Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is the measure of time difference between two successive heart beats and its
variation occurring due to internal and external stimulation causes. HRV is a non-invasive tool for indirect
investigation of both cardiac and autonomic system function in both healthy and diseased condition. It has
been speculated that HRV analysis by nonlinear method might bring potentially useful prognosis
information into light which will be helpful for assessment of cardiac condition. In this study, HRV from
two types of data sets are analyzed which are collected from different subjects in the age group of 18 to 22.
Then parameters of linear methods and three nonlinear methods, approximate entropy (ApEn), detrended
fluctuation analysis (DFA) and Poincare plot have been applied to analyze HRV among 158 subjects of
which 79 are control study and 79 are alcoholics. It has been clearly shown that the linear and nonlinear
parameters obtained from these two methods reflect the opposite heart condition of the two types of data
under study among alcoholics non-alcoholic’s by HRV measures. Poincare plot clearly distinguishes
between the alcoholics by analysing the location of points in the ellipse of the Poincare plot. In alcoholics
the points of the Poincare plot will be concentrated at the centre of the ellipse and in nonalchoholics the
points will be much concentrated along the periphery of the ellipse. The Approximate Entropy value will be
lesser than one in alcoholics and in nonalcoholics the entropy shows values greater than one. The
increased LF/HF value in alcoholics denotes the increase in sympathetic nervous system activities and
decrease of the parasympathetic activity which will be lesser in alcoholics subjects.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR ABNORMALITY DETECTION USING TIME FREQUENC...cscpconf
This document discusses analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) signals using smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution (SPWVD), a time-frequency analysis method. It provides background on HRV, including that it reflects autonomic nervous system activity and can predict health outcomes. The document explains challenges with analyzing unevenly sampled HRV data and describes resampling methods. It then introduces the SPWVD method, which provides high time-frequency resolution while reducing cross-term interference seen in other distributions. Simulation results applying SPWVD to HRV data from an online database are presented and show the method's ability to assess dynamic cardiac changes and patterns.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) plays an important role for reporting several cardiological and noncardiological
diseases. Also, the HRV has a prognostic value and is therefore quite important in modelling
the cardiac risk. The nature of the HRV is chaotic, stochastic and it remains highly controversial. Because
the HRV has utmost importance, it needs a sensitive tool to analyze the variability. In previous work,
Rosenstein and Wolf had used the Lyapunov exponent as a quantitative measure for HRV detection
sensitivity. However, the two methods diverge in determining the HRV sensitivity. This paper introduces a
modification to both the Rosenstein and Wolf methods to overcome their drawbacks. The introduced
Mazhar-Eslam algorithm increases the sensitivity to HRV detection with better accuracy.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis is the
ability to assess overall cardiac health and the state of the
autonomic nervous system (ANS), responsible for regulating
cardiac activity. ST-change due to ischemia and their HRV
analysis have not been well discussed in the previous works.
The proposed simple and time efficient TBC algorithm has
been tested in four sets of standard databases with selected
patient’s data having ischemic conditions (i.e.MIT-BIH
Normal-Sinus Rhythm Database (NSRDB), European ST-T
Database (EDB), MIT-BIH ST Change Database (STDB) &
Long-Term ST Database (LTSTDB))for the detection of R-peak
& HRV analysis. The pre-processing is done by MAF and DWT
to remove the baseline drift and noise induced in the ECG
signal. The mean/average of HR is calculated for each set of
databases and in case of EDB it is of 57 BPM (subjected to
bradycardia). The Probability with normal distribution is
analyzed by comparing the NSRDB data with the ischemic data sets. The performance of this algorithm is found to be 98.5%.
Phonocardiogram based diagnostic systemijbesjournal
A Phonocardiogram or PCG is a plot of high fidelity recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the
heart with the help of the machine called phonocardiograph. It has developed continuously to perform an
important role in the proper and accurate diagnosis of the defects of the heart. As usually with the
stethoscope, it requires highly and experienced physicians to read the phonocardiogram. A diagnostic
system based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is implemented as a detector and classifier of heart
diseases. The output of the system is the classification of the sound as either normal or abnormal, if it is
abnormal what type of abnormality is present. In this paper, Based on the extracted time domain and
frequency domain features such as energy, mean, variance and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
(MFCC) various heart sound samples are classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest
Neighbour (KNN), Bayesian and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Classifiers. The data used in this paper
was obtained from Michigan university website.
- Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) was attempted in 87 patients needing a pacemaker, successfully implanting the lead in the left bundle branch in 80.5% of patients.
- LBBP resulted in a shorter paced QRS duration and left ventricular activation time compared to right ventricular septal pacing. It also had a lower pacing threshold and higher R-wave amplitude.
- The study demonstrated the feasibility of LBBP with potential advantages over traditional right ventricular and His bundle pacing, including more physiological ventricular activation. However, larger long-term studies are still needed to understand the full benefits of LBBP.
This document discusses His bundle pacing (HBP), which aims to engage the normal conduction system through the His-Purkinje network. HBP may provide physiological stimulation compared to right ventricular pacing. The document covers anatomy and physiology of the His bundle, techniques for selective vs. nonselective HBP, indications including AV node ablation and cardiac resynchronization, long-term outcomes, and challenges such as high capture thresholds and lead revisions. While HBP shows promise, further studies are needed to validate its long-term safety, reliability and impact on arrhythmias.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR ABNORMALITY DETECTION USING TIME FREQUENC...cscpconf
This document discusses analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) signals using smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution (SPWVD), a time-frequency analysis method. It provides background on HRV, including that it reflects autonomic nervous system activity and can predict health outcomes. The document explains challenges with analyzing unevenly sampled HRV data and describes resampling methods. It then introduces the SPWVD method, which provides high time-frequency resolution while reducing cross-term interference seen in other distributions. Simulation results applying SPWVD to HRV data from an online database are presented and show the method's ability to assess dynamic cardiac changes and patterns.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) plays an important role for reporting several cardiological and noncardiological
diseases. Also, the HRV has a prognostic value and is therefore quite important in modelling
the cardiac risk. The nature of the HRV is chaotic, stochastic and it remains highly controversial. Because
the HRV has utmost importance, it needs a sensitive tool to analyze the variability. In previous work,
Rosenstein and Wolf had used the Lyapunov exponent as a quantitative measure for HRV detection
sensitivity. However, the two methods diverge in determining the HRV sensitivity. This paper introduces a
modification to both the Rosenstein and Wolf methods to overcome their drawbacks. The introduced
Mazhar-Eslam algorithm increases the sensitivity to HRV detection with better accuracy.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis is the
ability to assess overall cardiac health and the state of the
autonomic nervous system (ANS), responsible for regulating
cardiac activity. ST-change due to ischemia and their HRV
analysis have not been well discussed in the previous works.
The proposed simple and time efficient TBC algorithm has
been tested in four sets of standard databases with selected
patient’s data having ischemic conditions (i.e.MIT-BIH
Normal-Sinus Rhythm Database (NSRDB), European ST-T
Database (EDB), MIT-BIH ST Change Database (STDB) &
Long-Term ST Database (LTSTDB))for the detection of R-peak
& HRV analysis. The pre-processing is done by MAF and DWT
to remove the baseline drift and noise induced in the ECG
signal. The mean/average of HR is calculated for each set of
databases and in case of EDB it is of 57 BPM (subjected to
bradycardia). The Probability with normal distribution is
analyzed by comparing the NSRDB data with the ischemic data sets. The performance of this algorithm is found to be 98.5%.
