This document discusses the impact of anthropogenic (human) activities on fisheries biodiversity. It covers several topics:
1. Land use changes from activities like farming can lead to nutrient runoff and eutrophication, impacting fish stocks. Examples from freshwater systems are well documented.
2. Introduction of non-native species can negatively impact fisheries through competition with native species and spreading of diseases. While some introductions were intentional for fisheries, most have unexpected consequences.
3. Conservation measures that protect top predators like seals and birds have increased their populations, creating greater predation pressure on fish stocks important to fisheries.
It also discusses direct impacts of overfishing and bycatch
Intact Oceans and Their Benefits, by Edward Lohnes, Conservation InternationalWILD Foundation
"Intact Oceans and their Benefits" is posted by permission of Edward Lohnes and Conservation International to inform and inspire action for the conservation of marine wilderness.
Question 1 Humans have affected different organism populations in wh.pdfarjunhassan8
Question 1 Humans have affected different organism populations in which of the following
ways? (Select all that apply) overfishing agriculture poaching habitat destruction An
explanation supported by a large body of observations and experimentation is referred to as a(n):
hypothesis. investigation. prediction. supposition. theory. Interactions between organisms lead
to the evolution of particular traits in populations of those organisms over time. False True
Mutations always result in death of the organism that acquires them. False True Variation
among individuals in a species is usually caused by: environmental variation.
Solution
1. Human activities, in its extreme form have adversely affected different population of
organisms. The important activities that contributed to the negative impacts include overfishing,
poaching, agriculture, and habitat destruction.
Overfishing happens when large volumes of fish are caught than its population is capable of
replacing through natural reproduction. This activity adversely affects the balance of life in the
oceans and also the social and economic well-being of the coastal communities\' dependant on
fishing as their livelihood. Eg: The population of Atlantic bluefin tuna has declined and is facing
near extinction. Targeted fishing of predators, such as tuna and groupers, led to over population
of smaller marine species, such as sardines and anchovies, thus changing the marine ecosystem.
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) by United Nations has published a two
yearly report in 2006 giving the statistical data on the effects of overfishing.
Poaching is the activity of illegal or unauthorized hunting of a specific animal species for sport
or profit. The excessive and unregulated hunting of African elephants for their tusk has lead to
the drastic reduction in their population. The poaching of wolves, which is the natural predator of
elk, lead to an unsustainable population level of the later resulting in scarcity of food sources and
their mass extinction.
The unsustainable agricultural practices pose the greatest instant threat to species and ecosystems
around the world. The adverse environmental impacts include habitat loss of species (due to land
conversion), environment pollution, soil erosion, climate change and genetic erosion.
Habitat destruction occurs when irreversible change has happened to an area that is incapable of
supporting the natural wildlife. This change can be destruction, fragmentation, or degradation.
Eg: Clearing a wooded area using bull dozer, filling of wetlands, construction of roads and dams
etc..
Why are they introduced Exotic fishes transplanted in INDIA
Types/routes of introductions
A.Deliberate introductions
accidental introduction
predation on natives
competition
habitat alteration
parasites/diseases
genetic effects
ecosystem engineers – radically change structure of communities and habitats, e.g., zebra mussels
Effects of exotics
Intact Oceans and Their Benefits, by Edward Lohnes, Conservation InternationalWILD Foundation
"Intact Oceans and their Benefits" is posted by permission of Edward Lohnes and Conservation International to inform and inspire action for the conservation of marine wilderness.
Question 1 Humans have affected different organism populations in wh.pdfarjunhassan8
Question 1 Humans have affected different organism populations in which of the following
ways? (Select all that apply) overfishing agriculture poaching habitat destruction An
explanation supported by a large body of observations and experimentation is referred to as a(n):
hypothesis. investigation. prediction. supposition. theory. Interactions between organisms lead
to the evolution of particular traits in populations of those organisms over time. False True
Mutations always result in death of the organism that acquires them. False True Variation
among individuals in a species is usually caused by: environmental variation.
