A solar system refers to a star and all the objects that travel in orbit around it. Our solar system consists of the sun - our star - eight planets and their natural satellites (such as our moon); dwarf planets; asteroids and comets. Our solar system is located in an outward spiral of the Milky Way galaxy.
The document summarizes key facts about our solar system including:
- It contains 1 star, 8 planets, many moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids.
- Terrestrial planets like Earth are rocky while Jovian planets like Jupiter are gaseous.
- Asteroids, meteoroids and comets originate from leftover material that did not form planets.
- The nebular hypothesis and condensation theory explain how the solar system formed from a large cloud or disk of dust and gas over billions of years.
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It has no atmosphere and its surface is marked by craters and dust. The same side always faces Earth. The Moon's diameter is about one quarter that of Earth and it has lower gravity and density than Earth. Temperatures vary greatly from 130°C during the day to -110°C at night. Large flat plains called maria cover parts of the near side, formed by ancient lava flows. Craters and long valleys called rilles are also features of its surface. The Moon orbits Earth about every 27 days in a cycle linked to eclipses.
The document discusses key facts about our planet Earth. It begins by providing context about our solar system and universe. It then explains that Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet that supports life. The document goes on to describe how Earth formed from a hot cloud of gases and cooled over millions of years, developing a crust, mantle and core similar to an egg. Volcanoes are mentioned as openings where molten material from the core is forced out of the crust.
The Solar System formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called a solar nebula. As the nebula condensed due to gravity, a central mass became the Sun and the remaining material formed rings that eventually became the planets. The Sun consists of an inner core where nuclear fusion occurs and surrounding layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The eight major planets can be divided into terrestrial and Jovian planets. Smaller bodies like asteroids and comets also orbit the Sun.
The Solar System consists of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets that orbit closer to or farther from the Sun. There are also smaller objects like Pluto, asteroids, comets, and moons. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite, orbiting our planet every 28 days, and has no atmosphere or weather.
This document provides an overview of topics related to the solar system including celestial objects, astronomy, the moon, stars, constellations, planets, satellites, and other bodies like asteroids, comets, and meteors. It discusses key facts about each topic like the phases of the moon, distances between celestial bodies, features of planets, and historic missions like Mangalyaan. Astronomy in ancient India is also summarized, highlighting contributions from Aryabhata.
The document provides facts about objects in our solar system including the Sun, planets Mercury through Neptune, dwarf planets, asteroids, and the Kuiper Belt. It notes key details about each such as the Sun containing 99% of the solar system's mass, Venus rotating backwards compared to other planets, Jupiter having the largest moon Ganymede, Saturn being the ringed planet, and the Kuiper Belt potentially containing over a trillion comet nuclei. It aims to inform readers about characteristics of astronomical bodies in our neighborhood.
Solar system - a powerpoint presentation by Tanisha Pahwa - 5thRajesh Pahwa
This document provides a summary of the solar system and its exploration in the form of a slideshow presentation. It begins with an introduction to the solar system, then provides details about each planet from the Sun to Neptune in individual slides. Additional slides cover other heavenly bodies like dwarf planets, asteroids, meteors, comets and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The presentation includes interesting facts, diagrams and numbers about each topic. It aims to educate students in class 4 about the amazing facts of space and the universe.
The document summarizes key facts about our solar system including:
- It contains 1 star, 8 planets, many moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids.
- Terrestrial planets like Earth are rocky while Jovian planets like Jupiter are gaseous.
- Asteroids, meteoroids and comets originate from leftover material that did not form planets.
- The nebular hypothesis and condensation theory explain how the solar system formed from a large cloud or disk of dust and gas over billions of years.
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It has no atmosphere and its surface is marked by craters and dust. The same side always faces Earth. The Moon's diameter is about one quarter that of Earth and it has lower gravity and density than Earth. Temperatures vary greatly from 130°C during the day to -110°C at night. Large flat plains called maria cover parts of the near side, formed by ancient lava flows. Craters and long valleys called rilles are also features of its surface. The Moon orbits Earth about every 27 days in a cycle linked to eclipses.
The document discusses key facts about our planet Earth. It begins by providing context about our solar system and universe. It then explains that Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet that supports life. The document goes on to describe how Earth formed from a hot cloud of gases and cooled over millions of years, developing a crust, mantle and core similar to an egg. Volcanoes are mentioned as openings where molten material from the core is forced out of the crust.
The Solar System formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called a solar nebula. As the nebula condensed due to gravity, a central mass became the Sun and the remaining material formed rings that eventually became the planets. The Sun consists of an inner core where nuclear fusion occurs and surrounding layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The eight major planets can be divided into terrestrial and Jovian planets. Smaller bodies like asteroids and comets also orbit the Sun.
The Solar System consists of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets that orbit closer to or farther from the Sun. There are also smaller objects like Pluto, asteroids, comets, and moons. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite, orbiting our planet every 28 days, and has no atmosphere or weather.
This document provides an overview of topics related to the solar system including celestial objects, astronomy, the moon, stars, constellations, planets, satellites, and other bodies like asteroids, comets, and meteors. It discusses key facts about each topic like the phases of the moon, distances between celestial bodies, features of planets, and historic missions like Mangalyaan. Astronomy in ancient India is also summarized, highlighting contributions from Aryabhata.
The document provides facts about objects in our solar system including the Sun, planets Mercury through Neptune, dwarf planets, asteroids, and the Kuiper Belt. It notes key details about each such as the Sun containing 99% of the solar system's mass, Venus rotating backwards compared to other planets, Jupiter having the largest moon Ganymede, Saturn being the ringed planet, and the Kuiper Belt potentially containing over a trillion comet nuclei. It aims to inform readers about characteristics of astronomical bodies in our neighborhood.
Solar system - a powerpoint presentation by Tanisha Pahwa - 5thRajesh Pahwa
This document provides a summary of the solar system and its exploration in the form of a slideshow presentation. It begins with an introduction to the solar system, then provides details about each planet from the Sun to Neptune in individual slides. Additional slides cover other heavenly bodies like dwarf planets, asteroids, meteors, comets and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The presentation includes interesting facts, diagrams and numbers about each topic. It aims to educate students in class 4 about the amazing facts of space and the universe.
YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY - ASTRONOMY: SUN, PLANETS AND GALAXYGeorge Dumitrache
An original and comprehensive Powerpoint presentation about the science of Astronomy: the Sun, the planets and our galaxy. It is suitable for Year 9 and 10, pre Cambridge curricula.
Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids are small rocky or icy bodies that orbit the sun. Thousands of asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are remnants of early planet formation. Comets are composed of ice and dust and have highly elliptical orbits, forming tails as they near the sun due to heating. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, they burn up and are seen as meteors or shooting stars. Those that survive are called meteorites and sometimes leave impact craters. Analysis of meteorites provides clues about early solar system formation and even the origin of life.
SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system is made up of the sun and everything that orbits around it, including planets, moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids.
COMPOSITION OF SOLAR SYSTEM
Sun: 99.85%
Planets: 0.135%
Comets: 0.01%
Satellites: 0.00005%
Minor Planets: 0.0000002%
Meteoroids: 0.0000001%
Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001%
We're off to space! Let your kids explore the wonders of the great vast universe and launch their ideas to space. Here are some fascinating facts about space to kick off your child's dreams.
The document provides an overview of the components of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, asteroids, comets, and satellites. It discusses the key features of terrestrial and Jovian planets, and provides brief introductions to each of the planets as well as other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteors, comets, and satellites. The document aims to teach students about the structure and composition of objects in the solar system.
1. The Sun is located at the center of our Solar System and is made up of hydrogen and helium.
2. It has a four-part structure including the core, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona, with temperatures ranging from 15 million degrees Celsius at its core to over 1 million degrees in its corona.
3. The Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion reactions at its core and exhibits phenomena like solar flares, prominences, and sunspots on its surface controlled by its magnetic field.
The document describes the inner and outer planets of the solar system, as well as their natural and artificial satellites. It provides details about the moons of each planet, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also discusses different types of artificial satellites such as communication, resource, navigation, military, scientific, and weather satellites and how they are used.
The Sun formed around 5 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust. Through the process of nuclear fusion at its core, the Sun generates immense heat and light by converting hydrogen into helium. It is a common yellow star that is part of a cycle that creates convection currents within its surface and sunspots that follow an 11-year cycle. The Sun provides the energy necessary to sustain life on Earth but will eventually exhaust its hydrogen fuel in around 5 billion years.
Meteors are bright streaks of light seen briefly in the sky, and meteorites are meteors that survive entry into the Earth's atmosphere and impact the surface. Millions of meteors enter the Earth's atmosphere daily but become visible only when friction with the atmosphere heats them, causing them to glow brightly for a short time as they streak across the sky.
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the sun and are smaller than planets. Comets are made of ice and dust with elongated orbits around the sun, forming tails as they near the sun. Meteors enter Earth's atmosphere as meteorites and appear as "shooting stars", transitioning from meteoroid to meteor to meteorite. While both appear as streaks of light, comets remain stationary while meteors quickly streak across the sky.
Made this when I was 12 for my group's report about astronomy. A presentation about Astronomy--Stars, Galaxies, Constellations, etc. I don't really see the point in just keeping it unused in my computer...
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun and the least explored. It is very difficult to study from Earth due to its proximity to the Sun, which means it never gets more than 28 degrees from the Sun's glare. Mercury is the smallest planet and fastest planet in its orbit, taking 88 days to revolve around the Sun. The Mariner 10 spacecraft was the first to visit Mercury in 1974 and photographed nearly half of its surface, finding a landscape scarred by impacts and wrinkled with great ridges.
1. The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit around it, including 8 planets.
2. The planets can be divided into inner terrestrial planets like Earth and outer gas giants like Jupiter.
3. The motions of objects in the Solar System, such as the Earth's rotation and revolution around the Sun, cause natural phenomena like day/night and seasons.
The document summarizes key facts about our solar system. It begins by listing the order of the planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It notes that an asteroid belt separates the inner planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars from the outer planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It also identifies three dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto and Eris. Key details provided include that Earth is the only known habitable planet, Venus has dense clouds of sulfuric acid, and Jupiter is the largest planet with over 60 moons.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document summarizes the Nebular Theory of solar system formation. It states that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust remnants from a supernova. As the cloud collapsed under gravity, it flattened into a disc and spun faster. The center became very hot and formed the Sun, while the planets formed from accretion of planetesimals in the disc. The terrestrial planets are rocky, while the gas giants formed from condensation of ices and gases in the outer solar system. However, some observations of exoplanets do not fully match this theory.
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Astronomers can determine properties of stars like temperature, luminosity, and composition by analyzing their spectra. Stars evolve over their lifetimes, with more massive stars having shorter lives and ending as supernovae. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in spiral, elliptical, and irregular shapes. The universe originated in a massive expansion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
this power point presentation contain all the description about milky way galaxy & solar system with picture & sound...
by just clicking F11 this PPT will start...
Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and orbits closest to the Sun. It has long days but a short year, and its surface is heavily cratered. Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense, toxic atmosphere that causes a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known place where life exists. It has liquid water and an atmosphere suitable for life. Mars is a cold, desert world with seasons and polar ice caps that shows evidence it was once warmer and wetter in the past.
YEAR 9 GEOGRAPHY - ASTRONOMY: SUN, PLANETS AND GALAXYGeorge Dumitrache
An original and comprehensive Powerpoint presentation about the science of Astronomy: the Sun, the planets and our galaxy. It is suitable for Year 9 and 10, pre Cambridge curricula.
Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids are small rocky or icy bodies that orbit the sun. Thousands of asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are remnants of early planet formation. Comets are composed of ice and dust and have highly elliptical orbits, forming tails as they near the sun due to heating. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, they burn up and are seen as meteors or shooting stars. Those that survive are called meteorites and sometimes leave impact craters. Analysis of meteorites provides clues about early solar system formation and even the origin of life.
SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system is made up of the sun and everything that orbits around it, including planets, moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids.
COMPOSITION OF SOLAR SYSTEM
Sun: 99.85%
Planets: 0.135%
Comets: 0.01%
Satellites: 0.00005%
Minor Planets: 0.0000002%
Meteoroids: 0.0000001%
Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001%
We're off to space! Let your kids explore the wonders of the great vast universe and launch their ideas to space. Here are some fascinating facts about space to kick off your child's dreams.