Phonocardiogram based diagnostic systemijbesjournal
A Phonocardiogram or PCG is a plot of high fidelity recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the
heart with the help of the machine called phonocardiograph. It has developed continuously to perform an
important role in the proper and accurate diagnosis of the defects of the heart. As usually with the
stethoscope, it requires highly and experienced physicians to read the phonocardiogram. A diagnostic
system based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is implemented as a detector and classifier of heart
diseases. The output of the system is the classification of the sound as either normal or abnormal, if it is
abnormal what type of abnormality is present. In this paper, Based on the extracted time domain and
frequency domain features such as energy, mean, variance and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
(MFCC) various heart sound samples are classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest
Neighbour (KNN), Bayesian and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Classifiers. The data used in this paper
was obtained from Michigan university website.
- Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) was attempted in 87 patients needing a pacemaker, successfully implanting the lead in the left bundle branch in 80.5% of patients.
- LBBP resulted in a shorter paced QRS duration and left ventricular activation time compared to right ventricular septal pacing. It also had a lower pacing threshold and higher R-wave amplitude.
- The study demonstrated the feasibility of LBBP with potential advantages over traditional right ventricular and His bundle pacing, including more physiological ventricular activation. However, larger long-term studies are still needed to understand the full benefits of LBBP.
This document discusses His bundle pacing (HBP), which aims to engage the normal conduction system through the His-Purkinje network. HBP may provide physiological stimulation compared to right ventricular pacing. The document covers anatomy and physiology of the His bundle, techniques for selective vs. nonselective HBP, indications including AV node ablation and cardiac resynchronization, long-term outcomes, and challenges such as high capture thresholds and lead revisions. While HBP shows promise, further studies are needed to validate its long-term safety, reliability and impact on arrhythmias.
Algorithm for the Representation of Parameter Values of ElectrocardiogramTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents an algorithm for representing parameter values from electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The algorithm analyzes discrete ECG data to determine peak values (P, Q, R, S, T) in each cycle as well as segment and interval durations. It uses the maximum R peak amplitude as a threshold to identify cycles. The start and end points of each cycle are calculated relative to the R peak of that cycle. The algorithm then identifies the maximum and minimum amplitudes within each cycle to determine the peak values. It outputs the parameter values for each lead cycle. The algorithm allows rapid determination of ECG parameters without manual analysis and can speed diagnosis of heart conditions.
This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) using 3D electroanatomic mapping (EAM) with an irrigated ablation catheter, aiming for a minimal or zero fluoroscopic approach. The study included 50 patients who underwent AVNRT ablation. Acute success was 100% and mid-term success at 12 months was 96%. The average fluoroscopy time was very low at 0.63 minutes and 88% of procedures used no fluoroscopy at all. Catheter stability during radiofrequency ablation was high, with a standard deviation below 1.2 mm in all axes. No major complications occurred, demonstrating that AVNRT ablation can be
Extraction of respiratory rate from ppg signals using pca and emdeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses extracting respiratory rate from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals using principal component analysis (PCA) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). It begins with an introduction to PPG signals and how they contain respiratory information. It then discusses previous efforts to extract respiratory signals from PPG that used methods like filtering and wavelets. The document proposes using PCA and EMD to improve upon existing methods. It provides background on PCA, EMD, and reviews literature on extracting respiratory information from ECG and how respiration modulates PPG signals. The aim is to evaluate different signal processing techniques to extract respiratory information from commonly available biomedical signals like ECG and PPG to avoid using additional sensors.
His Resynchronization VersusBiventricular Pacing inPatients With Heart Fail...Shadab Ahmad
This study tested the ability of HBP to deliver resynchronization and then compared the electromechanical effects of His resynchronization against conventional BVP, using high-precision hemodynamic assessment and noninvasive epicardial ventricular activation mapping
Photoplethysmography (PPG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) are two important non-invasive techniques for monitoring physiological parameters of cardiovascular diagnostics. The PCG signal discloses information about cardiac function through vibrations caused by the working heart. PPG measures relative blood volume changes in the blood vessels close to the skin. This paper emphasizes on simultaneous acquisition of PCG and PPG signals from the same subject with the aid of NIELVIS II+ DAQ and the signals are imported to MATLAB for further processing. Heart rate is extracted from both the signals which are found to be distinctive. This analytical approach of processing these signals can abet for analysis of Heart rate variability (HRV) which is widely used for quantifying neural cardiac control and low variability is particularly predictive of death in patients after myocardial infarction.
This document provides an overview of basic electrophysiology (EP) studies, which assess the heart's electrical system and conduction pathways. EP studies are used to diagnose and treat cardiac arrhythmias by characterizing atrial and ventricular properties, identifying accessory pathways, and guiding interventions like ablation. Key aspects covered include: indications for EP studies; equipment used; catheter placement; measurement of intervals like AH and HV; pacing protocols to assess refractory periods; and response patterns to extra stimuli.
How to perform an ep study and diagnostic pacing during sinus rhythmTroy Watts
1. The document describes techniques for performing an electrophysiology (EP) study, including catheter placement, measuring conduction intervals, refractory periods, retrograde and anterograde testing, and diagnostic pacing during sinus rhythm.
2. Specific techniques are outlined for using differential pacing and para-Hisian pacing to confirm the presence of a retrogradely conducting accessory pathway.
3. Factors that may influence the EP study are also discussed, such as using drugs to induce arrhythmias, ensuring the appropriate tissue is being captured, and considering special circumstances like myotonic dystrophy.
1) Pulse oximetry uses photoplethysmography to noninvasively measure arterial oxygen saturation and provides a plethysmographic waveform reflecting changes in skin microcirculation.
2) Pulse photoplethysmography provides different information than arterial blood pressure monitoring.
3) Digital pulse analysis uses reflected infrared light to measure pulse wave velocity and perfusion index based only on blood flow.
This document summarizes presentations at the 5th Annual Scientific Cambodian Heart Association Congress regarding narrow complex tachycardias (NCTs). It presents two case studies of patients who presented with NCTs but were found to have ventricular tachycardia (VT) rather than supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) through electrophysiological study. Both patients had histories of myocardial infarction and ventricular scarring. The document cautions that NCTs can occasionally be VT, especially in patients with prior heart attacks, and recommends electrophysiological study to determine tachycardia origin when the mechanism is unclear.
MEDITATION: ITS TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON HEART RATE VARIABILITYcscpconf
The heart is connected through the nervous system directly to major organs and is able to sense
their need. The heart also responds to adrenaline in the blood flowing through it. With these
inputs the heart is able to adjust its rate to accommodate the needs of the whole body. By its
heartbeat, it is able to broadcast a common signal to every cell. One measure of heart health is
Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV is defined in terms of how different the lengths of time
between each heart beat is. The greater the difference in times between heart beats, the
healthier is the heart thought to be. Individuals may be able to learn to increase their own HRV
and become healthier by a daily meditation practice. This paper uses Heart Variability as the
base signal for studying the impact of meditation on it. The paper brings out the difference
between pre and post meditation conditions in terms qualitative measure of Power Spectral
Density (PSD) variations using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner Ville (SPWVD) distribution method.The simulations highlight the meditation effects overtime period in PSDs
The document discusses sensing in implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Reliable sensing of ventricular signals is crucial for ICDs to detect arrhythmias but oversensing can cause inappropriate shocks. While auto-adjusting algorithms generally work, oversensing of T-waves, lead fractures, electromagnetic interference or low R-wave amplitudes can still cause issues. Programming adjustments like sensitivity changes may help but must not compromise ventricular fibrillation detection.