Solution
1. Human activities, in its extreme form have adversely affected different population of
organisms. The important activities that contributed to the negative impacts include overfishing,
poaching, agriculture, and habitat destruction.
Overfishing happens when large volumes of fish are caught than its population is capable of
replacing through natural reproduction. This activity adversely affects the balance of life in the
oceans and also the social and economic well-being of the coastal communities\' dependant on
fishing as their livelihood. Eg: The population of Atlantic bluefin tuna has declined and is facing
near extinction. Targeted fishing of predators, such as tuna and groupers, led to over population
of smaller marine species, such as sardines and anchovies, thus changing the marine ecosystem.
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) by United Nations has published a two
yearly report in 2006 giving the statistical data on the effects of overfishing.
Poaching is the activity of illegal or unauthorized hunting of a specific animal species for sport
or profit. The excessive and unregulated hunting of African elephants for their tusk has lead to
the drastic reduction in their population. The poaching of wolves, which is the natural predator of
elk, lead to an unsustainable population level of the later resulting in scarcity of food sources and
their mass extinction.
The unsustainable agricultural practices pose the greatest instant threat to species and ecosystems
around the world. The adverse environmental impacts include habitat loss of species (due to land
conversion), environment pollution, soil erosion, climate change and genetic erosion.
Habitat destruction occurs when irreversible change has happened to an area that is incapable of
supporting the natural wildlife. This change can be destruction, fragmentation, or degradation.
Eg: Clearing a wooded area using bull dozer, filling of wetlands, construction of roads and dams
etc..
Why are they introduced Exotic fishes transplanted in INDIA
Types/routes of introductions
A.Deliberate introductions
accidental introduction
predation on natives
competition
habitat alteration
parasites/diseases
genetic effects
ecosystem engineers – radically change structure of communities and habitats, e.g., zebra mussels
Effects of exotics
XXX 2Name Professor Course Date Imagine a situatio.docxadampcarr67227
XXX 2
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
Imagine a situation that you are walking on the road, if there is a plastic bag in the middle of the way, will you see it? Most people will see it, and there is someone hired to keep the street clean and tidy on a regular basis. People and the government have both realized the importance of protecting the mainland’s environment while few have noticed the necessity of protecting ocean’s environment. In fact, human’s activities are contributing a lot to the pollution of marine system.
For example, Fisheries and transportation are two aspects that would affect the ocean most. Companies are overfishing for more profit, killing baby fishes and endangered species. Chemical industries are pouring chemical pollutions into the ocean to avoid paying for the dealing fees, Tourists and merchants are buying and selling rare species at will. These are the behaviors that would affect the natural environment of the ocean.
To begin with, In the case of fisheries, overfishing is causing shrinkage of fish groups, and the use of destructive fishing techniques has increased dramatically worldwide, destroying marine mammals and entire ecosystems. Besides, the unawareness of sustainable development is also a huge problem for marine environment. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities seems to be increasing as fishers seek to circumvent stricter regulatory rules. When some companies catch fish, they usually want to make a profit as soon as possible, sometimes they even catch the immature fries and make them into food to obtain additional profits. However, they did not realize that this behavior is like killing chickens to take their eggs. Without the fry, the fish group can't continue to grow, and there will be no fish for fishing in the future. Therefore, this behavior will reduce the company's profits. In terms of the environment, with the lack of a large number of fries, the ethnic balance of fish has been broken. A specie’s reduction in biology chain may cause extinction of other species. Therefore, it is necessary to leave time and space for self-recovery for the fish. As the author James A. Wilson said: “Natural environment has coevolved at a relatively broad temporal and spatial scale, and it has coadapted locally and relatively quickly, compared to evolutionary processes” (James A. Wilson 3). In order to protect fish groups, it is necessary to promote scientific management, reasonable fishing, and adhere to the idea of sustainable development.
Another impact of fisheries on the marine environment is the destruction of marine habitats. Including damages to marine plants and pollution from outside waste such as chemical contamination. a terrible fact that magazine “Antarctic Science” told is that “contaminants and their associated impacts are long-lived” (Antarctic Science Volume 21, Issue 1). As the author says, the effects of chemical pollutants are long-term and irreversible. In some places like the.
