Abnormal labour
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Normal labour occurs when there is a single fetus in the vertex position that is delivered spontaneously through the birth canal at term with no complications for the fetus or mother. Labour is divided into three stages: the first stage from onset of labour until full cervical dilation, the second stage from full dilation until delivery of the fetus, and the third stage from delivery of the fetus until delivery of the placenta. Abnormal labour can occur if the duration of pregnancy is less than 37 weeks or more than 42 weeks, or if the duration of labour is more than 24 hours or less than 3 hours.
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High risk pregnancy
This document discusses screening and management of high-risk pregnancies. It defines high-risk pregnancy as one complicated by factors that adversely affect pregnancy outcomes. Initial screening assesses medical and reproductive history, physical exam, and identifies risk factors like maternal age, weight, previous complications. High-risk scoring assigns points to risk factors to determine level of risk. Management of high-risk cases and labor involves additional monitoring, testing, potential induction or c-section based on conditions present.
4 Stages of Labor
The document outlines the 4 stages of labor:
1) First stage from 0-10cm dilation with early, active, and transition phases. Nursing care includes assessments, comfort measures, and pain management.
2) Second stage from 10cm dilation until birth. Nursing focuses on support during pushing and preparing for delivery.
3) Third stage is from birth until delivery of placenta. Care includes newborn assessments and supporting breastfeeding.
4) Fourth stage is the recovery period for 4 hours postpartum with assessments and comfort measures.
4 stages of labor and birth
Stage 1 of labor involves the dilation of the cervix from 0-10 cm and has three phases: early, active, and transitional. The early phase averages 8.6 hours for first births and dilation is from 4-7 cm. In the active phase contractions increase in intensity, fetal descent progresses about 1.2-1.5 cm/hr, and anxiety rises. The transitional phase involves slowing dilation from 8-10 cm over 3 hours for first births. Stage 2 begins at full dilation and ends with birth, taking about 2 hours for first births. Stage 3 involves delivery of the placenta within 1 hour of birth. The fourth stage is the first 1-4 hours postpartum where the body readjust
Prolonged labour
Definition , Latent phase,prolonged latent phase , Causes, diagnosis first stage , second stage , treatment first stage ,second stage
Stages of labour first and second
1. Labor is the process by which the viable products of conception are expelled from the uterus through the vagina. It involves uterine contractions and cervical dilation.
2. Nursing care during labor involves monitoring the patient, providing comfort measures, and preparing for delivery. The nurse assesses cervical dilation, fetal position, and signs of distress.
3. During the second stage of labor, nurses assist the patient in pushing effectively and maintaining an optimal birthing position. They provide encouragement and help the patient rest between contractions.
006 management of the third stage of labor
The third stage of labor involves the period from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta. It normally takes 5-10 minutes and is divided into four phases: latent phase, contraction phase, detachment phase, and expulsion phase. The major risk is postpartum hemorrhage. Active management, including a uterotonic drug before delivery of the placenta and controlled cord traction, reduces blood loss and risk of retained placenta compared to expectant management. Complete placental separation is confirmed when the cord stops pulsing and cannot be pulled into the uterus.
Normal labour, third stage by Dr Yin Moe
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It typically lasts 15 minutes for first-time mothers and 5 minutes for others, not exceeding 30 minutes. There are two methods of placental separation - the Schultz method where it separates from the center and the Matthew Duncan method where it separates from the periphery. Controlled cord traction is used to deliver the placenta by applying gentle traction on the umbilical cord after signs of separation are present. The provider then checks the placenta and membranes for completeness.
Prolonged labour
Prolonged labour refers to the prolongation of the first stage of labour and can be identified using a partogram to track cervical dilation and fetal descent. Causes of prolonged labour include excessive analgesia, fetal-maternal disproportion, and malpresentations. Management involves reassessing the condition, providing pain relief, performing amniotomy if membranes are intact, administering oxytocin if needed, and performing a caesarean section if initial measures fail or if disproportion, uncorrectable malpresentations, contraindications to oxytocin, or fetal distress are present.