Long term post Ventricular tachycardia ablation guided by non contact mapping...salah_atta
This study assessed radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by non-contact mapping for treatment of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients underwent either targeted ablation of exit sites and areas of slow conduction (Group I, 7 patients) or substrate modification with linear ablation lesions (Group II, 8 patients). Acute success rates were high for both groups. Long term success was also good, with no recurrence of ablated ventricular tachycardias during follow up for most patients. Substrate modification using linear ablation guided by non-contact mapping showed promise for preventing reinduction of arrhythmias.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
His bundle pacing can lead to complications that depend on lead positioning and hardware. Possible issues include high capture thresholds that may worsen over time, disease progression distal to the pacing site, atrial oversensing, and poor ventricular sensing. Careful evaluation at implant and thoughtful programming can prevent many complications, though some patients still experience issues like increased thresholds. Most patients do well long-term with His bundle pacing when complications are managed appropriately.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental methods. Non-instrumental monitoring includes clinical observation of a patient's appearance, breathing, bleeding, and positioning. Instrumental monitoring provides data through devices like ECGs, which measure heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters, capnography, and temperature monitors. Direct arterial blood pressure monitoring via an intra-arterial catheter provides continuous, beat-to-beat pressure readings but carries risks like infection, while noninvasive blood pressure methods take intermittent readings and avoid invasiveness. Together, non-instrumental observation and instrumental monitoring devices provide clinicians vital information to care for patients.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA C...IAEME Publication
In this paper an effective and most reliable method for appropriate classification of cardiac arrhythmia using automatic Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been proposed. The results are encouraging and are found to have produced a very confident and efficient arrhythmia classification, which is easily applicable in diagnostic decision support system. The authors have employed 3 neural network classifiers to classify three types of beats of ECG signal, namely Normal (N), and two abnormal beats Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The classifiers used in this paper are K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Multi-Class Support Vector Machine (MSVM). The performance of the classifiers is evaluated using 5 parametric measures namely Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Precision (Pr), Bit Error Rate (BER) and Accuracy (A). Hence MSVM classifier using Crammers method is very effective for proper ECG beat classification.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental assessment. Non-instrumental monitoring includes visual observation of factors like respiratory pattern, bleeding, and IV lines. Instrumental monitoring provides quantitative data through devices like ECG, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximetry, capnography, and muscle relaxation monitors. Together, non-instrumental and instrumental monitoring provide clinicians with vital information about patients' physiological status to guide care in settings like operating rooms and intensive care.
1. Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails in its gas exchange function, resulting in low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
2. It can be acute, coming on suddenly from conditions like pneumonia, or chronic from ongoing diseases like COPD.
3. Treatment depends on the type of failure - oxygen therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure and ventilation support like non-invasive ventilation for hypercapnic respiratory failure. Physiotherapy focuses on clearing secretions, maintaining strength, and mobilization to facilitate weaning from ventilation.
Selective vs nonselective his bundle captureSergio Pinski
1) His bundle pacing can result in either selective or non-selective capture of the His bundle and surrounding ventricular myocardium.
2) The hallmark of selective His bundle pacing is changes in QRS morphology seen as the pacing output is reduced, which is not evident when only monitoring 1-2 ECG leads.
3) During threshold testing, responses may indicate selective or non-selective His bundle capture, or myocardial capture alone. Diagnosing non-selective capture can be tricky but is important to avoid self-deception.
The document provides an overview of cardiac electrophysiology studies. It discusses the goals of EP studies which include making accurate diagnoses of arrhythmias, establishing causes of symptoms like syncope, evaluating risk of sudden cardiac death, and guiding therapy. It covers indications for EP studies including diagnostic evaluation of bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and unexplained syncope, as well as risk stratification. The document describes the procedure preparation, equipment used, catheter placement in the heart, and electrophysiologic recordings obtained during EP studies.
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF ALCOHOL AMONG YOUNG INDIAN POPULATION USING HRV ANALYSISijcseit
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heart rate variability (HRV) in 158 subjects aged 18-22 to evaluate the impact of alcohol on the autonomic nervous system. ECG data was collected from 79 alcoholics and 79 non-alcoholics and analyzed using linear and nonlinear HRV measures. The study found that alcoholics had decreased approximate entropy, increased LF/HF ratio, and concentrated points in the Poincare plot ellipse center compared to non-alcoholics, indicating increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity due to alcohol consumption.
Analysis of hrv to study the effects of tobacco on ans among young indiansIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heart rate variability (HRV) to study the effects of tobacco smoking on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) among young Indians. ECG data was collected from smokers and non-smokers aged 17-23 and HRV parameters were extracted using Kubios software. Results showed smokers had higher heart rates, lower time and frequency domain HRV parameters, and higher LF/HF ratios compared to non-smokers, indicating increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity. Poincare plot analysis also distinguished the two groups, with smokers showing more concentrated points versus non-smokers' more peripheral points. The study concludes HRV analysis can effectively evaluate autonomic effects of smoking.
Algorithm for the Representation of Parameter Values of ElectrocardiogramTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents an algorithm for representing parameter values from electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The algorithm analyzes discrete ECG data to determine peak values (P, Q, R, S, T) in each cycle as well as segment and interval durations. It uses the maximum R peak amplitude as a threshold to identify cycles. The start and end points of each cycle are calculated relative to the R peak of that cycle. The algorithm then identifies the maximum and minimum amplitudes within each cycle to determine the peak values. It outputs the parameter values for each lead cycle. The algorithm allows rapid determination of ECG parameters without manual analysis and can speed diagnosis of heart conditions.
This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) using 3D electroanatomic mapping (EAM) with an irrigated ablation catheter, aiming for a minimal or zero fluoroscopic approach. The study included 50 patients who underwent AVNRT ablation. Acute success was 100% and mid-term success at 12 months was 96%. The average fluoroscopy time was very low at 0.63 minutes and 88% of procedures used no fluoroscopy at all. Catheter stability during radiofrequency ablation was high, with a standard deviation below 1.2 mm in all axes. No major complications occurred, demonstrating that AVNRT ablation can be
Extraction of respiratory rate from ppg signals using pca and emdeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses extracting respiratory rate from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals using principal component analysis (PCA) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). It begins with an introduction to PPG signals and how they contain respiratory information. It then discusses previous efforts to extract respiratory signals from PPG that used methods like filtering and wavelets. The document proposes using PCA and EMD to improve upon existing methods. It provides background on PCA, EMD, and reviews literature on extracting respiratory information from ECG and how respiration modulates PPG signals. The aim is to evaluate different signal processing techniques to extract respiratory information from commonly available biomedical signals like ECG and PPG to avoid using additional sensors.
His Resynchronization VersusBiventricular Pacing inPatients With Heart Fail...Shadab Ahmad
This study tested the ability of HBP to deliver resynchronization and then compared the electromechanical effects of His resynchronization against conventional BVP, using high-precision hemodynamic assessment and noninvasive epicardial ventricular activation mapping
Photoplethysmography (PPG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) are two important non-invasive techniques for monitoring physiological parameters of cardiovascular diagnostics. The PCG signal discloses information about cardiac function through vibrations caused by the working heart. PPG measures relative blood volume changes in the blood vessels close to the skin. This paper emphasizes on simultaneous acquisition of PCG and PPG signals from the same subject with the aid of NIELVIS II+ DAQ and the signals are imported to MATLAB for further processing. Heart rate is extracted from both the signals which are found to be distinctive. This analytical approach of processing these signals can abet for analysis of Heart rate variability (HRV) which is widely used for quantifying neural cardiac control and low variability is particularly predictive of death in patients after myocardial infarction.