Coastal aquaculture is having an adverse impact on the environment due to intensive shrimp culture. several other factors are also getting affected due to intensive coastal aquaculture.
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
XXX 2Name Professor Course Date Imagine a situatio.docxadampcarr67227
XXX 2
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
Imagine a situation that you are walking on the road, if there is a plastic bag in the middle of the way, will you see it? Most people will see it, and there is someone hired to keep the street clean and tidy on a regular basis. People and the government have both realized the importance of protecting the mainland’s environment while few have noticed the necessity of protecting ocean’s environment. In fact, human’s activities are contributing a lot to the pollution of marine system.
For example, Fisheries and transportation are two aspects that would affect the ocean most. Companies are overfishing for more profit, killing baby fishes and endangered species. Chemical industries are pouring chemical pollutions into the ocean to avoid paying for the dealing fees, Tourists and merchants are buying and selling rare species at will. These are the behaviors that would affect the natural environment of the ocean.
To begin with, In the case of fisheries, overfishing is causing shrinkage of fish groups, and the use of destructive fishing techniques has increased dramatically worldwide, destroying marine mammals and entire ecosystems. Besides, the unawareness of sustainable development is also a huge problem for marine environment. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities seems to be increasing as fishers seek to circumvent stricter regulatory rules. When some companies catch fish, they usually want to make a profit as soon as possible, sometimes they even catch the immature fries and make them into food to obtain additional profits. However, they did not realize that this behavior is like killing chickens to take their eggs. Without the fry, the fish group can't continue to grow, and there will be no fish for fishing in the future. Therefore, this behavior will reduce the company's profits. In terms of the environment, with the lack of a large number of fries, the ethnic balance of fish has been broken. A specie’s reduction in biology chain may cause extinction of other species. Therefore, it is necessary to leave time and space for self-recovery for the fish. As the author James A. Wilson said: “Natural environment has coevolved at a relatively broad temporal and spatial scale, and it has coadapted locally and relatively quickly, compared to evolutionary processes” (James A. Wilson 3). In order to protect fish groups, it is necessary to promote scientific management, reasonable fishing, and adhere to the idea of sustainable development.
Another impact of fisheries on the marine environment is the destruction of marine habitats. Including damages to marine plants and pollution from outside waste such as chemical contamination. a terrible fact that magazine “Antarctic Science” told is that “contaminants and their associated impacts are long-lived” (Antarctic Science Volume 21, Issue 1). As the author says, the effects of chemical pollutants are long-term and irreversible. In some places like the.
Coastal aquaculture is having an adverse impact on the environment due to intensive shrimp culture. several other factors are also getting affected due to intensive coastal aquaculture.
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
Impact of Anthropogenic intervention on Fisheries Biodiversity 502.docx
1. ASSIGNMENT ON:
Impact of Anthropogenic intervention on Fisheries
Biodiversity
Course No- FRM 502 (2+1)
Course Title -Fish Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
Submitted to :
Dr. C.P Singh
Submitted by:
Abhishek Singh
F-10354/18/22
M.F.Sc (Fisheries Resource Management)
College Of Fisheries Science
Acharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture And
Technology KumarganJ Ayodhya U.P .224229
2. Impact of Anthropogenic intervention on Fisheries
Biodiversity:-
Introduction:-
Fish and shellfish for human and animal consumption are taken through
harvest of natural stocks, harvest of “ranched” (released) stocks, and a variety
of aquaculture activities. All of these types of fishing activities affect the
environment and, for most, the term “responsible fisheries” implies efforts to
ensure that the environmental interactions and consequences of fishing
activities are brought into or kept within levels deemed acceptable by current
standards of society. Thus, there are both natural science (identification of
environmental effects of fisheries) and social science (quantification of the
acceptable social norms) components to the consideration of “responsible
fisheries.
Responsible fisheries should, then, include “responsible (i.e. socially
acceptable) care or conservation” of the stocks to be fished. Thus, the
influence on fish stocks of anthropogenically induced changes in the state of
the environment is an obvious and important consideration when developing a
strategy for carrying out “responsible fisheries.