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High risk pregnancy
This document discusses screening and management of high-risk pregnancies. It defines high-risk pregnancy as one complicated by factors that adversely affect pregnancy outcomes. Initial screening assesses medical and reproductive history, physical exam, and identifies risk factors like maternal age, weight, previous complications. High-risk scoring assigns points to risk factors to determine level of risk. Management of high-risk cases and labor involves additional monitoring, testing, potential induction or c-section based on conditions present.
4 Stages of Labor
The document outlines the 4 stages of labor:
1) First stage from 0-10cm dilation with early, active, and transition phases. Nursing care includes assessments, comfort measures, and pain management.
2) Second stage from 10cm dilation until birth. Nursing focuses on support during pushing and preparing for delivery.
3) Third stage is from birth until delivery of placenta. Care includes newborn assessments and supporting breastfeeding.
4) Fourth stage is the recovery period for 4 hours postpartum with assessments and comfort measures.
4 stages of labor and birth
Stage 1 of labor involves the dilation of the cervix from 0-10 cm and has three phases: early, active, and transitional. The early phase averages 8.6 hours for first births and dilation is from 4-7 cm. In the active phase contractions increase in intensity, fetal descent progresses about 1.2-1.5 cm/hr, and anxiety rises. The transitional phase involves slowing dilation from 8-10 cm over 3 hours for first births. Stage 2 begins at full dilation and ends with birth, taking about 2 hours for first births. Stage 3 involves delivery of the placenta within 1 hour of birth. The fourth stage is the first 1-4 hours postpartum where the body readjust
Prolonged labour
Definition , Latent phase,prolonged latent phase , Causes, diagnosis first stage , second stage , treatment first stage ,second stage
Stages of labour first and second
1. Labor is the process by which the viable products of conception are expelled from the uterus through the vagina. It involves uterine contractions and cervical dilation.
2. Nursing care during labor involves monitoring the patient, providing comfort measures, and preparing for delivery. The nurse assesses cervical dilation, fetal position, and signs of distress.
3. During the second stage of labor, nurses assist the patient in pushing effectively and maintaining an optimal birthing position. They provide encouragement and help the patient rest between contractions.
006 management of the third stage of labor
The third stage of labor involves the period from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta. It normally takes 5-10 minutes and is divided into four phases: latent phase, contraction phase, detachment phase, and expulsion phase. The major risk is postpartum hemorrhage. Active management, including a uterotonic drug before delivery of the placenta and controlled cord traction, reduces blood loss and risk of retained placenta compared to expectant management. Complete placental separation is confirmed when the cord stops pulsing and cannot be pulled into the uterus.
Normal labour, third stage by Dr Yin Moe
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It typically lasts 15 minutes for first-time mothers and 5 minutes for others, not exceeding 30 minutes. There are two methods of placental separation - the Schultz method where it separates from the center and the Matthew Duncan method where it separates from the periphery. Controlled cord traction is used to deliver the placenta by applying gentle traction on the umbilical cord after signs of separation are present. The provider then checks the placenta and membranes for completeness.
Prolonged labour
Prolonged labour refers to the prolongation of the first stage of labour and can be identified using a partogram to track cervical dilation and fetal descent. Causes of prolonged labour include excessive analgesia, fetal-maternal disproportion, and malpresentations. Management involves reassessing the condition, providing pain relief, performing amniotomy if membranes are intact, administering oxytocin if needed, and performing a caesarean section if initial measures fail or if disproportion, uncorrectable malpresentations, contraindications to oxytocin, or fetal distress are present.
physiology and management of third stage of labour
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
physiology and management of third stage of labour-introduction
labour
stages of labor
physiology
management of third stage of labour.
(Normal labor) .ppt
The document discusses the stages and progression of normal labor. It describes the three stages as:
1) Dilatation from 0-10 cm cervical dilation
2) Birth, from full dilation until delivery of the baby
3) Delivery of the placenta, until the placenta is fully delivered
It also explains the mechanism of labor, including descent, engagement, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, and external rotation of the fetus through the birth canal.