This document provides an overview of basic electrophysiology (EP) studies, which assess the heart's electrical system and conduction pathways. EP studies are used to diagnose and treat cardiac arrhythmias by characterizing atrial and ventricular properties, identifying accessory pathways, and guiding interventions like ablation. Key aspects covered include: indications for EP studies; equipment used; catheter placement; measurement of intervals like AH and HV; pacing protocols to assess refractory periods; and response patterns to extra stimuli.
How to perform an ep study and diagnostic pacing during sinus rhythmTroy Watts
1. The document describes techniques for performing an electrophysiology (EP) study, including catheter placement, measuring conduction intervals, refractory periods, retrograde and anterograde testing, and diagnostic pacing during sinus rhythm.
2. Specific techniques are outlined for using differential pacing and para-Hisian pacing to confirm the presence of a retrogradely conducting accessory pathway.
3. Factors that may influence the EP study are also discussed, such as using drugs to induce arrhythmias, ensuring the appropriate tissue is being captured, and considering special circumstances like myotonic dystrophy.
1) Pulse oximetry uses photoplethysmography to noninvasively measure arterial oxygen saturation and provides a plethysmographic waveform reflecting changes in skin microcirculation.
2) Pulse photoplethysmography provides different information than arterial blood pressure monitoring.
3) Digital pulse analysis uses reflected infrared light to measure pulse wave velocity and perfusion index based only on blood flow.
This document summarizes presentations at the 5th Annual Scientific Cambodian Heart Association Congress regarding narrow complex tachycardias (NCTs). It presents two case studies of patients who presented with NCTs but were found to have ventricular tachycardia (VT) rather than supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) through electrophysiological study. Both patients had histories of myocardial infarction and ventricular scarring. The document cautions that NCTs can occasionally be VT, especially in patients with prior heart attacks, and recommends electrophysiological study to determine tachycardia origin when the mechanism is unclear.
MEDITATION: ITS TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON HEART RATE VARIABILITYcscpconf
The heart is connected through the nervous system directly to major organs and is able to sense
their need. The heart also responds to adrenaline in the blood flowing through it. With these
inputs the heart is able to adjust its rate to accommodate the needs of the whole body. By its
heartbeat, it is able to broadcast a common signal to every cell. One measure of heart health is
Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV is defined in terms of how different the lengths of time
between each heart beat is. The greater the difference in times between heart beats, the
healthier is the heart thought to be. Individuals may be able to learn to increase their own HRV
and become healthier by a daily meditation practice. This paper uses Heart Variability as the
base signal for studying the impact of meditation on it. The paper brings out the difference
between pre and post meditation conditions in terms qualitative measure of Power Spectral
Density (PSD) variations using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner Ville (SPWVD) distribution method.The simulations highlight the meditation effects overtime period in PSDs
The document discusses sensing in implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Reliable sensing of ventricular signals is crucial for ICDs to detect arrhythmias but oversensing can cause inappropriate shocks. While auto-adjusting algorithms generally work, oversensing of T-waves, lead fractures, electromagnetic interference or low R-wave amplitudes can still cause issues. Programming adjustments like sensitivity changes may help but must not compromise ventricular fibrillation detection.
Long term post Ventricular tachycardia ablation guided by non contact mapping...salah_atta
This study assessed radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by non-contact mapping for treatment of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients underwent either targeted ablation of exit sites and areas of slow conduction (Group I, 7 patients) or substrate modification with linear ablation lesions (Group II, 8 patients). Acute success rates were high for both groups. Long term success was also good, with no recurrence of ablated ventricular tachycardias during follow up for most patients. Substrate modification using linear ablation guided by non-contact mapping showed promise for preventing reinduction of arrhythmias.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
His bundle pacing can lead to complications that depend on lead positioning and hardware. Possible issues include high capture thresholds that may worsen over time, disease progression distal to the pacing site, atrial oversensing, and poor ventricular sensing. Careful evaluation at implant and thoughtful programming can prevent many complications, though some patients still experience issues like increased thresholds. Most patients do well long-term with His bundle pacing when complications are managed appropriately.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental methods. Non-instrumental monitoring includes clinical observation of a patient's appearance, breathing, bleeding, and positioning. Instrumental monitoring provides data through devices like ECGs, which measure heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters, capnography, and temperature monitors. Direct arterial blood pressure monitoring via an intra-arterial catheter provides continuous, beat-to-beat pressure readings but carries risks like infection, while noninvasive blood pressure methods take intermittent readings and avoid invasiveness. Together, non-instrumental observation and instrumental monitoring devices provide clinicians vital information to care for patients.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA C...IAEME Publication
In this paper an effective and most reliable method for appropriate classification of cardiac arrhythmia using automatic Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been proposed. The results are encouraging and are found to have produced a very confident and efficient arrhythmia classification, which is easily applicable in diagnostic decision support system. The authors have employed 3 neural network classifiers to classify three types of beats of ECG signal, namely Normal (N), and two abnormal beats Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The classifiers used in this paper are K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Multi-Class Support Vector Machine (MSVM). The performance of the classifiers is evaluated using 5 parametric measures namely Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Precision (Pr), Bit Error Rate (BER) and Accuracy (A). Hence MSVM classifier using Crammers method is very effective for proper ECG beat classification.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental assessment. Non-instrumental monitoring includes visual observation of factors like respiratory pattern, bleeding, and IV lines. Instrumental monitoring provides quantitative data through devices like ECG, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximetry, capnography, and muscle relaxation monitors. Together, non-instrumental and instrumental monitoring provide clinicians with vital information about patients' physiological status to guide care in settings like operating rooms and intensive care.
1. Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails in its gas exchange function, resulting in low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
2. It can be acute, coming on suddenly from conditions like pneumonia, or chronic from ongoing diseases like COPD.
3. Treatment depends on the type of failure - oxygen therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure and ventilation support like non-invasive ventilation for hypercapnic respiratory failure. Physiotherapy focuses on clearing secretions, maintaining strength, and mobilization to facilitate weaning from ventilation.
Selective vs nonselective his bundle captureSergio Pinski
1) His bundle pacing can result in either selective or non-selective capture of the His bundle and surrounding ventricular myocardium.
2) The hallmark of selective His bundle pacing is changes in QRS morphology seen as the pacing output is reduced, which is not evident when only monitoring 1-2 ECG leads.
3) During threshold testing, responses may indicate selective or non-selective His bundle capture, or myocardial capture alone. Diagnosing non-selective capture can be tricky but is important to avoid self-deception.
The document provides an overview of cardiac electrophysiology studies. It discusses the goals of EP studies which include making accurate diagnoses of arrhythmias, establishing causes of symptoms like syncope, evaluating risk of sudden cardiac death, and guiding therapy. It covers indications for EP studies including diagnostic evaluation of bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and unexplained syncope, as well as risk stratification. The document describes the procedure preparation, equipment used, catheter placement in the heart, and electrophysiologic recordings obtained during EP studies.
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF ALCOHOL AMONG YOUNG INDIAN POPULATION USING HRV ANALYSISijcseit
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heart rate variability (HRV) in 158 subjects aged 18-22 to evaluate the impact of alcohol on the autonomic nervous system. ECG data was collected from 79 alcoholics and 79 non-alcoholics and analyzed using linear and nonlinear HRV measures. The study found that alcoholics had decreased approximate entropy, increased LF/HF ratio, and concentrated points in the Poincare plot ellipse center compared to non-alcoholics, indicating increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity due to alcohol consumption.
