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The Computer Continuum 4-1
Computer Languages,
Algorithms and Program
Development
How do computers know what
we want them to do?
The Computer Continuum 4-2
Computer Languages, Algorithms
and Program Development
 In this chapter:
• What makes up a language and how do we use language to
communicate with each other and with computers?
• How did computer programming languages evolve?
• How do computers understand what we are telling them to
do?
• What are the steps involved in building a program?
• How can we create something that would be visible on the
WWW?
The Computer Continuum 4-3
Communicating with
a Computer
 Communication cycle
• One complete unit of communication.
– An idea to be sent.
– An encoder.
– A sender.
– A medium.
– A receiver.
– A decoder.
– A response.
Speaker encodes
information
Listener decodes
information
Listener returns
feedback to speaker
The Computer Continuum 4-4
Communicating with
a Computer
 Substituting a computer
for one of the people in
the communication
process.
• Process is basically
the same.
– Response may be
symbols on the
monitor.
User encodes
information Computer decodes
information
Computer
returns results
to user
The Computer Continuum 4-5
Communicating with
a Computer
 Between two people:
• The person can’t hear you.
• The phone connection is
broken in mid-call.
• One person speaks only
French, while the other only
Japanese.
 Between a person and a
computer:
• The power was suddenly
interrupted.
• An internal wire became
disconnected.
• A keyboard malfunctioned.
A breakdown can occur any place along the cycle...
When communicating instructions to a computer, areas
of difficulty are often part of the encoding and decoding
process.
The Computer Continuum 4-6
Communicating with
a Computer
 Programming languages bridge the gap between
human thought processes and computer binary
circuitry.
• Programming language: A series of specifically defined
commands designed by human programmers to give
directions to digital computers.
– Commands are written as sets of instructions, called
programs.
– All programming language instructions must be expressed
in binary code before the computer can perform them.
The Computer Continuum 4-7
The Role of Languages
in Communication
 Three fundamental elements of language that
contribute to the success or failure of the
communication cycle:
• Semantics
• Syntax
• Participants
The Computer Continuum 4-8
The Role of Languages
in Communication
 Human language:
• Refers to the meaning of
what is being said.
• Words often pick up
multiple meanings.
• Phrases sometimes have
idiomatic meanings:
– let sleeping dogs lie
(don’t aggravate the
situation by “putting in
your two cents”)
 Computer language:
• Refers to the specific
command you wish the
computer to perform.
– Input, Output, Print
– Each command has a
very specific meaning.
– Computers associate
one meaning with one
computer command.
 Semantics: Refers to meaning.
The Computer Continuum 4-9
The Role of Languages
in Communication
 Human language:
• Refers to rules governing
grammatical structure.
– Pluralization, tense,
agreement of subject and
verb, pronunciation, and
gender.
• Humans tolerate the use of
language.
– How many ways can you
say no? Do they have the
same meaning?
 Computer language:
• Refers to rules governing
exact spelling and
punctuation, plus:
– Formatting, repetition,
subdivision of tasks,
identification of
variables, definition of
memory spaces.
• Computers do not tolerate
syntax errors.
 Syntax: Refers to form, or structure.
The Computer Continuum 4-10
The Role of Languages
in Communication
 Human language:
• In the communication cycle,
humans can respond in more
than one way.
– Body language
– Facial expressions
– Laughter
– human speech
 Computer language:
• People use programming
languages.
• Programs must be
translated into binary code.
• Computers respond by
performing the task or not!
 Participants:
• Human languages are used by people to communicate with
each other.
• Programming languages are used by people to communicate
with machines.

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Abdulrahman

  • 1. The Computer Continuum 4-1 Computer Languages, Algorithms and Program Development How do computers know what we want them to do?
  • 2. The Computer Continuum 4-2 Computer Languages, Algorithms and Program Development  In this chapter: • What makes up a language and how do we use language to communicate with each other and with computers? • How did computer programming languages evolve? • How do computers understand what we are telling them to do? • What are the steps involved in building a program? • How can we create something that would be visible on the WWW?
  • 3. The Computer Continuum 4-3 Communicating with a Computer  Communication cycle • One complete unit of communication. – An idea to be sent. – An encoder. – A sender. – A medium. – A receiver. – A decoder. – A response. Speaker encodes information Listener decodes information Listener returns feedback to speaker
  • 4. The Computer Continuum 4-4 Communicating with a Computer  Substituting a computer for one of the people in the communication process. • Process is basically the same. – Response may be symbols on the monitor. User encodes information Computer decodes information Computer returns results to user
  • 5. The Computer Continuum 4-5 Communicating with a Computer  Between two people: • The person can’t hear you. • The phone connection is broken in mid-call. • One person speaks only French, while the other only Japanese.  Between a person and a computer: • The power was suddenly interrupted. • An internal wire became disconnected. • A keyboard malfunctioned. A breakdown can occur any place along the cycle... When communicating instructions to a computer, areas of difficulty are often part of the encoding and decoding process.
  • 6. The Computer Continuum 4-6 Communicating with a Computer  Programming languages bridge the gap between human thought processes and computer binary circuitry. • Programming language: A series of specifically defined commands designed by human programmers to give directions to digital computers. – Commands are written as sets of instructions, called programs. – All programming language instructions must be expressed in binary code before the computer can perform them.
  • 7. The Computer Continuum 4-7 The Role of Languages in Communication  Three fundamental elements of language that contribute to the success or failure of the communication cycle: • Semantics • Syntax • Participants
  • 8. The Computer Continuum 4-8 The Role of Languages in Communication  Human language: • Refers to the meaning of what is being said. • Words often pick up multiple meanings. • Phrases sometimes have idiomatic meanings: – let sleeping dogs lie (don’t aggravate the situation by “putting in your two cents”)  Computer language: • Refers to the specific command you wish the computer to perform. – Input, Output, Print – Each command has a very specific meaning. – Computers associate one meaning with one computer command.  Semantics: Refers to meaning.
  • 9. The Computer Continuum 4-9 The Role of Languages in Communication  Human language: • Refers to rules governing grammatical structure. – Pluralization, tense, agreement of subject and verb, pronunciation, and gender. • Humans tolerate the use of language. – How many ways can you say no? Do they have the same meaning?  Computer language: • Refers to rules governing exact spelling and punctuation, plus: – Formatting, repetition, subdivision of tasks, identification of variables, definition of memory spaces. • Computers do not tolerate syntax errors.  Syntax: Refers to form, or structure.
  • 10. The Computer Continuum 4-10 The Role of Languages in Communication  Human language: • In the communication cycle, humans can respond in more than one way. – Body language – Facial expressions – Laughter – human speech  Computer language: • People use programming languages. • Programs must be translated into binary code. • Computers respond by performing the task or not!  Participants: • Human languages are used by people to communicate with each other. • Programming languages are used by people to communicate with machines.

Editor's Notes

  1. The Computer Continuum
  2. The Computer Continuum
  3. The Computer Continuum
  4. The Computer Continuum
  5. The Computer Continuum
  6. The Computer Continuum
  7. The Computer Continuum
  8. The Computer Continuum
  9. The Computer Continuum
  10. The Computer Continuum