First stage of labor
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
Management of second stage of labour
This document outlines the management of the second stage of labor. It begins with the definition of the second stage and principles of assisting the natural expulsion of the fetus slowly. It then details general measures like positioning, monitoring, and analgesia. Specific steps are provided for preparing for delivery, maintaining asepsis, perineal cleansing, positioning the mother, conducting the delivery in three phases, and preventing perineal lacerations including episiotomy. Immediate newborn care procedures are also summarized.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Normal labour
1) Normal labour is defined as spontaneous onset of labour at term, with a vertex presentation and natural termination with minimal intervention.
2) It involves three stages: first stage of cervical dilation from 0-10cm; second stage of fetal expulsion; third stage of placental delivery.
3) The first stage has two phases - a latent phase of slow dilation to 3-4cm and an active phase of rapid dilation to 10cm. It is influenced by uterine contractions, membrane status, and fetal position.
Normal Labour - Ayurvedic Management Modalities
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5 Contraction Patterns of Labour
The document discusses how understanding the normal physiological processes of labour, including the contraction patterns and stages of labour, can help midwives support vaginal births and avoid unnecessary interventions. It emphasizes applying anatomy and physiology to assess each woman's individual situation based on factors like baby positioning and dilation. Recognizing the full spectrum of labour from latent to active phases and using non-medical approaches can result in higher rates of normal birth.
Inversion Of Uterus
Uterine inversion occurs when the uterus turns inside out, most commonly during the third stage of labor due to excessive traction on the umbilical cord or fundal pressure. It can be incomplete, with just the fundus inverted, or complete, with the entire uterus emerging from the vagina or outside the body. Symptoms include hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and shock. Treatment involves immediate manual repositioning of the uterus if diagnosed early, or the O'Sullivan hydrostatic method using saline if delayed. Prevention relies on avoiding excessive fundal pressure or cord traction during delivery of the placenta.
4th stage of labor m.sc 1st year
The document discusses the fourth stage of labor, which begins after delivery of the placenta and ends when the mother's system has stabilized, usually 1-4 hours later. It describes the maternal assessment during this stage, including evaluation of pain, the uterus, inspection of the placenta and repairs if needed. Potential complications are also discussed as well as neonatal observations like Apgar scoring and vital signs measurements of the newborn.
Brief introduction - normal labour
Normal labor is defined as spontaneous onset at term, with a vertex baby and natural termination with minimal assistance and no complications. It involves four stages: first stage is cervical dilation from onset of labor pains until fully dilated; second stage is full dilation until birth; third stage is placental expulsion; and fourth stage is observation. Key factors that cause labor to start include uterine distention, hormones like estrogen and progesterone, and prostaglandins. The document outlines assessment criteria and stages of labor as well as keywords related to the labor mechanism and process.
Third stage of labor
The document discusses the third stage of labor including placental separation and delivery, mechanisms to control bleeding, management to promote delivery and arrest hemorrhage, complications, and postpartum assessment of vital signs, fundal height, lochia, bladder, and perineum. Risks include hemorrhage, shock, and infection while nursing diagnoses could include acute pain, deficient fluid volume, deficient knowledge, ineffective coping, and anxiety.
Physiological changes during third stage of labor
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during the third stage of labor. It defines the third stage as beginning with the birth of the baby and ending with delivery of the placenta and membranes. It describes the two main methods of placental separation - the Schultze method where separation begins centrally, and the Matthew's Duncan method where separation occurs at the margins. The key events of the third stage include placental separation facilitated by uterine contractions, formation of a retroplacental clot, descent and expulsion of the placenta, and control of bleeding through uterine retraction.
Management of first stage labour
The document describes the stages and phases of labor and delivery. It discusses:
1. The first stage consists of 3 phases - the latent phase (0-3cm dilation), active phase (4-7cm dilation), and transitional phase (7-10cm dilation). Contraction frequency and intensity increase through each phase.
