This document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and activity-based management (ABM). It provides examples of implementing ABC at a company called Super Corporation. ABC involves identifying activities within a company and assigning indirect costs to products based on their use of each activity. This provides more accurate product costs than traditional costing systems. ABM uses the cost information from ABC to make decisions around pricing, cost reduction, process improvement and product design to improve profits. While more complex than departmental costing systems, ABC provides benefits like more accurate product costs and insights to help management make better decisions.

1. Activity-Based Costing and
Activity-Based Management

2. Learning Objective 1
Explain undercosting
and overcosting of
products and services.

3. Undercosting and
Overcosting Example
Tariq, Nasir, and Hamid order
separate items for lunch.
Tariq’s order amounts to Rs 14
Nasir consumed 30
Hamid’s order is 16
Total Rs 60
What is the average cost per lunch?

4. Undercosting and
Overcosting Example
Rs 60 ÷ 3 = Rs 20
Tariq and Hamid
are overcosted.
Nasir is
undercosted.

5. Learning Objective 2
Present three guidelines for
refining a costing system.

6. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
Super Corporation manufactures a normal lens
(NL) and a complex lens (CL).
Super currently uses a single indirect-cost rate
job costing system.
Cost objects: 80,000 (NL) and 20,000 (CL).

7. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
Normal Lenses (NL)
Direct materials Rs 1,520,000
Direct mfg. labor 800,000
Total direct costs Rs 2,320,000
Direct cost per unit: Rs 2,320,000 ÷ 80,000 = Rs29

8. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
Complex Lenses (CL)
Direct materials Rs 920,000
Direct mfg. labor 260,000
Total direct costs Rs1,180,000
Direct cost per unit: Rs 1,180,000 ÷ 20,000 = Rs 59

9. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
All Indirect Costs
Rs 2,900,000
All Indirect Costs
Rs 2,900,000
50,000 Direct
Manufacturing
Labor-Hours
50,000 Direct
Manufacturing
Labor-Hours
INDIRECT-COST
POLL
INDIRECT
COST-ALLOCATION
BASE
Rs 58 per Direct
Manufacturing
Labor-Hour

10. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
Indirect Costs
Direct Costs
Indirect Costs
Direct Costs
COST OBJECT:
NL AND CL
LENSES
DIRECT
COSTS
Direct
Materials
Direct
Materials
Direct
Manufacturing
Labor
Direct
Manufacturing
Labor

11. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
Super uses 36,000 direct manufacturing
labor-hours to make NL and 14,000 direct
manufacturing labor-hours to make CL.
How much indirect costs are allocated
to each product?

12. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
NL: 36,000 × Rs 58 = Rs 2,088,000
CL: 14,000 × Rs 58 = Rs 812,000
What is the total cost of normal lenses?
Direct costs Rs 2,320,000 +
Allocated costs Rs 2,088,000 = Rs 4,408,000
What is the cost per unit?
Rs 4,408,000 ÷ 80,000 = Rs 55.10

13. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
What is the total cost of complex lenses?
Direct costs Rs 1,180,000 + Allocated
costs Rs 812,000 = Rs 1,992,000
What is the cost per unit?
Rs 1,992,000 ÷ 20,000 = Rs 99.60

14. Existing Single Indirect-
Cost Pool System Example
Normal lenses sell for Rs 60 each and
complex lenses for Rs 142 each.
Normal Complex
Revenue Rs 60.00 Rs 142.00
Cost 55.10 99.60
Income Rs 4.90 Rs 42.40
Margin 8.2% 29.9%

15. Refining a Costing System
Direct-cost tracing
Indirect-cost pools
Cost-allocation basis

16. Refining a Costing System
1. Design of Products and Process
The Design Department designs the molds
and defines processes needed (details of
the manufacturing operations).

17. Refining a Costing System
2. Manufacturing Operations
Lenses are molded, finished,
cleaned, and inspected.
3. Shipping and Distribution
Finished lenses are packed and
sent to the various customers.