The document provides an overview of the components of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, asteroids, comets, and satellites. It discusses the key features of terrestrial and Jovian planets, and provides brief introductions to each of the planets as well as other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteors, comets, and satellites. The document aims to teach students about the structure and composition of objects in the solar system.
1. The Sun is located at the center of our Solar System and is made up of hydrogen and helium.
2. It has a four-part structure including the core, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona, with temperatures ranging from 15 million degrees Celsius at its core to over 1 million degrees in its corona.
3. The Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion reactions at its core and exhibits phenomena like solar flares, prominences, and sunspots on its surface controlled by its magnetic field.
The document describes the inner and outer planets of the solar system, as well as their natural and artificial satellites. It provides details about the moons of each planet, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also discusses different types of artificial satellites such as communication, resource, navigation, military, scientific, and weather satellites and how they are used.
The Sun formed around 5 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust. Through the process of nuclear fusion at its core, the Sun generates immense heat and light by converting hydrogen into helium. It is a common yellow star that is part of a cycle that creates convection currents within its surface and sunspots that follow an 11-year cycle. The Sun provides the energy necessary to sustain life on Earth but will eventually exhaust its hydrogen fuel in around 5 billion years.
Meteors are bright streaks of light seen briefly in the sky, and meteorites are meteors that survive entry into the Earth's atmosphere and impact the surface. Millions of meteors enter the Earth's atmosphere daily but become visible only when friction with the atmosphere heats them, causing them to glow brightly for a short time as they streak across the sky.
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the sun and are smaller than planets. Comets are made of ice and dust with elongated orbits around the sun, forming tails as they near the sun. Meteors enter Earth's atmosphere as meteorites and appear as "shooting stars", transitioning from meteoroid to meteor to meteorite. While both appear as streaks of light, comets remain stationary while meteors quickly streak across the sky.
Made this when I was 12 for my group's report about astronomy. A presentation about Astronomy--Stars, Galaxies, Constellations, etc. I don't really see the point in just keeping it unused in my computer...
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun and the least explored. It is very difficult to study from Earth due to its proximity to the Sun, which means it never gets more than 28 degrees from the Sun's glare. Mercury is the smallest planet and fastest planet in its orbit, taking 88 days to revolve around the Sun. The Mariner 10 spacecraft was the first to visit Mercury in 1974 and photographed nearly half of its surface, finding a landscape scarred by impacts and wrinkled with great ridges.
1. The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit around it, including 8 planets.
2. The planets can be divided into inner terrestrial planets like Earth and outer gas giants like Jupiter.
3. The motions of objects in the Solar System, such as the Earth's rotation and revolution around the Sun, cause natural phenomena like day/night and seasons.
The document summarizes key facts about our solar system. It begins by listing the order of the planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It notes that an asteroid belt separates the inner planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars from the outer planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It also identifies three dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto and Eris. Key details provided include that Earth is the only known habitable planet, Venus has dense clouds of sulfuric acid, and Jupiter is the largest planet with over 60 moons.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document summarizes the Nebular Theory of solar system formation. It states that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust remnants from a supernova. As the cloud collapsed under gravity, it flattened into a disc and spun faster. The center became very hot and formed the Sun, while the planets formed from accretion of planetesimals in the disc. The terrestrial planets are rocky, while the gas giants formed from condensation of ices and gases in the outer solar system. However, some observations of exoplanets do not fully match this theory.
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Astronomers can determine properties of stars like temperature, luminosity, and composition by analyzing their spectra. Stars evolve over their lifetimes, with more massive stars having shorter lives and ending as supernovae. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in spiral, elliptical, and irregular shapes. The universe originated in a massive expansion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
this power point presentation contain all the description about milky way galaxy & solar system with picture & sound...
by just clicking F11 this PPT will start...
Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and orbits closest to the Sun. It has long days but a short year, and its surface is heavily cratered. Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense, toxic atmosphere that causes a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known place where life exists. It has liquid water and an atmosphere suitable for life. Mars is a cold, desert world with seasons and polar ice caps that shows evidence it was once warmer and wetter in the past.
The Solar System: An Introduction to Comparative PlanetologyBren Dale
This document provides an introduction to the Solar System, including summaries of each planet and some key facts. It discusses the Sun, the eight major planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), Pluto, and compares their properties. It also includes diagrams showing the relative sizes of planets and layout of the Solar System, as well as descriptions of different types of space missions like flybys, orbiters, landers, rovers, aeroplanes, balloons, and subsurface explorers.
1. Our solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets of which Earth is third from the Sun.
2. The Sun formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust and makes up 98% of the mass in the solar system. It is able to hold onto planets and other objects due to its strong gravity.
3. The inner planets Mercury and Venus have no moons and extreme temperatures due to their proximity to the Sun and lack of atmosphere, while Earth has one moon and conditions suitable for life.
The Solar System an volume of Space defined by the influence of the Sun gravity. It is extra-ordinary complex considered the type and the number of objects that circulate around the Sun. Our knowledge about the Solar System exploded as we started sending spacecrafts at the second half of the twentieth century. This is just a slideshow describing the major objects within the Solar System. 25 Sept 2021
1. The document discusses several celestial bodies in our solar system including galaxies, comets, black holes, planets, and moons.
2. It provides information on the composition, size, and key features of these objects, such as galaxies containing billions of stars, comets having tails and orbiting the sun, and black holes being regions of intense gravity from which nothing can escape.
3. Major planets discussed include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and their characteristics like composition, rotation period, and atmospheric composition.
1. The document discusses several celestial bodies in our solar system including galaxies, comets, black holes, planets, and their characteristics.
2. It explains that galaxies are large systems containing billions of stars and other matter bound together by gravity, and that Edwin Hubble discovered other galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
3. Key facts are provided about planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune as well as other objects like comets and black holes. Their compositions, orbits, rotations, and other physical traits are summarized.
The Solar System has nothing on the Universe. It's been around for 13.8 billion years, give or take a few hundred million. That means the Universe is three times older than the Solar System.