2. Key aspects of nursing care in the first stage include monitoring maternal and fetal wellbeing, ensuring comfort and support, and teaching breathing and pushing techniques.
3. A partogram (partograph) is used to graphically monitor labor progress, contractions, and fetal conditions on one page to easily identify normal vs abnormal progress. It allows early recognition of issues like slow dilation.
Normal labor
This document summarizes the stages of normal labor and delivery. It describes the four stages of labor as follows: first stage includes latent and active phases ending with full cervical dilation; second stage involves baby's descent and birth; third stage is placental delivery; fourth stage monitors mother and baby in the first hour postpartum. Key events in each stage like cervical changes, fetal positioning and pushing are outlined. Abnormal presentations like face and brow are also discussed.
active management of labour
The document summarizes the management of the three stages of labour. The first stage involves assessing the patient's history and examining cervical dilation and fetal descent using a partogram. The second stage focuses on monitoring the mother and baby, maintaining an optimal birthing position, and gently guiding the baby's head and shoulders out. Immediate newborn care is also described. The third stage centers on delivering the placenta through controlled cord traction and examining for completeness or anomalies. Perineal tears are repaired to prevent bleeding and infection.
Third stage of labor
about the process of third stage of labor and management of post Partum Hemorrhage ,which is one of the major causes of blood loss in a pregnant women that needs active management.
Abnormal third stage
The document discusses abnormalities of the third stage of labor. Normally the third stage lasts 5-15 minutes and ends with delivery of the placenta. Retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled within 30 minutes of birth. Causes include failure of the placenta to separate from the uterine wall due to deep implantation or lack of uterine contractions. Retained placenta can lead to hemorrhage and may require removal of the uterus. The incidence varies from 0.1% in less developed countries to 3% in more developed countries.
Abortion sin
It is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival (WHO).
The 500gm of fetal development is attained approximately at 22 weeks of gestation.
Expelled fetus- Abortus
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the expectant mother and baby. The goals are to reduce mortality and morbidity, identify issues, and educate mothers. Checkups are usually every 4 weeks until 28 weeks, every 2 weeks until 36 weeks, and weekly until delivery. Appointments include health history, physical exam, lab tests, ultrasound, and health advice covering hygiene, nutrition, exercise, sleep, and danger signs. The overall aim is a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
stages of labour.pptx
Labour involves a series of events that result in the delivery of the fetus through the birth canal. It is classified as normal or abnormal based on factors like spontaneous onset, term gestation, and absence of complications. Normal labour proceeds through three stages: first stage involves cervical dilation; second stage is baby's delivery; third stage is placenta delivery. A variety of hormonal and physical factors can induce labour such as progesterone levels, uterine distension, and prostaglandin production. Contractions during true labour are painful, regular, and result in cervical changes whereas false labour involves dull, irregular pain without dilation.
Normal labor for undergraduate
UNDERGRADUATE COURSE LECTURES IN OBSTETRICS&GYNECOLOGY PREPARED BY DR MANAL BEHERY PROFESSOR OB&GYNE FACULTY OF MEDICINE ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY
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physiology and management of third stage of labour
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
physiology and management of third stage of labour-introduction
labour
stages of labor
physiology
management of third stage of labour.
(Normal labor) .ppt
The document discusses the stages and progression of normal labor. It describes the three stages as:
1) Dilatation from 0-10 cm cervical dilation
2) Birth, from full dilation until delivery of the baby
3) Delivery of the placenta, until the placenta is fully delivered
It also explains the mechanism of labor, including descent, engagement, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, and external rotation of the fetus through the birth canal.
First stage of labor
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
Management of second stage of labour
This document outlines the management of the second stage of labor. It begins with the definition of the second stage and principles of assisting the natural expulsion of the fetus slowly. It then details general measures like positioning, monitoring, and analgesia. Specific steps are provided for preparing for delivery, maintaining asepsis, perineal cleansing, positioning the mother, conducting the delivery in three phases, and preventing perineal lacerations including episiotomy. Immediate newborn care procedures are also summarized.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Normal labour
1) Normal labour is defined as spontaneous onset of labour at term, with a vertex presentation and natural termination with minimal intervention.
