
contraindications, its use (rather than water-soluble agents) is
preferred.
3. BARIUM SULPHATE - 250% OF HIGH DENSITY LOW VISCOSITY
• the most common material for radiographic visualisation of GIT.
• made up from pure barium sulphate.
• For stability particles are small (0.1 -3 micron)
• A non-ionic suspension medium is used to avoid clumping.
• Ph is 5.3 , which makes it stable in gastric acid.
4. • (a) Ba has a high atomic number
56. Therefore, it is highly
radioopaque
• (b) Non absorbable, non-toxic.
• (c) Insoluble in water/lipid.
• ( d) Inert to tissues.
• (e) Can be used for double contrast
studies
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL BARIUM
PREPARATION
1. High density for optimum study
being performed.
2. Stable suspension which does not
settle.
3. Should not flocculate with
secretions.
4. Low melting characteristics to
give a good and stable mucosal
coating.
5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF BARIUM
Advantages
• Not absorbed or degraded by the
GIT.
• coat the mucosa in a thin layer
for long period of time, thus
allowing the introduction of a
second or negative contrast
agent without significant
degradation.
• Low cost
Disadvantages-
Leakage into mediastinum or
peritoneum can cause fibrosis.
Subsequent abdominal CT or US
are rendered difficult.
Intravasation – this may result in
a barium pulmonary embolus,
which carries a mortality of 80 %
6. WATER SOLUBLE CONTRAST MEDIA :
Indications:
• 1. Suspected perforation.
• 2. Suspected fistula.
• 3. History of recent biopsy.
• 4. Suspected Lower Intestinal obstruction.
• 5. Corrosive poisoning.
• 6. Meconium ileus/plug syndrome.
• 7. Immediate post operation status
Complications:
Pulmonary edema if aspirated,
not with LOCM
Hypovolemia in children,
May precipitate in hyperchlorhydric
gastric acid,
Allergic reactions – due to absorbed
contrast media
Like Gastromiro (Iopalmidol 61% w/v) or Gastrografin (Meglumine & Sodium
diatrizoate 76% w/v)
7. Equipment's
• Rapid serial radiography or
cineradiography (2 frames
per second), or
• Video recording, or
• 100 mm roll films.
Patient preparation
• NPO for 4 hours
• Avoid smoking
8. TECHNIQUE
A. Single contrast swallow :
• Position – RAO
• Patient is asked to take a
mouthful of barium and initial
screening is done as it passes
along the whole length of
esophagus to note any gross
lesion.
9. PHARYNGOESOPHAGEAL EVALUATION :
• This includes cineradiography of oral & pharyngeal phases of
swallowing & double contrast (DC) spot films of pharynx &
upper esophagus.
• Usually films are taken in frontal & lateral projections.
• Patient is asked to swallow a mouthful of thick barium
suspension & asked to phonate with a long vowel sound or to do
modified valsalva maneuver
10. LEFT: Lateral view during Hyoid (H)
and tongue base (T) move anteriorly.
Left and right piryform sinuses are
projected on top of each other. Tip of
soft palate (SP) is seen.
RIGHT: Valleculae (V) and pyriform
sinuses (P).
11. 2. Evaluation of esophagus :
Barium filling method
• This is the basic film obtained while examining the
full length view of esophagus distended with
barium.
• Position – RAO
• Patient is asked to swallow continuously ( so as to
reflexly inhibit the peristalsis & distend the
esophagus), & either full length view or atleast two
spot films showing the upper & mid and mid &
lower part is taken.
• This method is important to demonstrate firstly the
structural abnormalities and secondly for adequate
visualization of distal third esophagus &
esophagogastric junction.
12. MUCOSAL RELIEF FILMS
• it is defined as films taken of collapsed esophagus
with esophageal folds visible & coated with
barium suspension.
• Patient is asked to take one or two swallows of
dense barium suspension & after peristalsis has
stripped most of the barium into the stomach,
radiographs are taken.
• It is important in the diagnosis of reflux
esophagitis, infectious esophagitis & esophageal
varices.
13. DOUBLE CONTRAST SWALLOW :
• DC radiographs are obtained after the mucosal surface
has been coated with a thin layer of high density
barium & the viscus has been distended with air.