1) The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory that the universe was created between 10-20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.
2) A black hole is a region of space with immense gravity that prevents anything, even light, from escaping.
3) The Milky Way galaxy is home to over 400 billion stars and contains the solar system, including Earth and the sun.
1) The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory that the universe was created between 10-20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.
2) A black hole is a region of space with immense gravity that prevents anything, even light, from escaping.
3) The Milky Way galaxy is home to over 400 billion stars and contains the solar system, including Earth and the sun.
This document describes the journey from the Milky Way galaxy to the edge of the known universe. It discusses our solar system and the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It also describes asteroids, comets, black holes, and exotic astronomical objects far outside our solar system like the Diamond Planet, Kepler-10b, and planets with burning ice or lava oceans.
This document provides an overview of our solar system, including the Sun and planets from Mercury to Pluto. It describes key facts about each planetary body such as their size, composition, moons, and other notable features. Comets are also briefly discussed, explaining that they are icy objects formed early in the solar system's history that can provide insights into its formation. The document aims to educate students in an after school astronomy club about the basic characteristics of objects that make up our solar system.
Solar System Education Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Solar System Education Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including definitions and basic information about the sun and eight major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It discusses the inner and outer planets, types of planets, and includes 1-2 paragraph descriptions of each planet covering attributes like composition, rotation, moons, and exploration history.
The document provides an overview of our solar system, including details on the sun, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and other celestial bodies. It discusses the composition and features of each planet from Mercury to Neptune. It also covers the International Astronomical Union's classification of dwarf planets like Pluto and Ceres. The timeline section outlines major milestones in the American and Soviet space programs from the early 1960s through the retirement of the US space shuttle in 2011.
This document provides an overview of our solar system, including summaries of each planet from Mercury to Pluto as well as asteroids, comets, and other celestial bodies. Key details include Mercury being the smallest planet with no moons or rings, Venus being very bright and visible to the naked eye, Earth and its moon having different surface features due to geological processes, Mars being named after the Roman god of war due to its reddish color, Jupiter being the largest planet with over 60 moons, Saturn being known as the ringed planet with over 31 moons, Uranus sitting on its side with poles sticking out, Neptune occasionally being the eighth planet when Pluto crosses its orbit, and Pluto once potentially being one
Jupiter has 63 moons including the largest moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Saturn has 59 moons including Titan which has methane clouds and landscapes similar to Earth. Uranus has 27 moons including Miranda which has a heavily cratered and fractured surface. Neptune has 13 moons including Triton which has geysers that shoot ice 5 miles high.
The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory that the universe was created approximately 13.8 billion years ago from the explosion of a single point that hurled matter in all directions. After the initial expansion and cooling, the universe continued to expand and cool, forming stars, galaxies, and everything in the observable universe. A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape, while a wormhole is a theoretical connection between two distant points in spacetime. The Milky Way galaxy is home to over 200 billion stars and contains three main components: the halo, bulge, and disk. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon, famously saying "That's
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Exploring Solar System
1. EXPLORING THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Ian Ridpath
WE live on a planet called Earth, one of eight major planets orbiting a fairly average
star called the Sun. The difference between a star and a planet is that a star is a hot
body that gives out light of its own, whereas planets are cool and shine simply by
reflecting sunlight. Together, the Sun and all the objects that orbit it make up the Solar
System. The Solar System is the Sun’s system.
The Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It has a smaller companion going around it, called
the Moon. Most planets have at least one moon of their own, and the giant planets have dozens.
Only Mercury and Venus, the two planets closest to the Sun, are moonless.
In addition to the eight major planets, there is a lot of debris in the Solar System. A band of
rubble called the asteroids lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, while beyond Neptune
is a swarm of icy bodies called the Kuiper Belt. There lies Pluto, once regarded as the ninth
planet of the Solar System. Pluto is so much smaller than the other eight planets that in 2006
astronomers reclassified it as a dwarf planet. Other dwarf planets also exist in this region of
the Solar System beyond Neptune.
2. Many small, frozen bodies called comets move around the Sun on highly elongated paths.
When they come close to the Sun they heat up and can grow long, flowing tails. Comets are the
subject of a separate background article which you can download here.
Mercury, the innermost planet
The planet closest to the Sun is Mercury. It’s the smallest of the eight planets, not a lot bigger
than our own Moon, and like the Moon it’s a rocky body without air or water.
Mercury is pretty difficult to see from Earth because it keeps so close to the Sun. Even through
a telescope you can’t make out much detail, so we knew very little about it until a NASA probe
called Mariner 10 got there in 1974. Mariner 10 showed that Mercury is covered in craters like
those on the Moon (see photograph on next page). This was no real surprise given that Mercury
hasn’t got any atmosphere, so it is wide open to bombardment by debris floating around in the
Solar System, just like the Moon.
After Mariner 10’s visit Mercury was largely forgotten about until a US probe called Messenger
zoomed past it in 2008 and 2009 before going into orbit around it in 2011. As well as mapping
the entire planet in detail, Messenger is studying the composition of its surface rocks.
Messenger will be followed by a joint European—Japanese probe called BepiColombo, which is
due to be launched in 2016 and go into orbit around Mercury in 2024.
MERCURY DATA
Diameter 4,880 km (38% that of Earth)
Distance from Sun 46–70 million km (30–47% that of Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 88 days (24% that of Earth)
Time to spin on axis 59 days (59 times longer than Earth)
Mass 0.06 that of Earth (17 times less)
Average density 5.4 times water
Tilt of axis 0°
Number of moons None
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2/22
3. Mercury photographed by NASAʼs Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974, showing its
heavily cratered surface. The bright crater with rays inside the white box is
named Kuiper after a Dutch-American planetary scientist. It is 62 km in diameter
and can be seen in close-up here.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3/22
4. Something on Mercury that you don’t see on the Moon are long ridges called rupes, which
means ‘cliffs’ in Latin. These are thought to have been caused as Mercury cooled and shrank, so
the surface has wrinkled like the skin on an old piece of fruit.