2) It involves three stages: first stage of cervical dilation from 0-10cm; second stage of fetal expulsion; third stage of placental delivery.
3) The first stage has two phases - a latent phase of slow dilation to 3-4cm and an active phase of rapid dilation to 10cm. It is influenced by uterine contractions, membrane status, and fetal position.
Normal Labour - Ayurvedic Management Modalities
A specific protocol designed for mother and child health care in providing normal natural safe painless labour.
5 Contraction Patterns of Labour
The document discusses how understanding the normal physiological processes of labour, including the contraction patterns and stages of labour, can help midwives support vaginal births and avoid unnecessary interventions. It emphasizes applying anatomy and physiology to assess each woman's individual situation based on factors like baby positioning and dilation. Recognizing the full spectrum of labour from latent to active phases and using non-medical approaches can result in higher rates of normal birth.
Inversion Of Uterus
Uterine inversion occurs when the uterus turns inside out, most commonly during the third stage of labor due to excessive traction on the umbilical cord or fundal pressure. It can be incomplete, with just the fundus inverted, or complete, with the entire uterus emerging from the vagina or outside the body. Symptoms include hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and shock. Treatment involves immediate manual repositioning of the uterus if diagnosed early, or the O'Sullivan hydrostatic method using saline if delayed. Prevention relies on avoiding excessive fundal pressure or cord traction during delivery of the placenta.
4th stage of labor m.sc 1st year
The document discusses the fourth stage of labor, which begins after delivery of the placenta and ends when the mother's system has stabilized, usually 1-4 hours later. It describes the maternal assessment during this stage, including evaluation of pain, the uterus, inspection of the placenta and repairs if needed. Potential complications are also discussed as well as neonatal observations like Apgar scoring and vital signs measurements of the newborn.
Brief introduction - normal labour
Normal labor is defined as spontaneous onset at term, with a vertex baby and natural termination with minimal assistance and no complications. It involves four stages: first stage is cervical dilation from onset of labor pains until fully dilated; second stage is full dilation until birth; third stage is placental expulsion; and fourth stage is observation. Key factors that cause labor to start include uterine distention, hormones like estrogen and progesterone, and prostaglandins. The document outlines assessment criteria and stages of labor as well as keywords related to the labor mechanism and process.
Third stage of labor
The document discusses the third stage of labor including placental separation and delivery, mechanisms to control bleeding, management to promote delivery and arrest hemorrhage, complications, and postpartum assessment of vital signs, fundal height, lochia, bladder, and perineum. Risks include hemorrhage, shock, and infection while nursing diagnoses could include acute pain, deficient fluid volume, deficient knowledge, ineffective coping, and anxiety.
Physiological changes during third stage of labor
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during the third stage of labor. It defines the third stage as beginning with the birth of the baby and ending with delivery of the placenta and membranes. It describes the two main methods of placental separation - the Schultze method where separation begins centrally, and the Matthew's Duncan method where separation occurs at the margins. The key events of the third stage include placental separation facilitated by uterine contractions, formation of a retroplacental clot, descent and expulsion of the placenta, and control of bleeding through uterine retraction.
Management of first stage labour
The document describes the stages and phases of labor and delivery. It discusses:
1. The first stage consists of 3 phases - the latent phase (0-3cm dilation), active phase (4-7cm dilation), and transitional phase (7-10cm dilation). Contraction frequency and intensity increase through each phase.
2. Key aspects of nursing care in the first stage include monitoring maternal and fetal wellbeing, ensuring comfort and support, and teaching breathing and pushing techniques.
3. A partogram (partograph) is used to graphically monitor labor progress, contractions, and fetal conditions on one page to easily identify normal vs abnormal progress. It allows early recognition of issues like slow dilation.