Land use changes and their impacts on fisheries:-
The largest and therefore economically most important commercial
fisheries in the world are marine. The oceans also extend over large
regions of the earth and are characterized by large water volumes and
rapid water circulation. This means that the footprint of human activities
on the environment will be relatively easily eroded in marine
environments. Thus, marine regions and the most important world
fisheries will be the last of the aquatic ecosystems to be obviously
affected by human activities. Nevertheless, there is now evidence from
many coastal and semi enclosed sea areas that changes in land use
practices are influencing the state of the marine environment and,
potentially, fisheries . This realization has put the consideration of
anthropogenically-induced changes in the environment on the global
3. agenda. However, examples of the influence of land use change on fish
and fisheries in freshwater systems are plentiful and well documented.
Loss of or changes in fish stocks resulting from human activities have
been documented in thousands of lakes and rivers (Maitland, 1995). In
considering the potential influence of human activities on marine
fisheries, much can be learned from the historical experience in
freshwater systems.
Farming activities lead to the runoff of nutrients and pesticides to
adjacent water bodies. This nutrient enrichment can lead to
eutrophication. In freshwater systems, this phenomenon has been well
studied and it is now realized that eutrophication is also occurring in
many coastal marine areas (see Jorgensen and Richardson, 1996). In its
mildest form, it affects fish and fisheries by changing the availability and
type of food for the fishes. In some cases, mild eutrophication may
increase food availability for food-limited fish stocks and actually
increase the fish available for harvest by the fishery (e.g. Nielsen and
Richardson, 1996).
Introduction of non-indigenous species: impact on
fisheries:-
Non-indigenous species can be introduced intentionally (i.e. with the
intent of developing a new fishery) or non-intentionally (with ballast
water; through bio fouling of ship hulls, etc.; the building of canals; or in
association with organisms migrating or actively transferred between
different regions). Most non-indigenous species do not survive when
introduced to a new environment. However, there are numerous
examples of introductions that have had unexpected and dramatic
consequences on fisheries.
Impact on fisheries of conservation measures:-
Changes in the relative abundance of organisms in the various tropic
levels of the marine food web will, clearly, influence the function of the
web. In recent years, large predators that feed on fish such as marine
mammals and birds have been the objects of considerable conservation
4. interest. Protection measures have been taken in the EU, for example,
with respect to whales, seals and many marine birds. In a number of
cases, these protection measures have been highly successful and the
previously diminished or endangered stocks of top predators are now
thriving. Examples are some seal populations in the Baltic, and
cormorants along the Baltic and Kattegat coasts. As these large
predators often feed exclusively on fish, an increase in population size
will certainly imply a greater predation pressure on fish stocks affected
by these predators. The magnitude of the increased predation pressure
on fish stocks due to increased predator abundance has not been
determined.
However, some – especially coastal fishermen working, for example, in
areas in close proximity to large cormorant colonies – are convinced that
the competition for fish resources between these large predators and
fishers is intense. Thus, for these fishers, at least, the conservation of
species at the higher tropic levels of marine food webs represents an
anthropogenically-induced environmental effect on fisheries.
Direct Fisheries Effects:-
The extraction of large numbers of wild organisms (e.g., of finfish, sea urchins,
seaweeds, shrimp, and scallops) from marine habitats through commercial
fishing may be the most important impact of any current fishing activity. Cod
and haddock (NOAA, 1992), Atlantic blue fin tuna (Safina, 1993), and many
other fish populations of economic importance to the U.S. (Norse, 1993) have
experienced dramatic declines due to overfishing. Both commercial and sport
fisheries have intensively removed large populations of other edible, bait,
aquarium, and curio trade organisms (such as mussels, abalones, limpets,
clams, tropical seashells and corals, and polychaete worms) from coastal
habitats. Little noticed when first surveyed by the present generation of
scientists, most coral reefs were poised on the edge of profound change from
overfishing of large predaceous and herbivorous fish.