The ridge in the photograph below cuts through a crater that is noticeably elongated. The crater
got this shape because the meteorite that formed it came in at a shallow angle – very obliquely
to the surface. The ridge, called Beagle rupes, is about half a mile high. The ground to the right
of it has been pushed up and to the left, so clearly the ridge formed after the crater. From
arrangements like this, geologists can begin to piece together the history of a planet’s surface.
Beagle rupes, a cliff on Mercury over 600 km long, passes through a highly elongated crater
called Sveinsdottir, 220 km long and 120 km wide. Beagle rupes is named after the ship that
Charles Darwin sailed on. For the full-resolution original image see here.
Why did Mercury shrink so much to cause these wrinkles on its surface? The answer lies in the
planet’s core. Mercury has an unusually large core about three-quarters its diameter, which is
proportionally much bigger than the core of the Earth. The core is made of iron, and it’s the
contraction of this iron core as it cooled over long periods of time that caused the planet to
shrink as much as it did.
That leads to a second question: why should the core of Mercury be much larger than the cores
of the other planets? Planetary scientists now think that Mercury may originally have been
bigger but it suffered a huge collision with another body early in its history which stripped away
its outer layers. This isn’t the only case of a large impact having a major effect on a planet; there
are other examples elsewhere in the Solar System.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4/22
5. Venus, the brightest planet
Second planet in line from the Sun is Venus, just a touch smaller than the Earth. It lies nearly
three-quarters our distance from the Sun so it comes closer to us than any of the other planets.
Whereas Mercury is very difficult to see, Venus is impossible to miss – it’s the brightest object
in the sky after the Moon. It’s what we popularly call the evening star or the morning star
depending which side of the Sun it’s on, although of course it’s not really a star but a planet.
The reason Venus is so bright is not just because it’s so close to us but also because it’s entirely
covered in clouds, which reflect most of the sunlight that hits them. Through a telescope you
can’t see anything of the surface at all – just clouds. Unlike the clouds of Earth, the clouds of
Venus aren’t made of water vapour. Instead, they’re made of droplets of sulphuric acid, which
accounts for their yellowish tinge. They lie at heights of between 45 and 70 km (28 and 43
miles). Circulation patterns in the clouds can be traced in the picture below taken by a space
probe in orbit around Venus, but nothing can be seen of the planet’s surface.
Yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid completely envelop Venus, obscuring its surface from view.
This image was taken by NASAʼs PIoneer Venus orbiter in 1979.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5/22
6. Astronomers have been able to cut through the clouds of Venus with radar, because radio
waves pass through the clouds and bounce back off the surface. Using this technique, a NASA
probe called Magellan built up a detailed map from orbit around Venus in the early 1990s (see
illustration below). It has found Venus to be a world with continents, rolling plains, canyons,
volcanic mountains and meteorite craters.
The highest point on Venus is a mountain range in the northern hemisphere, Maxwell Montes,
named after the Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell. Its summit towers 11 km (7 miles)
above the average surface level of Venus. Maxwell Montes, coloured red on the map below, is
part of a continent called Ishtar, the size of Australia.
Relief map of Venus from Magellan radar data. The colours are not real – they have been added to
indicate the different heights, the reddest parts being the highest and the dark blue ones the lowest.
The highest area of all is Maxwell Montes, at top, on the continental area called Ishtar. (NASA/JPL/MIT)
The largest continent on Venus, half the size of Africa, is Aphrodite, on the planet’s equator.
Aphrodite includes the second-highest peak on Venus, Maat Mons, 8.5 km (5 miles) high,
circled at the right of the map above. Maat Mons, seen in the picture on the next page, is
believed to be an active volcano, and it is likely that other mountains on Venus were also
formed by volcanic eruptions.
As well as volcanoes there are craters where large meteorites hit the planet. In the northern
part of the lowland called Lavinia Planitia, circled at left on the map above, is a group of three
impact craters imaged by Magellan (see bottom picture on the next page). Even Venus’s dense
atmosphere is no protection against the largest meteorites.
The atmosphere of Venus consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide which has built up the
planet’s surface temperature to be hotter than in a kitchen oven. If that weren’t enough, the
atmospheric pressure is strong enough to crush a submarine. So Venus is not a place where
astronauts are ever likely to land.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6/22
7. Left: A simulated view from Magellan radar
data of the volcanic mountain Maat Mons,
8 km (5 miles) high. Maat Mons is the
second-highest peak on Venus.
Lava has flowed down its slopes onto the
surrounding plains. The vertical scale on
this image has been stretched for clarity –
in fact, the surface of Venus is really quite
flat, like a rolling plain.
For the full-resolution original image, see
here.
Left: Three impact craters on the lowland
area of Venus called Lavinia Planitia from
Magellan radar data. They are Danilova
(above left), Aglaonice (above right), and
Howe (foreground). Their diameters range
from 37 km (23 miles) to 63 km (39 miles).
As in the picture above, the orange colour
has been added to give some idea of what
the planetʼs surface would look like under
its dense clouds.
For the full-resolution original image, see
here.
VENUS DATA
Diameter 12,100 km (95% that of Earth)
Distance from Sun 108 million km (72% that of Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 225 days (60% that of Earth)
Time to spin on axis 243 days
Mass 0.82 that of Earth
Average density 5.24 times water
Tilt of axis 177°
Number of moons None
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7/22
8. Mars, the red planet
Mars is about half the size of the Earth, and about 50% further away from the Sun than we are,
and it has long been of interest as a place where we might find life. Mars is commonly called the
Red Planet, although really it’s more of a brownish-orange, a colour that comes about because
there is a lot of iron oxide in the rocks. Iron oxide is better known as rust, so Mars has literally
gone rusty. The picture below of Mars taken with the Hubble Space Telescope shows the main
features that can be seen from Earth.
As well as the red deserts there are icy polar caps and also various dark markings that were
once thought to be areas of vegetation, but are now known to be only areas of darker rock. The
most prominent of them is the one in the centre of the picture above, called Syrtis Major. On
the right is a white patch caused by a few wispy cirrus-type clouds in the atmosphere.
Among the major features on Mars is a long chasm near the equator called Valles Marineris, or
Mariner Valleys – valleys in plural because it’s actually a group of them. The whole complex
stretches for 4,000 km (2,500 miles), long enough to cross the United States from Los Angeles
to New York. Like the rift valley in Africa, it’s where the surface of the planet is being ripped
apart by faulting. It is as much as 10 km (6 miles) deep and 600 km (375 miles) wide.