Analysis of hrv to study the effects of tobacco on ans among young indiansIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heart rate variability (HRV) to study the effects of tobacco smoking on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) among young Indians. ECG data was collected from smokers and non-smokers aged 17-23 and HRV parameters were extracted using Kubios software. Results showed smokers had higher heart rates, lower time and frequency domain HRV parameters, and higher LF/HF ratios compared to non-smokers, indicating increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity. Poincare plot analysis also distinguished the two groups, with smokers showing more concentrated points versus non-smokers' more peripheral points. The study concludes HRV analysis can effectively evaluate autonomic effects of smoking.
This document discusses the development of doctor-friendly software for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. The software provides a graphical user interface and uses data from an electrocardiogram recording device to calculate HRV metrics in both the time and frequency domains. These metrics provide insights into autonomic nervous system function and cardiac health. The software displays the ECG signal, calculated heart rate over time, and outputs time domain measures like heart rate, mean NN interval, and standard deviation of NN intervals. It also performs frequency domain analysis via fast Fourier transform to measure power in low, mid, and high frequency bands. The software is designed to be easy for doctors to use and understand for HRV analysis.
This document discusses the development of doctor-friendly software for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. The software provides a graphical user interface and uses data from an electrocardiogram recording device to calculate HRV metrics in both the time and frequency domains. These metrics provide insights into autonomic nervous system function and cardiac health. The software displays the ECG signal, calculated heart rate over time, and a power spectrum graph from frequency domain analysis. It is intended to help doctors understand patients' heart status through non-invasive HRV assessment.
This document provides a synopsis on chaos analysis of heart rate variability. It discusses how heart rate is non-stationary and nonlinear, and that chaos analysis can provide insights not seen with traditional time and frequency domain analysis. It describes several nonlinear parameters used in chaos analysis, including Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimension, Poincare plots, entropy measures, and detrended fluctuation analysis. The parameters help quantify chaos, complexity, self-similarity, and scaling behaviors that may be present in heart rate variability signals.
IRJET- A Literature Survey on Heart Rate Variability and its Various Processi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heart rate variability (HRV) and its importance in clinical applications. It provides background on HRV, noting that small variations in the time interval between heartbeats can provide information about a person's health. The document outlines several techniques used to analyze HRV, including measuring the variation in beat-to-beat intervals from electrocardiogram (ECG) readings. It also lists many conditions that can be evaluated through HRV analysis, such as cardiac health, stress, fatigue, arrhythmias, and rejection in organ transplant patients. In closing, the document emphasizes that properly quantifying and interpreting HRV patterns is important for clinical applications.
Review: Linear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate Variabilityinventionjournals
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4 Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system. Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and noncardiac patients. This paper presents the linear techniques to analysis the HRV
This document provides guidelines on measuring heart rate variability (HRV). It discusses that HRV analysis allows evaluation of autonomic nervous system influence on the heart through variations in beat-to-beat heart rate. The document establishes standards for HRV measurement methods including time domain methods using statistical analyses of normal-to-normal heart rate intervals, frequency domain methods using power spectral analysis, and geometrical methods analyzing heart rate patterns. The goals are to standardize terminology, specify measurement methods, define physiological interpretations, describe clinical applications, and identify areas for future research to ensure appropriate use and understanding of HRV.
Guidelines heart rate_variability_ft_1996[1]ES-Teck India
Guidelines
Heart rate variability
Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and
clinical use
Task Force of The European Society of Cardiology and The North American
Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (Membership of the Task Force listed in
the Appendix)
Effect of Body Posture on Heart Rate Variability Analysis of ECG Signal.pdfIJEACS
An assessment of cardiac function derived from the
ECG signal is known as heart charge variability (HRV). The
evaluation of HRV provides ways for analyzing entry into the
heart rhythm non-invasively, which can be used to guide
treatment. For the prevailing study, records of ten members in
two one-of-a-kind frame postures have been taken. Sets of
records have been received in sleeping and sitting positions. In
addition, The R-peak produced from the ECG is employed in the
evaluation of the RR interval. It is also applied for the evaluation
of HRV. In the context of coronary heart rate (HR), HRV is
linked to tachycardia (HR > 100 bpm) and bradycardia (HR 60
bpm). Linear HRV characteristics with unique time-domain and
frequency-domain indices are interpreted into two distinct
postures. As a result, it is possible to conclude that the RR
interval increases for the supine position during all two poses, as
sitting appears to be a more comfortable situation than the
alternative one. Also, as the frequency-area evaluation result
proposes, the LF/HF ratio is better in the supine position, i.e.,
better sympathetic has an effect. Consequently, supine has a
higher resting circumstance than that sitting. A non-linear
Poincare plot has also been incorporated for accessing variability.
This study explored the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance in 13 patients after a first ischemic stroke and 15 age-matched healthy controls. Patients post-stroke had lower HRV at rest and during cognitive tasks compared to controls. HRV in stroke patients was less sensitive to changes in testing conditions and did not correlate with cognitive performance like it did in controls. The results suggest autonomic nervous system dysfunction in stroke patients is linked to their motor and cognitive impairments. Further research is needed but focusing clinical attention on autonomic function may help enhance rehabilitation outcomes.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a method for classifying cardiac arrhythmias using heart rate variability signals. The method extracts linear and nonlinear features from HRV signals, uses generalized discriminant analysis to reduce the features to three dimensions, and classifies the signals using a multi-layer perceptron neural network. The method was able to discriminate between four types of arrhythmias with 100% accuracy when tested on data from the MIT-BIH databases. The four arrhythmias classified were left bundle branch block, first degree heart block, supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, and ventricular trigeminy.
A novel reliable method assess hrv forijbesjournal
In a simple words, the heart rate variability (HRV) refers to the divergence in heart complex wave (beat- to-beat) intervals. It is a reliable repercussion of many, psychological, physiological, also environmental factors modulating therhythm of the heart. Seriously, the HRV act as a powerful tool for observation the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. However, it has a frequency that is great for supervision, surveillance, and following up the cases. Finally, the generating structure of heart complex wave signal is not simply linear, but also it involves the nonlinear contributions. Those two contributions are totally correlated.
HRV is stochastic and chaotic (stochaotic) signal. It has utmost importance in heart diseases diagnosis, and it needs a sensitive tool to analyze its variability. In early works, Rosenstein and Wolf had used the Lyapunov exponent (LE) as a quantitative measure for HRV detection sensitivity, but the Rosenstein and Wolf methods diverge in determining the main features of HRV sensitivity, while Mazhar-Eslam introduced a modification algorithm to overcome the Rosenstein and Wolf drawbacks.
The present work introduces a novel reliable method to analyze the linear and nonlinear behaviour of heart complex wave variability, and to assess the use of the HRV as a versatile tool for heart disease diagnosis. This paper introduces a declaration for the concept of the LE parameters to be used for HRV diagnosis and proposes a modified algorithm for a more sensitive parameters computation
Utility value of tilt table testing in evaluationUday Prashant
I had presented in CARE Highlights session and book is being published on this topic by LAMBERT publications, Germany
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.in%2FEvaluation-Unexplained-Syncope-Young-Adults%2Fdp%2F3843373175&ei=lzVtUvbtCIfSrQemkYDwCg&usg=AFQjCNEK_NmIVC5j5LcLSr2hKbYFwMmRuw&sig2=okLwwgOdFiPgw4GPk7mugQ&bvm=bv.55123115,d.bmk
This document discusses heart rate variability (HRV), including definitions, how it is generated, methodology and terminology used in HRV analysis. HRV is the variation in time between each heartbeat and can provide information about the autonomic nervous system. HRV is analyzed using time domain and frequency domain methods to measure parameters like SDNN, LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio which indicate sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Depressed HRV indicates reduced autonomic regulation and ability to cope with stress. HRV analysis can be used clinically to assess fitness, treatment effectiveness, and stress levels.