• First the patient is given
intravenous Buscopan or Glucagon
gas mixture and then,
A bolus of barium is given to be swallowed quickly.
Spot films are taken in erect RAO & LAO position to show
the body of esophagus & gastro-esophageal junction.
14. Lower esophageal rings
• A-Ring
• Muscular contraction at the junction of tubular and vestibular esophagus
• No definite anatomic correlate
• B-Ring
• Mucosal ring at anatomic squamocolumnar junction (Z-line)
• Best or only seen with vestibular distension
• Normally < 1 cm above diaphragm
• May cause episodic dysphagia if esophagus is narrowed, then termed a
Schatzki ring
• > 20 mm wide, no obstruction
• < 13 mm wide, almost always intermittent obstruction
• 13-20 mm wide, may obstruct
15. Esophageal ring due to muscular contraction. It varies
during examination and may not persist.
On the left a patient with a ring due to muscular
contraction. Notice incidental gastric diverticulum
(asterisk).
16. The esophageal B-ring is located at the squamocolumnar
junction,
The appearance does not change during the examination.
On the left a patient with a 'B' ring (arrows) several cm
above diaphragm at the apex of sliding hiatus hernia.
17. MODIFICATIONS
1. Suspected leak :
• In cases of suspected leakage of contrast into mediastinal /
pleural / peritoneal cavities, the choice of contrast medium
changes.
Barium – problem with barium is two fold,
i. Its potential to stimulate a fibrotic reaction, and,
ii. It may remain loculated in mediastinum & obscure follow up
studies for months or even years.
18. Water soluble contrast medium eg. Gastrografin - only problem
with these agents is that details obtained are not as good as
barium & there is possibility of missing esophageal lesions.
Usual policy is to start with water soluble contrast medium
19. 2. RISK OF ASPIRATION :
• The Choice of contrast media will be :
Barium – If aspirated it doesn’t incites a reaction in the bronchial
tree and is usually coughed up without any sequel. large volumes
can however give rise to severe respiratory embarrassment and
even deaths.
20. Ionic Contrast Media – Gastrografin
It can cause a very severe form of chemical pneumonitis and
consequent acute pulmonary edema.
Non-Ionic Contrast Media – Gastromiro
No such problem.
• So best is to use Low osmolal Contrast Media and if not then little
amount of barium.
21. 3. MOTILITY DISORDER :
• Swallow in lying down position
• Position : For motility disorders, a prone swallow is essential to assess
oesophageal contraction in the absence of gravity
• Patient is asked to take single swallow at a time.
• First 5 swallows are monitored to evaluate motility and then two oblique
spot films are taken- +ve if 2 or > are abnormal
22. 4. Achlasia :
Early stage - is difficult to diagnose.
• It is suggested by the s.c. injection of
methylcholine ,which leads to
esophageal stimulation and contraction,
leading to chest pain. (mecholyl test)
• The above test should be performed
along with esophageal manometry.
23. LEFT: Dilated esophagus (arrows) is projected behind
right atrium.
MIDDLE and RIGHT: Smooth, tapered narrowing just
above diaphragm (arrows).
24. VARICES :
Prone RPO position.
High density barium paste is used
Single contrast Mucosal Relief film should be taken.
Buscopan i.v. is given to enhance variceal filling by
making esophagous atonic, which results in decreased
intra luminal pressure and so enhancing filling of
submucosally located varices.
Spot films are taken in between the peristalsis
25. UPHILL VARICES
• With portal hypertension, elevated portal
venous pressure leads to reversed
(hepatofugal) flow bypassing the liver through
the left gastric vein to dilated esophageal and
periesophageal veins that anastamose with the
azygos and hemiazygos veins which drain uphill
into the superior vena cava.
•
Filling defects due to varices are characterized
by change in appearance during the
examination related to breath holding and
thoracic pressure.
uphill varices.
26. Varices- These may be
demonstrated on a
barium swallow as
typical serpiginous
filling defects in the
lower oesophagus
when caused by uphill
varices .
27. DOWNHILL VARICES
•
With superior vena caval
obstruction, upper body venous
blood flows
caudally downhill through
esophageal veins to the azygos
vein which empties into the
superior vena cava caudal to the
obstruction.