The Mariner Valleys have been been eroded by wind and dust, and there are signs that water
has flowed out of them to the right in the past. For an animated flythrough of Valles Marineris,
click here.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8/22
9. Valles Marineris (Mariner Valleys), an immense canyon system on Mars, seen in a mosaic of images
from NASAʼs Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiters.
Mars also boasts the largest
volcano in the Solar System,
called Olympus Mons (Mount
Olympus), 650 km (400 miles)
wide at its base and 21 km (13
miles) high. It is seen left in a
composite image from NASA’s
Viking 1 orbiter. At the summit
of Olympus Mons is a crater 80
km (50 miles) wide, big enough
to swallow several cities.
MARS DATA
Diameter 6,792 km (53% that of Earth)
Distance from Sun 228 million km (1.52 times Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 687 days (1.88 times Earth)
Time to spin on axis 24.6 hours (1.03 times Earth)
Mass 0.11 that of Earth
Average density 3.94 times water
Tilt of axis 25.2°
Number of moons 2
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9/22
10. Although there isn’t any liquid water on Mars
today, there are signs that water flowed on the
surface in the past, so the climate must have
been different back then. One area where
geologists think that water once flowed on Mars
is shown in the image at left. It’s a valley called
Ma’adim Vallis (arrowed) running downhill from
south to north and ending in an impact crater
called Gusev. The valley looks like a dried-up
river bed, and if it was once a river then there
could once have been a lake inside Gusev.
With that in mind, NASA landed a rover called
Spirit inside Gusev in January 2004, and it spent
five years exploring the crater floor. Among the
views it sent back from the surface was this one.
The labelling has been added by NASA scientists,
who have given names to various rocks, and they
have marked out the rover’s wheel tracks in the
foreground with a dashed white line.
As the rover has gone along it seems to have
churned up some white deposit from under the
topsoil which is thought to be a kind of salty
deposit left behind by evaporated water.
An identical rover called Opportunity landed at the same time on the opposite side of Mars.
Opportunity spent a lot of time investigating the area around a small impact crater called
Victoria, half a mile or so across, just a bit smaller than the famous meteorite crater in Arizona.
Victoria has a beautifully scalloped rim and ripply sand dunes on its floor caused by wind
erosion. The rover rolled up to the edge of the crater and took this panorama of the interior.
In August 2012 a larger and faster rover called Curiosity landed in a 154-km (96-mile) wide
Martian crater called Gale, another location where water was once thought to exist. One of its
first discoveries were what appear to be sedimentary rocks, laid down by a river in the distant
past. This seems clear evidence that water once flowed over large areas of Mars when the
climate was milder. Curiosity has also been drilling into the rocks to take samples for analysis
by its instruments on board, and the results confirm that these are sedimentary rocks laid
down under water on Mars.
The views from Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity are pretty typical of Mars as a whole. It’s a
rocky desert, but it’s a cold desert – the air is very thin, so temperatures are sub-zero. There is
no sign of life today, but it’s possible that some form of microbial life might have got started a
long time ago when the climate was milder and wetter, and if so we might one day find signs of
it in the soil. And eventually, of course, humans will walk on the planet’s surface.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10/22
11. Into the asteroid belt
Between Mars and Jupiter is a swarm of rubble called the asteroid belt. Asteroids are bits left
over from the formation of the Solar System. There wasn’t much interest in the asteroids until
the 1980s when it was realized that some of them stray from this belt and might hit the Earth.
An asteroid impact is now blamed for wiping out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, so they
now seem much more important.
The asteroid belt is a swarm of small bodies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
There are estimated to be at least a million asteroids of diameter 1 km or larger.
They’re very irregularly shaped, knocked about by impacts and collisions. An asteroid called
Ida was photographed by a probe on its way to Jupiter, and it turned out to have a little
moonlet. They’re probably both fragments of a much bigger body that broke up after a collision.
In July 2011 a NASA space probe called Dawn went into orbit around Vesta, one of the largest
asteroids. Dawn stayed in orbit around Vesta for a year before moving on to the largest asteroid
of all, Ceres, 950 km (590 miles) in diameter, which it is due to reach in 2015. We stand to
learn a great deal more about the asteroids in the next few years.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11/22
12. Jupiter, the largest planet
Biggest of all the planets is Jupiter, over 11 times the diameter of the Earth. If you could put it
on a set of scales it would weigh twice as much as all the other planets put together. Jupiter is
over five times farther from the Sun than we are and it takes nearly 12 years to complete one
orbit. It’s also very bright, second only to Venus in our skies.
When we look at Jupiter we just see clouds. These are drawn out into horizontal bands by the
planet’s rapid rotation – it spins once in less than 10 hours, the fastest spin of all the planets.
The only persistent feature in the clouds is an oval in the southern hemisphere called the Great
Red Spot, which is a spinning storm cloud several times larger than the Earth. The Great Red
Spot is about 25,000 km (15,000 miles) long and 12,000 km (7,500 miles) wide, big enough to
swallow several Earths, although it changes somewhat in size and shape with time. Its red
colour comes from chemical compounds such as phosphorus that are dredged up from lower
down in the atmosphere by convection currents.
If you were to dive into Jupiter’s clouds, you would find that there is no solid surface beneath.
The atmosphere just keeps getting thicker until the gas turns into a liquid and you would be
crushed. At the centre there may be a solid core but there’s no way we would be able to reach it,
so we’re certainly never going to land on Jupiter – or any of the outer planets for that matter.
Jupiterʼs colourful cloud bands, the Great Red Spot and its moon Io (plus Ioʼs black shadow),
photographed by NASAʼs Cassini space probe. For the full-resolution original image see here.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 12/22
13. Jupiter is fascinating not just for its atmosphere but also its family of moons, the biggest of
which can be seen through a pair of binoculars. This big four are called the Galilean satellites
because they were discovered by Galileo 400 years ago. The illustration above shows them
lined up in order of distance from Jupiter with our own Moon at the right for comparison. As
can be seen, three of them are bigger than our Moon and one is not much smaller, so they’re
like little planets in their own right.