Normal labor
This document summarizes the stages of normal labor and delivery. It describes the four stages of labor as follows: first stage includes latent and active phases ending with full cervical dilation; second stage involves baby's descent and birth; third stage is placental delivery; fourth stage monitors mother and baby in the first hour postpartum. Key events in each stage like cervical changes, fetal positioning and pushing are outlined. Abnormal presentations like face and brow are also discussed.
active management of labour
The document summarizes the management of the three stages of labour. The first stage involves assessing the patient's history and examining cervical dilation and fetal descent using a partogram. The second stage focuses on monitoring the mother and baby, maintaining an optimal birthing position, and gently guiding the baby's head and shoulders out. Immediate newborn care is also described. The third stage centers on delivering the placenta through controlled cord traction and examining for completeness or anomalies. Perineal tears are repaired to prevent bleeding and infection.
Third stage of labor
about the process of third stage of labor and management of post Partum Hemorrhage ,which is one of the major causes of blood loss in a pregnant women that needs active management.
Abnormal third stage
The document discusses abnormalities of the third stage of labor. Normally the third stage lasts 5-15 minutes and ends with delivery of the placenta. Retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled within 30 minutes of birth. Causes include failure of the placenta to separate from the uterine wall due to deep implantation or lack of uterine contractions. Retained placenta can lead to hemorrhage and may require removal of the uterus. The incidence varies from 0.1% in less developed countries to 3% in more developed countries.
Abortion sin
It is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival (WHO).
The 500gm of fetal development is attained approximately at 22 weeks of gestation.
Expelled fetus- Abortus
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the expectant mother and baby. The goals are to reduce mortality and morbidity, identify issues, and educate mothers. Checkups are usually every 4 weeks until 28 weeks, every 2 weeks until 36 weeks, and weekly until delivery. Appointments include health history, physical exam, lab tests, ultrasound, and health advice covering hygiene, nutrition, exercise, sleep, and danger signs. The overall aim is a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
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physiology and management of third stage of labour
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stages of labour.pptx
Labour involves a series of events that result in the delivery of the fetus through the birth canal. It is classified as normal or abnormal based on factors like spontaneous onset, term gestation, and absence of complications. Normal labour proceeds through three stages: first stage involves cervical dilation; second stage is baby's delivery; third stage is placenta delivery. A variety of hormonal and physical factors can induce labour such as progesterone levels, uterine distension, and prostaglandin production. Contractions during true labour are painful, regular, and result in cervical changes whereas false labour involves dull, irregular pain without dilation.
Normal labor for undergraduate
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This document summarizes the normal process of labor and delivery in 3 stages:
1) The first stage of labor begins with the onset of contractions and ends with full cervical dilation. It is divided into latent and active phases.
2) The second stage begins at full dilation and ends with delivery of the baby. It has passive and active phases.
3) The third stage begins with delivery of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta, usually within 10-20 minutes.
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The document discusses the stages of normal labour and delivery. It is divided into four stages:
1) First stage from onset of contractions until full cervical dilation. It has latent and active phases of dilation.
2) Second stage from full dilation until delivery of the baby. It has propulsive and expulsive phases.
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INVERSION OF THE UTERUS .pptx
inversion of uterus- Complication of third stage labor
Introduction
It is an extremely rare but a life threatening complication in third stage in which the uterus is turned inside out partially or completely.
The incidence is about 1 in 20,000 deliveries.
The obstetric inversion is almost always an acute one and usually complete.
Types or degrees
First degree
There is dimpling of the fundus which still remains above the level of internal os.
Second degree
The fundus passes through the cervix but lies inside the vagina.
Third degree (complete)
The endometrium with or without the attached placenta is visible outside the vulva. The cervix and part of the vagina may also be involved in the process
Etiology
First degree
There is dimpling of the fundus which still remains above the level of internal os.
Second degree
The fundus passes through the cervix but lies inside the vagina.