If the obstruction is at or below
the azygos, the blood flow extends
further caudally to the portal
system and then the hepatic veins
to the inferior vena cava and the
right atrium.
On the barium study inconstant filling defects (arrows)
represent downhill varices in upper esophagus.
The angiogram demonstrates collateral vessels including a
dilated left superior intercostal vein (arrow).
28. Aberrant right subclavian artery
This is the most common thoracic
arterial anomaly and rarely causes
symptoms.
The artery extends up and to the right
producing a dorsal diagonal
impression on the esophagus
(arrows).
The CT demonstrates that the aberrant
artery (arrow) is last vessel from arch
and extends dorsal to trachea and
esophagus.
29. CT shows right arch (R) and aberrant left subclavian artery (arrow) arising low off
arch and extending to left dorsal to esophagus and trachea.
On the left the esophagram of a patient with a right arch that produces a dorsal
indentation on this lateral view (blue arrow).
The diagram shows the aberrant left subclavian artery (L SCA) dorsal to the
trachea and esophagus.
30. Double Arch
Double arch most often
presents with airway
obstruction, dysphagia,
aspiration in children.
The arches indent esophagus
at different levels.
Double Arch
LEFT: Right and left arch indent esophagus (arrows) at
different levels
RIGHT: Angiogram with double arch in asymptomatic 65-
year-old
31. Tortuous aorta
A tortous descending aorta is a
common cause of extrinsic
impression on the esophagus.
The image on the far left shows a
narrowed distal esophagus.
Oblique view shows esophageal
indentation by aorta with obtuse
margins (arrows) characteristic of
extrinsic compression.
32. Coarctation
On the left 3 images of a patient with a
coarctation.
On the chest film the 'Figure 3' shape
of aortic knob due pre and post
stenotic dilatation (arrows).
The barium study demonstrates the
'Reverse 3 figure' indention of
esophagus by pre and post stenotic
aortic dilatation (arrows).
An angiogram demonstrates a
coarctation with pre and post stenotic
dilatation in another patient.
33. Table is kept in head down position.
Patient is first placed in Lt decubitus and
then turned supine; which causes Barium to
accumulate in fundus of stomach. Patient is
then slowly turned to Right causing Barium
in fundus to pour over Cardia;during this
maneuver reflux may be seen.
Abdominal compression can also be given to
help precipitate reflux and using a DC
technique.
Siphon test. Fill the stomach with 50%
Barium (150-200 ml). Follow this with 1-2
mouthfuls of water to remove traces of
barium in the oesophagus. Make the
patient supine with left side raised 15 up.
Keep one mouthful of water in the patients
mouth. Ask the patient to swallow the
water-a jet of barium will shoot into the
water column as it enters the G.O. junction.
Reflux :
34. Air-contrast esophagram shows thick esophageal mucosal folds (arrows)
and an ulcer (arrowhead) due to GERD.
Single contrast esophagram shows stricture (arrow) and sliding hiatus
hernia
35. On the left Irregular stricture (arrowhead) and erosions (arrows) due to
GERD.
37. On the left a patient with a Barrett's esophagus with an adenocarcinoma.
There are abnormal distal mucosal folds.
The upper margin of adenocarcinoma makes right angle with esophageal
wall (arrow) indicating a mural lesion in patient with GERD and Barrett's
esophagus.
38. Infectious esophagitis
Candida esophagitis
On the left a patient with an
infectious esophagitis due to
candida.
The barium study shows
numerous fine erosions and
small plaques due to Candida
albicans in
immunocompromised patient.
39. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
an AIDS patient with an infectious
esophagitis due to Cytomegalovirus.
Such giant ulcers can also be due to
HIV alone.
40. Crohn's esophagitis
On the left a patient with
Crohn's disease.
There is a granulomatous
esophagitis with aphthous
ulcers (arrows).
This is an uncommon
manifestation of Crohn's
disease.
The figure on the right shows
the more common colonic
aphthous ulcers.
41. TB esophagitis
a patient with an infectious
esophagitis due to primary TB.
There is an irregular sinus tract
from proximal esophagus (arrow).
Chest radiograph shows enlarged
lymph nodes widening
mediastinum due to primary
tuberculosis.