The innermost moon, called Io, turns
out to be the most volcanically active
body in the Solar System. When the
Voyager 1 probe flew past Jupiter back
in 1979 it caught several volcanoes in
the act of erupting – one of them was
spewing out a plume of material
hundreds of miles into space (left). In
fact there are hundreds of volcanic
vents all over Io.
Io is so active because it’s squeezed by
the gravitational pull of Jupiter which
releases heat, and that makes Io
molten inside. What erupts from the
volcanoes of Io isn’t normal lava but
sulphur and sulphur dioxide, which
give it a bizarre range of colours that
make it look like a giant cheese and
tomato pizza. It’s one of the most
bizarre worlds of the Solar System.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13/22
14. In complete contrast, the next moon
out, Europa, is a world of ice. The ice
has cracked in places and minerals
have oozed out, causing brownish
stains. There may well be an ocean
under the ice, and it’s even been
speculated that there could be some
form of life in that ocean, by analogy
with the weird forms of life that exist
deep in the oceans on Earth. You could
scarcely imagine two more different
moons orbiting the same planet as
volcanic Io and icy Europa.
Ganymede is the largest moon in the
Solar System, larger than the planet
Mercury, while Callisto is only slightly
smaller than Mercury. Both Ganymede and Callisto are peppered with craters caused by
meteorites. As well as craters, Ganymede has strange grooves on its surface, probably due to
movements in the crust. The surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto are not rocky, like our own
Moon, but consist of dirty ice.
All the other moons of Jupiter are smaller than the big four. The smallest of Jupiter's moons
are only about 3 km (2 miles) across. More are being discovered all the time.
JUPITER DATA
Diameter (equatorial) 143,000 km (11.2 times Earth)
Distance from Sun 778.4 million km (5.2 times Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 11.86 years
Time to spin on axis 9.84 hours (41% that of Earth)
Mass 318 times Earth
Average density 1.3 times water
Tilt of axis 3.1°
Number of moons 60+
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 14/22
Cracks and spots on the icy surface of Jupiterʼs moon
Europa give the impression of tyre tracks and footprints.
See the full-resolution original here.
15. Saturn, the ringed planet
Saturn and its rings seen through the Hubble Space Telescope. The dark line in the rings is the
Cassini Division. For a series of Hubble images showing the rings at various angles, see here.
By common consent, the most beautiful planet is Saturn, encircled by its entrancing rings. It’s
the iconic planet. Saturn’s globe is smaller than Jupiter’s although the rings make it bigger
overall. The Earth would just about fit between the inner edge of the rings and the planet. The
dark line in the rings about two-thirds of the way out, as seen in the image above, is a gap the
width of the Atlantic Ocean called the Cassini Division. Saturn can be seen through it.
Saturn is over 9 times farther from the Sun than we are and takes nearly 30 years to complete
one orbit. Although Saturn is much like Jupiter in structure, it doesn’t have anything like the
same amount of activity in its clouds. So the main interest is in the rings.
At first they look smooth and
continuous but in close-up, as
in the image at left taken by
NASA’s Cassini space probe,
they break up into countless
narrow ringlets, reminiscent of
an old-fashioned vinyl
gramophone record.
The rings consist of a swarm of
icy chunks ranging in size from
snowballs to icebergs, all
orbiting the planet like little
moons. They might be the
remains of a former moon that
broke up, or they could be bits
that never formed into a moon.
Exploring the Solar System – Ian Ridpath! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 15/22
16. Like Jupiter, Saturn has a huge family
of moons – over 60 have already been
discovered and there are probably
more to come. Most of these are very
small but the largest, Titan, is the only
moon in the Solar System that has an
atmosphere. Titan’s atmosphere is
actually denser than the Earth’s and is
topped with smoggy orange clouds
which hide its surface.
However, we can see through its clouds
at infrared wavelengths, as in the
image at left, and also with radar. The
Cassini space probe is using these
techniques to build up a map of Titan.
As well as a continent the size of
Australia, Cassini has found signs of
erosion on Titan caused by some form of running liquid. This liquid can’t be water because the
temperature on Titan is way below freezing point. Instead it’s thought to be liquid methane – in
other words, liquefied natural gas, which falls as an oily rain. And this has been confirmed by
the discovery of lakes of liquid methane near the poles of Titan, where it’s coldest of all.
One of the most astounding achievements in the history
of the space age happened in January 2005 when a
European-built probe called Huygens was released from
Cassini and parachuted down through the dense
atmosphere of Titan to land on its surface. The image on
the left shows what it saw.
At first glance this orange desert might look much like
Mars or Venus, but those pebbles in the foreground
aren’t made of rock – they are actually blocks of frozen
water. As well as the ice on the surface, some interesting
carbon-based chemistry is going on there, which may
hold some clues to the first steps in the origin of life.
In fact, Titan has been referred to as a deep-frozen
version of the young Earth. So, under its clouds, Titan is
turning out to be a world every bit as fascinating as, say,
Venus or Mars. (For an artist’s animation of Huygens
and its landing site, see here.)
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Infrared view from Cassini of the surface of Titan,
showing bright uplands and dark lowlands.
Surface of Titan as seen by the Huygens lander in January
2005. Titan appears orange under its smoggy clouds. The
largest pebbles are about 10–15 cm (4 to 6 inches) across.
17. Before leaving Saturn let us take a quick
look at a couple of its other moons. The
one in the picture at left is called Mimas,
390 km (240 miles) in diameter. It has a
crater on it that is so big the force of the
impact that created it must have come
close to breaking the moon apart.
This crater is called Herschel, after the
British astronomer Sir William Herschel
who discovered Mimas in 1798, and gives
the moon the appearance of the Death
Star space station from the Star Wars
films.
Another fascinating moon of Saturn is
Enceladus (lower left). At first sight it
looks like Jupiter’s moon Europa – it’s
got a bright, icy surface with cracks
running across it. Scientists term these
cracks ‘tiger stripes’.
The Cassini mission has photographed
fountains of water vapour and ice
spraying out through some of these
cracks like geysers on Earth (left), so this
is another moon where we might find
liquid water under the ice.