Heart rate variability refers to beat-to-beat alterations in heart rate and depends on the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic drives to the heart. The document discusses standards for measuring, interpreting, and clinically using heart rate variability. It describes time and frequency domain parameters for analysis including measures of total power, low frequency, high frequency, and ratios. Normal values and clinical significance are provided for parameters to evaluate autonomic nervous system function.
This study aimed to measure subdivisions of inspiration and expiration to identify differential measurements of baroreflex sensitivity. Spontaneous sequence analysis was used to measure baroreflex sensitivity for 10 healthy participants over 1 hour of recording. Inspiratory and expiratory sequences were divided into six categories based on where three-beat sequences occurred in the respiratory cycle. Statistical analysis found a significant difference between some categories, providing evidence for a three-phase respiratory rhythm consisting of pre-inspiration, inspiration and expiration. Inspiratory attenuation was calculated at 34%, suggesting baroreflex sensitivity is influenced at different points in the respiratory cycle beyond just inspiration and expiration.
A M ODIFIED M ETHOD F OR P REDICTIVITY OF H EART R ATE V ARIABILITYcsandit
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) plays an important rol
e for reporting several cardiological and
non-cardiological diseases. Also, the HRV has a pro
gnostic value and is therefore quite
important in modelling the cardiac risk. The nature
of the HRV is chaotic, stochastic and it
remains highly controversial. Because the HRV has u
tmost importance, it needs a sensitive tool
to analyze the variability. In previous work, Rosen
stein and Wolf had used the Lyapunov
exponent as a quantitative measure for HRV detectio
n sensitivity. However, the two methods
diverge in determining the HRV sensitivity. This pa
per introduces a modification to both the
Rosenstein and Wolf methods to overcome their drawb
acks. The introduced Mazhar-Eslam
algorithm increases the sensitivity to HRV detectio
n with better accuracy.
This document discusses a study of 72 patients with bradycardia. Autonomic nervous system testing revealed autonomic dysfunction in most patients, with increased vagal tone being the most common finding present in 83.3% of patients. Several autonomic syndromes were also identified, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome being present in 34.7% of patients. Treatment targeting the identified autonomic abnormalities improved symptoms in most patients. The study demonstrates that autonomic nervous system testing can help explain causes of bradycardia when clinical exams are otherwise normal.
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A study on impact of alcohol among young
1. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF ALCOHOL AMONG YOUNG
INDIAN POPULATION USING HRV ANALYSIS
D Mahesh Kumar1, Dr.Prasanna Kumar S.C2, Dr.B.G Sudarshan3 , Yadhuraj S.R4
1 Assistant Professor, Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering JSSATE, PhD
Scholar at Jain University Bangalore, India
2Professor & HOD, Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering ,RVCE
,Bangalore
3Assosiate Professor, Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering ,RVCE
,Bangalore
4Ph.D Scholar, Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering ,RVCE ,Bangalore
ABSTRACT
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is the measure of time difference between two successive heart beats and its
variation occurring due to internal and external stimulation causes. HRV is a non-invasive tool for indirect
investigation of both cardiac and autonomic system function in both healthy and diseased condition. It has
been speculated that HRV analysis by nonlinear method might bring potentially useful prognosis
information into light which will be helpful for assessment of cardiac condition. In this study, HRV from
two types of data sets are analyzed which are collected from different subjects in the age group of 18 to 22.
Then parameters of linear methods and three nonlinear methods, approximate entropy (ApEn), detrended
fluctuation analysis (DFA) and Poincare plot have been applied to analyze HRV among 158 subjects of
which 79 are control study and 79 are alcoholics. It has been clearly shown that the linear and nonlinear
parameters obtained from these two methods reflect the opposite heart condition of the two types of data
under study among alcoholics non-alcoholic’s by HRV measures. Poincare plot clearly distinguishes
between the alcoholics by analysing the location of points in the ellipse of the Poincare plot. In alcoholics
the points of the Poincare plot will be concentrated at the centre of the ellipse and in nonalchoholics the
points will be much concentrated along the periphery of the ellipse. The Approximate Entropy value will be
lesser than one in alcoholics and in nonalcoholics the entropy shows values greater than one. The
increased LF/HF value in alcoholics denotes the increase in sympathetic nervous system activities and
decrease of the parasympathetic activity which will be lesser in alcoholics subjects.
KEYWORDS
ECG, HRV, Alcoholic, Approximate Entropy, ANS, Poincare Plot
1. INTRODUCTION
Changes in environmental conditions, emotional reactions, thoughts — all these and external and
internal stimulations immediately change heart rate. Heart beat comes slightly early, or late. This
phenomenon is termed as “Heart Rate Variability” (HRV). Therefore, HRV is a physiological
condition where the time interval between heart beats varies. All the organ systems of the body
are controlled by Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). It also helps in maintaining homeostasis.
ANS consists of two subsystems: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System. SNS helps
to prepare the body for action. When a person is under challenging situations, SNS produces so
called “flight or fight” response. PNS, on the other hand, is more active under unchallenging
DOI : 10.5121/ijcseit.2014.4406 55
2. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
situations, such as rest and digestion. It tends to work in opposite direction of SNS, bringing the
body towards a rest state. SNS activation increases heart rate and breathing rate, but PNS
decreases it. Constant interaction of these two systems is reflected in HRV. Therefore, HRV can
be used to estimate the activity and activation level of both systems. Indirect investigation of both
cardiac and autonomic system function in both healthy and diseased condition is possible by
means of HRV analysis. HRV provides various features for distinguishing heart rate under
healthy and life threatening condition. There are three important approaches in measuring the
parameters for HRV analysis —
1) Time domain analysis for accessing the parameter of standard deviation of normal to normal
intervals (SDNN)
2) Frequency domain analysis for accessing the parameter of Power Spectral Density (PSD)
3) Nonlinear methods for accessing parameters in nonlinear considering the non stationary nature
of the ECG signal
A physiological signal doesn’t vary in a regular manner which introduces complexity to the
signals. Linear statistical parameters and spectra of such signals will only provide the linear
parameters which assume the signals are periodic. But the physiological signals generally are
quasi-periodic and are nonlinear. To address the nonlinear parameters nonlinear methods are
appropriate [1]. It has been conjectured that HRV analysis by nonlinear method might shed light
on unexplored horizons for assessment of sudden death. The nonlinearity of the HRV are
measured using the following parameters in various studies. A) 1/f slope [2], B)approximate
entropy (ApEn) [3] and C) detrended fluctuation analysis [4].In this study, linear and three
nonlinear methods, approximate entropy (ApEn) , detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and
Poincare plot have been applied to analyze HRV of alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects. It is
evidently shown that the contrary heart condition of the two types of subjects under study, healthy
and diseased, is reflected by nonlinear parameter value. The results obtained from this study can
thus help in detecting effects of alcoholism in a subject. Time-domain parameters used in heart
rate variability analysis are using the intervals between consecutive normal R waves (noted as N)
of an electrical recording and are listed below:
56
1. SDNN = Standard deviation of all NN intervals
2. RMSSD = Root mean sum of the squares of differences between successive NN intervals
3. NN50 count = Number of pairs of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50ms.
4. PNN50= Percentile of all NN intervals which are greater than 50ms [5].
Frequency domain parameters are obtained by applying the discrete Fourier transformation to the
NN interval time series. This provides a good estimation of the amount of variation at some
specific frequencies. Several frequency bands are of interest in pathology:
High Frequency band (HF) is between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz. HF is altered by respiration and obtained
primarily from the parasympathetic nervous system.