42. Pseudodiverticulosis
Dilated mural glands or
pseudodiverticulosis, is usually
associated with histologic or
endoscopic signs of inflammation, and
many patients have strictures due to
GERD.
On the left a patient with esophageal
pseudodiverticulosis.
43. Hiatus :
.
• Patient has to strain.
• Patient is asked to lie down, straighten
the legs and then raise them up.
• Manual compression of the abdomen.
• Patient stands upright, ask him to bend
downwards with legs straight.
44. Sliding hernia
GE junction is below the
esophageal hiatus.
Later, stomach protrudes
through hiatus.
Neither the hernia or stricture
(arrow) due to reflux esophagitis
were visible early in the
examination.
45. View of a large
sliding hiatal hernia
that demonstrates
gross spontaneous
gastro-oesophageal
reflux when the
patient lifts the left
side whilst in the
supine position.
Note also the
marked oesophageal
inco-ordination
produced by the
reflux.
46. An example of a
fixed sliding hiatal
hernia together with
several B or Schatski
rings.
47. PARAESOPHAGEAL HERNIA
•
Large hernias can cause symptoms,
and with progressive hiatal
widening, increasing protrusion
and rotation of the stomach can
lead to gastric volvulus that can be
complicated by hemorrhage,
obstruction, strangulation,
perforation. On the left gas filled gastric fundus (asterisk) protrudes through
hiatus but GE junction (arrow) is below diaphragm.
Next to it a paraesophageal hernia with most of 'upside down'
stomach in chest with greater curvature (arrows) flipped up.
48. Distal esophagus is adjacent to the herniated gastric fundus, but unlike a
paraesophageal hernia, the gastroesophageal junction (arrow) is above
rather than below the diaphragm.
49. 9) Bread Barium :
Indication :
when a stricture is suspected but can’t be
adequately demonstrated, or
questionable motility disorder.
Patient is asked to swallow a piece of bread
soaked with barium.
This gives useful information about localized
non- distentability or areas of poor contraction.
50. A. Initial nonpropulsive tertiary contractions B. Three
images during examination show collections resembling
diverticula C. Image later in examination shows resolution
of tertiary contractions
51. ESOPHAGEAL WEB
• Can be congenital or acquired
• Most in hypopharynx and proximal esophagus
• Majority protrude from anterior esophageal wall
• Symptoms if lumen > 50% compromised
• Sideropenic dysphagia (Plummer-Vinson syndrome)
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Esophageal web with dysphagia
• Increased incidence of carcinoma
• Validity of syndrome debatable
52. • Webs usually occur at the level of the hypopharynx or the upper
esophagus, producing dysphagia for solids.
Liquids usually pass well, but in many cases a 'jet' is seen.
The passage of solid food may produce irritation or damage to the
mucosa, resulting in a globus feeling.
They are best diagnosed on the lateral projection of the barium
swallow.
53. Web (small blue arrow). Contrast passage causes a
jet phenomenon (broad arrow)
54. images of a 42-year-old woman with
dysphagia due to web.
There is > 50% luminal narrowing
55. On the left a patient with a Zenker's diverticulum as a
result of premature closure of the cricopharyngeal
muscle.
56. LEFT: Small diverticulum (arrow) in asymptomatic patient
RIGHT: Large diverticulum (arrow) in patient with aspiration
57. On the left small aortopulmonary diverticula (arrows), that are
incidental findings in two patients.
58. Pseudodiverticula can be seen in reflux esophagitis. On
the left a patient with a hiatus hernia, reflux
esophagitis, and pseudodiverticula (arrows) at site of
proximal stricture
59. Barium swallow demonstrating
the typical appearances of
oesophageal intramural
pseudodiverticulosis. The small
flask-shaped pits of contrast
(arrowheads) represent dilated
mucous glands and are
associated with a stricture at
the level of the aortic knuckle.
60. On the far left a stricture (arrow) with irregular mucosal folds at stricture site on
air-contrast view.
This patient had Barrett's esophagus.
Mid esophageal strictures and ulcers are suspicious for Barrett's esophagus.
The two images on the right show a Barrett's esophagus with an irregular
stricture due to adenocarcinoma.
STRICTURE
62. images of a patient with a benign stricture high in
the esophagus (arrow).
There is bilateral lower lobe lung consolidation due
to repeated aspiration.