18. Learning Objective 3
Distinguish between the
traditional and the
activity-based costing
approaches to designing
a costing system.

19. Activity-Based Costing System
Fundamental
Cost Objects
Activities
Costs of Activities
Assignment to Other
Cost Objects
Cost of:
• Product
• Service
• Customer

20. Activity-Based Costing System
A cross-functional team at Super
Corporation identified key activities:
Design products and processes.
Set up molding machine.
Operate machines to manufacture lenses.
Maintain and clean the molds.

21. Activity-Based Costing System
Set up batches of finished lenses for shipment.
Distribute lenses to customers.
Administer and manage all processes.

22. Activity-Based Costing System
No. of
Setup
Hours
Lenses
NL
Lenses
CL
Lenses
Other
Cost
Allocation
Base
Product
Cost
Objects
No. of
Shipments
Parts-
Square
feet
SetupDesign Shipping
Activity
Indirect Cost
Pool

23. Activity-Based Costing System
NL CL
Quantity produced 80,000 20,000
No. produced/batch 250 50
Number of batches 320 400
Setup time per batch 2 hours 5 hours
Total setup-hours 640 2,000
Total setup costs are Rs 409,200.

24. Activity-Based Costing System
What is the setup cost per setup-hour?
Rs 409,200 ÷ 2,640 hours = Rs 155
What is the setup cost per
direct manufacturing labor-hour?
Rs 409,200 ÷ 50,000 = Rs 8.184

25. Activity-Based Costing System
Allocation using direct labor-hours:
NL: Rs 8.184 × 36,000 = Rs 294,624
CL: Rs8.184 × 14,000 = Rs114,576
Total Rs409,200
Allocation using setup-hours:
NL: Rs155 × 640 = Rs 99,200
CL: Rs155 × 2,000 = Rs310,000
Total Rs409,200

26. Learning Objective 4
Describe a four-part
cost hierarchy.

27. Cost Hierarchies
A cost hierarchy is a categorization
of costs into different cost pools.
Cost drivers bases (cost-allocation bases)
Degrees of difficulty in determining
cause-and-effect relationships

28. Cost Hierarchies
ABC systems commonly use a
four-part cost hierarchy to
identify cost-allocation bases:
1. Output unit-level costs
2. Batch-level costs
3. Product-sustaining costs
4. Facility-sustaining costs

29. Output Unit-Level Costs
These are resources sacrificed
on activities performed on each
individual unit of product or service.
Energy
Machine depreciation
Repairs

30. Batch-Level Costs
These are resources sacrificed on
activities that are related to a group
of units of product(s) or service(s)
rather than to each individual unit
of product or service.
Setup-hours
Procurement costs

31. Product-Sustaining Costs
These are often called service-sustaining
costs and are resources sacrificed on
activities undertaken to support
individual products or services.
Design costs
Engineering costs

32. Facility-Sustaining Costs
These are resources sacrificed on
activities that cannot be traced to
individual products or services but
support the organization as a whole.
General administration
– rent – building security

33. Learning Objective 5
Cost products or services using
activity-based costing.

34. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Identify cost objects.
NL
CL
Identify the direct costs
of the products.
Direct material
Direct labor
Mold cleaning and
maintenance
Step 1 Step 2

35. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Cleaning and maintenance costs of
Rs360,000 are direct batch-level costs.
Why?
Because these costs consist of workers’
wages for cleaning molds after each
batch of lenses is run.

36. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Normal Lenses (NL)
Cost Hierarchy
Description Category
Direct materials Unit-level
Rs1,520,000
Direct mfg. labor Unit-level 800,000
Cleaning and maint. Batch-level 160,000
Total direct costs
Rs2,480,000

37. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Complex Lenses (CL)
Cost Hierarchy
Description Category
Direct materials Unit-level Rs
920,000
Direct mfg. labor Unit-level 260,000
Cleaning and maint. Batch-level 200,000
Total direct costs
Rs1,380,000

38. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Select the cost-allocation bases to use for
allocating indirect costs to the products.
(1) (2) (3)
Activity Cost Hierarchy Total Costs
Design Product-sustaining Rs450,000
Setups Batch-level Rs409,200
Operations Unit-level Rs637,500
Step 3

39. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Identify the indirect costs associated
with each cost-allocation base.
Overhead costs incurred are assigned
to activities, to the extent possible, on
the basis of a cause-and-effect relationship.
Step 4

40. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Compute the rate per unit.
(1) (5)
NL CL Total
Setup-hours: 640 2,000 2,640
Step 5
Rs409,200 ÷ 2,640 = Rs155

41. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Compute the indirect costs allocated
to the products.
NL: Rs155 × 640 = Rs 99,200
CL: Rs155 × 2,000 = 310,000
Total Rs409,200
Step 6

42. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
Compute the costs of the products.
NL and CL would show three
direct cost categories.
Step 7
1. Direct materials
2. Direct manufacturing labor
3. Cleaning and maintenance

43. Implementing
Activity-Based Costing
NL and CL would show six indirect cost pools.
1. Design
2. Molding machine setups
3. Manufacturing operations
4. Shipment setup
5. Distribution
6. Administration

44. Learning Objective 6
Use activity-based
costing systems for
activity-based management.

45. Activity-Based Management
ABM describes management decisions that use
activity-based costing information to satisfy
customers and improve profits.
Product pricing and mix decisions
Cost reduction and process improvement decisions
Design decisions

46. Product Pricing and
Mix Decisions
ABC gives management insight into the cost
structures for making and selling diverse products.
It provides more accurate product cost
information and more detailed information
on costs of activities and the drivers of those costs.

47. Cost Reduction and Process
Improvement Decisions
Manufacturing and distribution personnel use
ABC systems to focus on cost-reduction efforts.
Managers set cost-reduction targets in terms of
reducing the cost per unit of the cost-allocation base.

48. Design Decisions
Management can identify and evaluate new designs
to improve performance by evaluating how product
and process designs affect activities and costs.
Companies can work with their customers to
evaluate the costs and prices of alternative designs.

49. Learning Objective 7
Compare activity-based costing
systems and department-
costing systems.

50. ABC and Department
Indirect-Cost Rates
Many companies have evolved their
costing system from using a single
cost pool to using separate indirect-cost
rates for each department:
Design
Manufacturing
Distribution

51. ABC and Department
Indirect-Cost Rates
Why?
Because the cost drivers of resources in each
department or sub department differ from the
single, company-wide, cost-allocation base.
ABC systems are a further refinement of
department costing systems.

52. Learning Objective 8
Evaluate the costs and benefits
of implementing activity-based
costing systems.

53. Benefits of ABC Systems
Significant amounts of indirect costs are
allocated using only one or two cost pools.
All or most costs are identified
as output unit-level costs.
Products make diverse demands on
resources because of differences in
volume, process steps, batch size,
or complexity.

54. Benefits of ABC Systems
Products that a company is well-suited to
make and sell show small profits while
products for which a company is less
suited show large profits.
Complex products appear to be very
profitable and simple products
appear to be losing money.

55. Benefits of ABC Systems
Operations staff have significant
disagreements with the accounting
staff about the costs of manufacturing
and marketing products and services.

56. Limitations of ABC Systems
The main limitations of ABC are the
measurements necessary to
implement the system.
ABC systems require management
to estimate costs of activity pools
and to identify and measure cost
drivers for these pools.

57. Limitations of ABC Systems
Activity-cost rates also need to be
updated regularly.
Very detailed ABC systems are costly
to operate and difficult to understand.

58. ABC In Service and
Merchandising Companies
The general approach to ABC in the
service and merchandising areas is very
similar to the approach in manufacturing.
Costs are divided into homogeneous cost
pools and classified as output unit-level,
batch-level, product- or service-sustaining,
and facility-sustaining costs.

59. ABC In Service and
Merchandising Companies
The cost pools correspond to key activities.
Costs are allocated to products or customers
using activity drivers or cost-allocation
bases that have a cause-and-effect
relationship with the cost in the cost pool.

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