Low Frequency band (LF) is between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz. LF are obtained from both sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system and it denotes the delay in the baroreceptor loop. Very Low
Frequency band (VLF) lies between 0.0033 and 0.04 Hz. The origin of VLF is still unknown, it is
believed that it is caused due to thermal regulation of the human body.
Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) band is between 0 and 0.0033 Hz. The ULF is measured only in 24-
hour recordings, because of its variations in day time and night time. Interesting from a medical
point of view is also the LF/HF ratio that may reflect the autonomic balance [5, 6,7].
3. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
In order to reduce the mistakes of wrong designing or improperly used techniques the following
guidelines have been listed by Guidelines of Heart rate variability, Standards of measurement,
physiological interpretation, and clinical use Task Force of The European Society of Cardiology
and The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology[5]. The signal/noise ratio,
bandwidth, common mode rejection, etc of the ECG equipment used should satisfy the current
industrial standards. The recorders should be such that the reconstructed signal should be free
from amplitude and phase distortion. Phase-locked time tracking is mandatory for long-term ECG
recorders using analogue magnetic media. Commercial HRV equipment used should match the
technical requirements of the Section on Standard Measurement of HRV and its performance
should be checked independently. To standardize the method of acquiring the data two types of
data acquisition is generally recommended and should apply as required. (a) short-term
recordings which is of 5 min, acquired under stable physiological conditions. In general the signal
acquired in this method is processed using frequency–domain methods, and/or (b) nominal 24-h
recordings which is taken for long period of time and generally is processed by time–domain
methods. In clinical studies while acquiring long-term ECGs, care should be taken that the
individual subjects should be recorded under fairly similar conditions and environment. Before
using time– domain or frequency–domain methods the acquired signal should be edited by
visually analysing the signal and should correct the individual RR intervals and also QRS
complex classifications should be verified[5,6].
57
Detrended Fluctuation Analysis
Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) was introduced mainly to deal with nonstationaries. DFA
works better compared to other heuristic techniques, including R/S Analysis, and is successful
inspite of the large window sizes because of theoretically justified estimators like the local
Whittlemethod. To obtain DFA alpha 1(the short time correlation exponent) and alpha2 (the long
time correlation exponent, the RR time series is first integrated and the integrated series y(k)
divided into segments of equal length n. By fitting a least squares line to the RR intervals data,
the trend in RR intervals in each of the segments is measured. The x(k) is detrended by
subtracting the local trend, xn(k) of the data in each segment. The average fluctuation of segment
size n is indicated as F(n) in the equation:
F(n)= (1)
Where L denotes the total length of the heart rate signal and k is the heart rate signal number.
Approximate entropy
Approximate entropy (ApEn) gives the measures of complexity or irregularity in the signal [13,
40]. Higher values of ApEn indicate larger irregularity and lower values of ApEn indicates more
regular signal. The ApEn is computed as follows.
First, a vectors vj of length m is formed
vj=(RRj,RRj+1,…………………RRj+m-1) (2)
Where L is the number of measured RR intervals and m denotes the embedding dimension. The
distance between these vectors can be written as the maximum absolute difference between the
corresponding elements, i.e.,
4. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
58
d(vj,vk)=max{|RRj+n-RRk+n||n=0,….,m-1} (3)
Next, for each vj the relative number of vectors vk for which d(vj ; vk) r is calculated. This index
is denoted with Cm
j(r) and can be written in the form
Cm
j(r)= (4)
After the normalization, the value of Cm
j(r) is always smaller or equal to 1. Since uj is also
included in the count observe that the value will be atleast . Applying natural logarithm on
each Cm
j(r) and average over j to yield
m(r)= Cm
j(r) (5)
Finally, we get approximate entropy as
ApEn(m,r,L)=m(r)-m+1(r) (6)
Thus, the estimate ApEn value depends on the length m of the vectors vj ,the tolerance value r,
and the length L. In software which are designed for HRV analysis will be having different
default values of m. In Kubios software the value of m is 2. The length N of the data also affects
ApEn. When N is increased the ApEn approaches its asymptotic of the data (SDNN).
Poincare plot
One of the commonly used nonlinear method to obtain the nonlinear parameters of the data is
Poincare plot which is simple to interpret. The successive RR intervals correlation can be
graphically represented by Poincare plot i.e. plot of RRj+1 as a function of RRj. The shape of the
plot denotes the features of the data. There are many approaches to fit the plot, Kubios software
designed to fit an ellipse to plot in a parameterized shape. The ellipse is oriented according to the
line-of-identity (RRj = RRj+1) [12]. The short-term variability is SD1, standard deviation of the
points which are perpendicular to the line-of-identity. By obtaining SDSD time-domain measure
SD1 can be written as [12]
SD12= SDSD2 (7)
SD2 is the long-term variability which is the standard deviation with the line-of-identity. By
obtaining SDSD, SDNN time-domain measure SD2 can be written as
SD22=2SDNN2- SDSD2 (8)
Generally the Poincare plot of the first order is preferred because of its simplicity. As the order
increases the dimensions of the plot also increases.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
We studied a group of 158 subjects of age grouped between 19-23 years. The main objective: to
evaluate the prevalence of the autonomic cardiovascular complications in alcoholic personals.
Description of the groups: questionnaires were administered for general patient information (age,
5. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
sex, duration of disease, family history, and personal history), risk factors (smoking, sedentary
behaviour), treatment, and patient’s symptoms. The heart rate variability analysis was performed
with the help of the three lead ECG electrodes The signals from the electrodes are amplified using
a bio amplifier which comes along with Skript Electronics modules. The output of the bio
amplifier is connected to the multi channel 6009 DAQ card, to acquire raw ECG signals from the
output terminal of ECG recorders. The sampling rate is typically set to 256 Hz. The acquired
ECG signals were stored in NI TDMS file type for further offline analysis. DAQ is connected to
the computer using an USB port for further processing of the signal. DAQ has to be configured
inside Lab VIEW environment. The obtained TDMS file is converted to the .txt file and the
obtained ECG signal is further filtered using MATLAB. The baseline trends and power
interferences noises are removed in MATLAB environment. The filtered ECG signal is fed to
Kubios software to obtain the linear and nonlinear parameters of HRV.
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3. RESULTS
ECG is one of the pioneer measures of electrical activity of the heart over a period. The signal is
measured by electrodes attached to the skin.The acquired ECG signal will be corrupted by various
noises like base line drifts, power line interferes and motion artifacts, the acquired signal must be
filtered to remove the unwanted frequencies.
Figure1. ECG signals corrupted with trend
The above signal shows a baseline shift, we cannot consider the amplitude as actual amplitude
hence, the trend in the signals should be removed first before obtaining the beat-beat intervals. In
order to remove the trend, a low order polynomial is fitted to the signal and uses the polynomial
to detrend it.
Figure2: Detrended ECG Signal
6. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
After detrending, find the QRS-complex in the ECG signal, which is the important portion of the
signal. The QRS-complex corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the
human heart. Abnormalities in heart function and heart rate can be predicted by using QRS-complex.
