- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have ring systems, though Saturn's are the largest and brightest.
- Saturn's rings are composed of numerous tiny particles orbiting in thin, flat disks around the planet's equator. Gaps in the rings are caused by interactions with small moonlets.
- The jovian planets likely acquired their ring particles from collisions with asteroids and comet fragments in their early histories. Tidal forces from nearby moons help maintain the rings by grinding larger objects into fine dust.
Types of galaxies
You can edit this powerpoint for your own presentation but don't re-upload.
I used hyperlink(especially on images) and alot of animation.
Types of galaxies
You can edit this powerpoint for your own presentation but don't re-upload.
I used hyperlink(especially on images) and alot of animation.
S6E1. Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved.
a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.
b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe.
c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of Size relative to the earth Surface and atmospheric features Relative distance from the sun Ability to support life
d. Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position.
e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system.
f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.
The Earth in the Solar System class 6th geography summary
in this PowerPoint file, you will find some basic details related to our solar system such as.
Stars:- all stars appear twinkling but some of them not twinkling as others do. They simply glow without any flicker just as moonshine
You will also be going learn about the moon and other celestial bodies present In our solar system.
What is constellation
Word geography meaning and the origin of the word geography.
understand light year and you will also learn about composition of sun
for the ppt of this video tutorial you can visit on our youtube channel: GuruAshram - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgeyFn8xhBRJcVQtHkP8HNQ/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. 11.1 A Different Kind of Planet
• Our goals for learning:
– Are jovian planets all alike?
– What are jovian planets like on the inside?
– What is the weather like on jovian planets?
– Do jovian planets have magnetospheres
like Earth's?
5. Jovian Planet Composition
• Jupiter and Saturn
– Mostly H and He gas
• Uranus and Neptune
– Mostly hydrogen compounds: water (H2O),
methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3)
– Some H, He, and rock
8. Sizes of Jovian Planets
• Adding mass to a
jovian planet
compresses the
underlying gas
layers.
9. Sizes of Jovian Planets
• Greater
compression is why
Jupiter is not much
larger than Saturn
even though it is
three times more
massive.
• Jovian planets with
even more mass
can be smaller than
Jupiter.
10. Rotation and Shape
• Jovian planets
are not quite
spherical
because of their
rapid rotation.
12. Interiors of Jovian Planets
• No solid surface
• Layers under high pressure and temperatures
• Cores (~10 Earth masses) made of hydrogen
compounds, metals, and rock
• The layers are different for the different planets.
WHY?
13. Inside Jupiter
• High pressures
inside Jupiter
cause phase of
hydrogen to
change with depth.
• Hydrogen acts like
a metal at great
depths because its
electrons move
freely.
14. Inside Jupiter
• Core is thought to
be made of rock,
metals, and
hydrogen
compounds.
• Core is about same
size as Earth but 10
times as massive.
15. Comparing Jovian Interiors
• Models suggest cores of jovian planets have
similar composition.
• Lower pressures inside Uranus and Neptune mean
no metallic hydrogen.
16. Jupiter's Internal Heat
• Jupiter radiates
twice as much
energy as it
receives from the
Sun.
• Energy probably
comes from slow
contraction of
interior (releasing
potential energy).
17. Internal Heat of Other Planets
• Saturn also radiates twice as much energy as it
receives from the Sun.
• Energy probably comes from differentiation
(helium rain).
• Neptune emits nearly twice as much energy as it
receives, but the source of that energy remains
mysterious.
19. Jupiter's Atmosphere
• Hydrogen compounds
in Jupiter form clouds.
• Different cloud layers
correspond to
freezing points of
different hydrogen
compounds.
20. Jovian Planet Atmospheres
• Other jovian planets
have cloud layers
similar to Jupiter's.
• Different compounds
make clouds of
different colors.
23. Methane on Uranus and Neptune
• Methane gas of Neptune and Uranus absorbs
red light but transmits blue light.
• Blue light reflects off methane clouds, making
those planes look blue.
28. Jupiter's Magnetosphere
• Jupiter's strong magnetic field gives it an
enormous magnetosphere.
• Gases escaping Io feed the donut-shaped Io torus.
29. Other Magnetospheres
• All jovian planets
have substantial
magnetospheres, but
Jupiter's is the
largest by far.
30. Thought Question
Jupiter does not have a large metal core like the
Earth. How can it have a magnetic field?
a) The magnetic field is left over from when
Jupiter accreted.
b) Its magnetic field comes from the Sun.
c) It has metallic hydrogen inside, which
circulates and makes a magnetic field.
d) Its core creates a magnetic field, but it is very
weak.
31. Thought Question
Jupiter does not have a large metal core like the
Earth. How can it have a magnetic field?
a) The magnetic field is left over from when
Jupiter accreted.
b) Its magnetic field comes from the Sun.
c) It has metallic hydrogen inside, which
circulates and makes a magnetic field.
d) Its core creates a magnetic field, but it is very
weak.
32. What have we learned?
• Are jovian planets all alike?