SATURN DATA
Diameter (equatorial) 120,500 km (9.4 times Earth)
Distance from Sun 1,427 million km (9.5 times Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 29.5 years
Time to spin on axis 10.23 hours (43% that of Earth)
Mass 95 times Earth
Average density 0.7 times water
Tilt of axis 26.7°
Number of moons 60+
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18. Uranus, the tilted planet
Uranus and its narrow rings, photographed by the Voyager 2 space probe in 1986.
The planetʼs greenish clouds are almost featureless. (NASA/Erich Karkoschka)
Until the 18th century it was thought that the Solar System stopped at Saturn, which is the
most distant planet that can be seen with the naked eye. Then another planet was discovered,
the one we know as Uranus. The man who made the discovery was William Herschel, a
musician by profession who was passionate about astronomy – he made his own telescopes and
observed in his spare time. He stumbled across Uranus completely by chance one night in 1781.
Uranus turned out to be twice as far from the Sun as Saturn, so its discovery doubled the size of
the known Solar System. It takes 84 of our years to go around the Sun once. Visually it’s
somewhat greenish or bluish, due to methane gas in its atmosphere.
Uranus is the least interesting-looking of all the planets, because there are hardly any markings
in the clouds. Even the Voyager 2 space probe which flew past it in 1986 didn’t show much in
the way of cloud features. Uranus has rings, but these are much fainter and narrower than the
rings of Saturn and they cannot be seen from Earth except with special techniques.
In the picture above, sent back by Voyager 2, the rings might seem to go over the planet’s poles,
but they don’t – they actually circle the equator, like the rings of Saturn. The difference is that
Uranus is tilted on its side, so that its axis of rotation lies almost in the plane of its orbit. Here
we are looking at the south pole, which was then pointed towards the Sun.
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19. Why does Uranus have such an extreme tilt? The most likely explanation is that one or more
large bodies ran into it while it was forming and literally knocked it over. This is another
example of how giant impacts have affected the development of the planets throughout the
Solar System. Uranus has 27 known moons, many of which were discovered by the Voyager 2
space probe. The moons orbit Uranus in the same plane as the rings.
URANUS DATA
Diameter (equatorial) 51,120 km (4 times Earth)
Distance from Sun 2,870 million km (19.2 times Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 84 years
Time to spin on axis 17.24 hours (72% that of Earth)
Mass 14.5 times Earth
Average density 1.3 times water
Tilt of axis 97.8°
Number of moons 27
Neptune, the outermost planet
The discovery of Uranus wasn’t the end of it. As astronomers followed the movement of Uranus
they found that it wasn’t keeping to its expected path. They began to suspect that there was
another planet, even further out, that was pulling Uranus off course.
A French mathematician called Urbain LeVerrier calculated where this new planet ought to be
found. But the French weren’t interested in looking for it, so in September 1846 LeVerrier sent
his predictions to the German astronomer Johann Galle at Berlin Observatory, who found the
new planet the same night he received LeVerrier’s letter. This was a great embarrassment to
British astronomers, who were looking for the new planet themselves. But their predictions
weren’t as good, and their search team missed the planet even though they went over the right
area. So the credit went abroad and it has been a sore point ever since.
Neptune turned out to be very similar to Uranus in size and composition, and also of similar
colour. It takes 165 years to go around the Sun, and it was only in July 2011 that it finally
completed one full orbit since it was discovered.
Neptune’s atmosphere is more active than Uranus. When Voyager 2 flew past Neptune in 1989
it saw a great dark spot in the clouds, looking like a giant fish basking in a blue lagoon (see the
image on the next page). But unlike Jupiter’s red spot this dark spot was only a temporary
feature. The Hubble Space Telescope looked for it five years later but by then it had gone.
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20. Neptune and its dark spot, rimmed with white cirrus clouds composed of methane ice,
as photographed by Voyager 2 in 1989. For the full-resolution original image see here.
NEPTUNE DATA
Diameter (equatorial) 49,500 km (3.9 times Earth)
Distance from Sun 4,498 million km (30 times Earth)
Time to orbit Sun 165 years
Time to spin on axis 16.1 hours (67% that of Earth)
Mass 17.1 times Earth
Average density 1.6 times water
Tilt of axis 28.3°
Number of moons 14
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21. Pluto, the planet that never was
Pluto is a small, cold world on the edge of the Solar System. Like Neptune, it was found as the
result of a deliberate search, in this case by an American astronomer called Clyde Tombaugh
working at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. The observatory’s founder, Percival Lowell, had
himself looked for a ninth planet early in the 20th century but never found it. Some years after
his death, Clyde Tombaugh was appointed to conduct a photographic search for new planets
and early in 1930 he struck lucky when he discovered the object that became known as Pluto.
However, there was a problem. It wasn’t a large planet like Uranus or Neptune, as had been
expected. In fact, every time astronomers tried to measure its size their estimates of it got
smaller. They eventually realized that Pluto is actually smaller than our own Moon.
To make things worse for Pluto, since the 1990s many other small, icy objects have been found
beyond Neptune; collectively, these are known as trans-Neptunian objects. Currently over a
thousand of them have been discovered, which is probably just a small fraction of the total.
Things came to a head in 2005 when astronomers found that one of them was larger than
Pluto. It’s now named Eris. Clearly it was no longer possible to regard Pluto as a major planet,
so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union, astronomy’s governing body, decided to
reclassify Pluto and Eris as dwarf planets. Two more have since been added to the total (see
illustration on next page). There could be even larger objects than Pluto and Eris out there that
have yet to be discovered.
Below is currently the best picture we have of Pluto, made from lots of individual Hubble Space
Telescope images combined. The light and dark markings are probably patches of ice like those
on the surfaces of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Currently a space probe called New
Horizons is on its way to Pluto. It is due to get there in the summer of 2015. Then we should
have good close-up images of Pluto at last.
Pluto as seen through the Hubble
Space Telescope in 2002–3. This view
was obtained by combining a series of
exposures to give higher resolution
than possible with a single exposure.
Even so, only vague markings can be
seen on the dwarf planetʼs icy surface.
Pluto's appearance changes with the
seasons as surface ice melts in one
hemisphere and refreezes in the other.
For a movie of Pluto rotating created
from HST images, click here.
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