The peaks of the ECG signals are detected using MATLAB, which are further utilized
60
for analyzing HRV parameters using Kubios software.
Figure 3: ECG Signal
Figure 4: Peak Detected ECG Signal
HRV analysis using Kubios Tool
Kubios is an advanced software tool for studying the HRV. In this work Kubios tool is used to
study the variability of the RR intervals. The time interval plot between the each RR intervals,
which was obtained using MATLAB, is loaded to the Kubios tool.
Time-domain analysis PRV
The time-domain methods uses statistical analysis and are the simplest to perform since
they are applied directly to the series of successive RR interval values. The results of
time-domain are displayed by selecting the time-domain button on the top of the results
view segment. Figure 5 shows the results of time-domain analysis of the HRV signal.
Figure 5: Results of time-domain analysis of ECG signal.
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61
Frequency-domain Analysis
In the frequency-domain methods, Discrete Fourier Transforms are applied to the RR interval
values in time domain to obtain a power spectrum density (PSD) estimate. The results of
frequency-domain are displayed by selecting the frequency-domain button on the top of the
results view segment. The frequency-domain results of HRV are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Results of frequency-domain analysis of ECG signal.
Nonlinear Analysis
The nonlinear analysis has been analyzed using measures such as Poincare plot, detrended
fluctuation analysis, approximate entropy and recurrence plots. The results of non-linear are
displayed by pressing the nonlinear button on the top of the results view segment. The nonlinear
results of HRV are shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Results of nonlinear analysis of ECG signal.
Our investigation demonstrated that overall HRV is markedly depressed in alcoholic subjects.
Alcoholics had lower values for time-domain and frequency domain parameters than controls
(Table 1).
8. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
62
Table1:Heart rate variability parameters in alcoholics group and in control group.
Parameter Control group Alcoholics group
HR
(mean ± SD)
67±5 85±8
SDNN (ms)
(mean ± SD)
152±30 112±35
RMSSD
(mean ± SD)
122.4±35.0 54.6±41.5
LF (ms2)
(mean ± SD)
910±350 516±254
HF (ms2)
(mean ± SD)
490±113 201±127
LF/HF
(mean ± SD)
6.8±4.2 8.1±3.6
HRV parameters were significantly lower in the alcoholic’s subjects. From Table II, we can see
that the scaling exponent for normal subjects is around one and for alcoholics subjects, it is away
from one. Power law correlation in signal fluctuation and opposite heart condition of the two
types of subjects under study, normal and alcoholics subjects, is reflected clearly from the scaling
exponent value. So, by Detrended Fluctuation technique, we can easily differentiate between
normal and alcoholic personnel.
Table II: Detrended Fluctuation Analysis: Value of Scaling Exponent for 2 data sets (Normal and alcoholics
subjects).
Normal Subjects
(Scaling exponent
)
Alcoholics Subjects
(Scaling exponent )
0.9275 2.2087
1.1232 2.4274
0.8766 2.0395
0.9024 1.9522
0.9629 1.5944
1.2895 1.7859
0.9105 1.5989
0.9630 2.0194
1.1545 1.9293
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63
Table III: ApEn Analysis: Value of ApEn for 2 data sets (Normal and alcoholics subjects).
Normal Subjects
(Value of ApEn)
Alcoholics Subjects
(Value of ApEn)
1.8517 0.8635
1.6756 0.6054
1.8413 0.7950
1.7147 0.3412
1.9521 0.8502
1.7512 0.6782
1.7815 0.7674
1.8373 0.1237
1.8932 0.0154
From Table III, it is seen that normal subjects have higher ApEn value and alcoholics subjects
have lower ApEn, thus clearly distinguishing the two groups. Disorder in the Heart rate signal and
opposite heart condition of the two types of subjects under study, normal and alcoholics, is
reflected clearly from ApEn value. So, by Approximate Entropy Method, we can easily
differentiate between normal and alcoholics subjects.
Table IV: Poincare Plot Analysis for 2 data sets (Normal and alcoholics subjects).
Normal Subjects
(Value of SD1)
Normal
Subjects
(Value of
SD2)
Alcoholics Subjects
(Value of SD1)
Alcoholics
Subjects
(Value of
SD1)
68 88 124 143
57 91 119 138
82 87 115 155
73 84 130 147
64 101 108 157
55 92 117 163
78 83 129 152
75 98 132 139
61 83 127 146
From table IV it is seen that the values of SD1 and SD2 are lesser in normal subjects
comparatively to the alcoholic subjects. The Poincare plot can also be visually analysed and the
points under the ellipse shows the significant changes between the normal and alcoholic subjects.
4. Conclusion and future perspectives
These changes reflect significant reductions in cardiac parasympathetic activity and, possibly,
increased sympathetic tone. As cardiovascular regulation mechanism is a nonlinear process,
nonlinear methods, like Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Approximate Entropy Method and
Poincare Plot, may provide more powerful prognostic information than the traditional HR
variability indexes. In this work, a comparative study is done on different techniques to
distinguish HRV of normal subjects and alcoholics subjects. It has been demonstrated that both of
10. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4, No.4, August 2014
these two nonlinear methods can successfully differentiate between two types of data and reflect
the opposite heart condition of the two types of subjects under study, normal and alcoholics.
Thus, value of the nonlinear parameters found in this work can be used as standard in detecting
alcohol using HRV. Also, by measuring these nonlinear parameter values, a qualitative idea of
heart condition can be obtained. HRV can forecast the illness independently and can also beyond
that predict the risk factors for the traditional diseases. The work should be further carried on for
all age groups and with various alcoholic related diseases.It will be of good scope and great
interest to correlate the parameters of HRV with markers of increased sympathetic tone, like
serum levels of catecholamines.
64
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Authors
D. Maheshkumar. Completed B.E in Instrumentation Technology M.Tech. in Bio-
Medical Instrumentation from Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore. He
has 16 years of teaching experience and he also pursuing Ph.D from Jain University,
Bangalore. Currently he is working as Assistant Professor in the dept. of Electronics and
Inst. Engineering, JSSATE, Bangalore. His areas of interest are Biomedical Signal
processing, Electronic Instrumentation and Smart Sensors. He is the member of ISOI and
ISTE. . He has one International two National Journals .
Dr. S C Prasannakumar. Completed B.E M. Tech. degree from Jayachamarajendra
College of Engg. Mysore, and completed Ph.D degree from Avinash Lingam University,
Tamilnadu, India. He is currently working as Professor in the department of Electronics
and Inst. Engineering, RVCE, Bangalore. He has 17 years of teaching and industrial
experience and he is the Member of ISTE. His areas of interests are Signal Processing
(Acoustic Signal Processing) Bio-Medical Instrumentation. He is the BOS BOE of
VTU and autonomous institutes. He has more than 28 publications in International National Journals and
also in conferences.
Dr. B G Sudarshan. Completed MBBS degree from Sree Siddaratha Medical College,
Tumkur and Ph.D in Bio-Medical Instrumentation from Avinash Lingam University,
Tamilnadu. Currently he is working as Associate professor/medical officer at RVCE
campus hospital/EIE and also Faculty in the Dept of Electronics and Inst. Engineering.
He has more than 10 publications in International and National Journals also in
conferences. He has more than 9 years of experience in this field and his area of interest are Bio-medical
signal processing and Image processing.
Yadhuraj S.R. Completed B.E in Electronics and Communication M. Tech. degree
from RVCE Bangalore, and pursuing PhD as a Research Scholar.