– Jupiter and Saturn are mostly H and He gas.
– Uranus and Neptune are mostly H
compounds.
• What are jovian planets like on the inside?
– Layered interiors with very high pressure and
cores made of rock, metals, and hydrogen
compounds
– Very high pressure in Jupiter and Saturn can
produce metallic hydrogen.
33. What have we learned?
• What is the weather like on jovian planets?
– Multiple cloud layers determine colors of
jovian planets.
– All have strong storms and winds.
• Do jovian planets have magnetospheres like
Earth's?
– All have substantial magnetospheres.
– Jupiter's is the largest by far.
34. 11.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice
and Rock
• Our goals for learning:
– What kinds of moons orbit the jovian
planets?
– Why are Jupiter's Galilean moons so
geologically active?
– What is remarkable about Titan and other
major moons of the outer solar system?
– Why are small icy moons more geologically
active than small rocky planets?
36. Sizes of Moons
• Small moons (< 300 km)
– No geological activity
• Medium-sized moons (300–1500 km)
– Geological activity in past
• Large moons (> 1500 km)
– Ongoing geological activity
37. Medium and Large Moons
• Enough self-gravity to
be spherical
• Have substantial
amounts of ice
• Formed in orbit around
jovian planets
• Circular orbits in same
direction as planet
rotation
38. Small Moons
• These are far more numerous than the medium
and large moons.
• They do not have enough gravity to be spherical:
Most are "potato-shaped."
39. Small Moons
• They are captured asteroids or comets, so their
orbits do not follow usual patterns.
50. Thought Question
How does Io get heated by Jupiter?
a) auroras
b) infrared light
c) tidal resonance
d) volcanoes
51. Thought Question
How does Io get heated by Jupiter?
a) auroras
b) infrared light
c) tidal resonance
d) volcanoes
52. What is remarkable about Titan and other
major moons of the outer solar system?
53. Titan's Atmosphere
• Titan is the only
moon in the solar
system to have a
thick atmosphere.
• It consists mostly
of nitrogen with
some argon,
methane, and
ethane.
54. Titan's Surface
• Huygens probe provided first look at Titan's
surface in early 2005.
• It found liquid methane and "rocks" made of ice.
55. Medium Moons of Saturn
• Almost all of them show evidence of past
volcanism and/or tectonics.
56. Medium Moons of Saturn
• Ice fountains of
Enceladus suggest it
may have a
subsurface ocean.
57. Medium Moons of Saturn
• Iapetus has a
curious ridge
around much of
its equator
58. Medium Moons of Uranus
• They have
varying amounts
of geological
activity.
• Miranda has
large tectonic
features and few
craters (possibly
indicating an
episode of tidal
heating in past).
60. Why are small icy moons more geologically
active than small rocky planets?
61. • Ice melts at lower
temperatures.
• Tidal heating can melt
internal ice, driving activity.
Rocky Planets versus Icy Moons
• Rock melts at higher
temperatures.
• Only large rocky planets
have enough heat for
activity.
62. What have we learned?
• What kinds of moons orbit the jovian
planets?
– Moons come in many sizes.
– The level of geological activity depends on a
moon's size.
• Why are Jupiter's Galilean moons so
geologically active?
– Tidal heating drives geological activity,
leading to Io's volcanoes and ice geology on
other moons.
63. What have we learned?
• What is special about Titan and other major
moons of the solar system?
– Titan is only moon with thick atmosphere.
– Many other major moons show signs of
geological activity.
• Why are small icy moons more geologically
active than small rocky planets?
– Ice melts and deforms at lower temperatures,
enabling tidal heating to drive activity.
64. 11.3 Jovian Planet Rings
• Our goals for learning:
– What are Saturn's rings like?
– How do other jovian ring systems compare
to Saturn's?
– Why do the jovian planets have rings?
66. What are Saturn's rings like?
• They are made up of numerous, tiny individual
particles.
• They orbit around Saturn's equator.
• They are very thin.
76. How do we know?
Why do the jovian planets have rings?
• They formed from dust created in impacts on
moons orbiting those planets.
77. How do we know?
• Rings aren't leftover from planet formation
because the particles are too small to have
survived for so long.
• There must be a continuous replacement of tiny
particles.
• The most likely source is impacts with jovian
moons.
78. Ring Formation
• Jovian planets all have rings because they possess
many small moons close in.
• Impacts on these moons are random.
• Saturn's incredible rings may be an "accident" of our
time.
79. What have we learned?
• What are Saturn's rings like?
– They are made up of countless individual ice
particles.
– They are extremely thin with many gaps.
• How do other jovian ring systems compare to
Saturn's?
– The other jovian planets have much fainter
ring systems with smaller, darker, less
numerous particles.
• Why do the jovian planets have rings?
– Ring particles are probably debris from
moons.
Editor's Notes
Based on Galileo spacecraft measurements of the strength of gravity over different positions of Europa and theoretical modeling of the interior.
Largest moon
Figure might work better if there were one with out the callouts.