Third degree (complete)
The endometrium with or without the attached placenta is visible outside the vulva. The cervix and part of the vagina may also be involved in the process
Risk factors
Uterine over enlargement
Prolonged labour
Fetal macrosomia
Uterine malformations
Morbid adherent placenta
Short umbilical cord
Pathogenesis
The underlying pathophysiologic mechanism is unknown
It has been attributed to use of
excessive cord traction and
fundal pressure
atonic uterus
fundal implantation of the placenta
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
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(1) Placenta previa is when the placenta covers all or part of the internal cervical os, and can cause painless bleeding in the third trimester. (2) It is classified as central, partial, or marginal depending on how close it is to the cervical os. (3) Complications include bleeding during or after delivery, as well as preterm delivery.
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a detail study on normal labour ( definition, stages of labour, management ,p...
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines normal birth as follows: The birth is spontaneous in onset and low risk at the start of labor and remains so throughout labor and delivery. The infant is born spontaneously in the vertex position between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy. this is study on detailed study on physiology and stages of normal labour .
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Abnormal labour
This document discusses abnormal labour, defined as failure to meet defined milestones and time limits for normal labour. It can be caused by issues with uterine contractions (power), the birth canal (passages), or the fetus (passenger). Types of abnormal labour include slow progress/protraction disorders, arrest of progress/arrest disorders, and precipitate labour. Management involves assessing for causes, supporting labour through hydration and pain relief, and potentially augmenting contractions, assisting delivery, or performing a caesarean section if needed for fetal wellbeing. Complications of abnormal labour include increased risk of cesarean, fetal distress, and postpartum hemorrhage.
Ectopic pregnancy (2)
This document defines and describes ectopic pregnancy, its various types (tubal, ovarian, abdominal, etc.), signs and symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and management approaches. The main points are:
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Abnormal labour
- 2. Obstetric • Sceince which deals with female pregnant woman pregnant labour perperium Composed of
- 3. Labour Labour is normal when Mature single fetaus Presented by vertex Spontaneous in onset No complication to fetous or mother Through birth canal At term { within 24 h }
- 5. Vertix postion Left occipito anterior Right occipito anterior Left occipito posterior Right occipito posterior
- 6. Abnormal labour ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Duration of pregnancy less than 37 week or more Duration of pregnancy is 42 week or more The course of labour lasting more than 24 h The cource of labour lasting less than 3 h Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
- 7. Onset of labour Abdominal pain referred back Contraction increased and not relieve by sedation Hardening of uterus regular True labour pain Show Rupture of membrane Discharge of mucous mixed with blood Gush of amniotic fluid
- 8. Stages of labour The first stage The third stage Start end Onset of labour Full cervical dilatation start end Reach full diatation Expulsion of the fetous start end Delivary of fetous Expulsion of placenta The second stage
- 9. 9 Project Analysis “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis suscipit in tellus ac bibendum. Sed congue lacus vitae tellus finibus, eu faucibus nisi ullamcorper. Quisque volutpat leo at arcu placerat, quis pellentesque tellus bibendum. Proin et luctus nisl, ut viverra eros. Suspendisse pharetra mattis purus eu.” 5,980,650.32
- 10. Management of first stage of labour Management of second stage of labour Electro modalities › . TENS › FREQUENCY 80 -120 HZ › Pulse width 150 µs › Intensity : tingling Comfortable position Deep breathing exercise Not bearing down Message on lumbar region Relaxation technique as diversion drill Lithotomy postion Bearing down Panting exercise Episiotomy TENS
- 11. Episiotomy . EPISIOTOMY A surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labor To enlarge the vaginal introitus Facilitate easy and safe delivery of the fetus To minimize overstretching and rupture of the perineal muscles and fascia to reduce the stress and strain on the fetal head.
- 12. • In elastic (rigid) perineum • Anticipating perineal tear • Operative delivery Previous perineal surgery COMMON INDICATIONS breech, occipitoposterior or face delivery threatened perineal injury in primigravidae INDICATIONS of episiotomy
- 13. Types of episiotomy a) Median b)Mediolateral
- 14. Thank You