Indirect Fisheries Effects:-
5. Three of the major indirect impacts of fisheries are by-catch—that is, capture
and mortality of non target species (NOAA, 1992)—habitat destruction
(discussed below, under "Alterations in Physical Habitat"), and ancillary
impacts on interacting species or ecosystem effects. In the eastern tropical
Pacific, tuna purse seine fisheries began in the late 1950s and incidentally
encircled dolphins to capture the yellow fin tuna schools typically found
underneath them. High mortality rates ensued for the dolphins, and
populations declined by the mid-1970s to near 20 percent of the 1959
population estimate for eastern spinner dolphin and below 50 percent for the
offshore spotted dolphin (T.D. Smith, 1983). Public concern about this by-catch
was in part responsible for the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act.
"Ghost fishing" (lost and abandoned nets that continue to capture fish and
mammals) may have localized impacts.
Exotic Species:-
Introduction:-
Introduction of exotic species has the extinction of native species in aquatic
ecosystems. Major concerns over the introduction of exotic fish are prolific
breeding, predation or competition of introduced species affecting indigenous
biodiversity. While much of the recent attention has been mainly focused on
the adverse impact of exotic species introduction.
Exotic Fishes Transplanted in India:-
1) Game fishes:-
Brown trout- Salmo trutta fario(1863-1900)
Rainbow trout -Salmo gairdner (1907)
Atlantic salmon- Salmo salar (1968)
2) Food fishes:-
Tilapia- Oreochromis mossambicus (1952)
Common carp- Cyprinus carpio (1957)
6. Grass carp - Ctenopahryngodon idella (1957)
3) Ornamentsal fishes:-
Live bearers (27 species)
Egg layers (261 species)
Impact on biodiversity :-
1) Genetic impacts:-
The genetic impact can be classified into two categories.
A. Reduction of effective population size by the ecological, biological &
genetic of introduction.
B. Alteration/extinction of gene pools of the species/crossbreeding or
hybridization & backcrossing.
Extinction due to hybridization:-
Hybridization between exotics & Native species has not only brought in genetic
contamination but even resulted in species extinction in some cases.
Loss of traits:-
It's leading to economic value decline takes place in uncontrolled hybridization
between exotic and native species. Hybridization between bighead carp
(Aristichthys mobiles) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) should
beneficial properties in terms of growth, food conversion and disease
resistances.
But in further uncontrolled hybridization of these fishes in later generation, the
offspring lost the acquired beneficial traits.
2) Ecological impacts:-
Competition of exotic fishes with the native species for living space with same
niche preference for food with fishes of similar types of feeding habits,
7. predation on native fishes, spreading parasites and pathogens, thereby are
some common ecological concerns.
Predation-Prey Interaction:-
Top carnivorous are often viewed as the most important significant threat as
introduced fishes. Predation directly reduces the size of the prey species in the
ecosystem.
Competition:-
Competition can occur between exotic and native species for food, habitat,
mates and other essential resources. In recent days reported for inland water
bodies, Tilapia Mozambique is considered to be a threat to native diversity.
3) Disease impact:-
The spread of pathogen along with species transported or traded in
aquaculture is a serious concern with several international agencies such as,
FAO, WHO, WTO and OIE.
4) Habitat impact:-
Many species of freshwater animals greatly modify aquatic habitat when
placed into new areas. For eg. Crayfish, common carp, grass carp etc.
5) Socio-economic impact:-
Since the exotic fishes never fetch a higher price than native varieties and also
the decline of the native fish population is observed in the presence of exotic
species in natural waters, the total economic returns declined for the
stakeholders of the capture fisheries. In aquaculture, however, it provided
immediate gain, in most cases without consideration of the long term
ecological consequences.
Construction of shore protection walls::-
Types of Coastal Protection Structures:-
8. 1. Seawalls:-
This large coastal protection structures can be built using different types of
construction materials such as rubble mound, granite masonry, or reinforced
concrete. Seawalls are commonly built and run along shoreline to prevent
coastal structures and areas from the detrimental influence of ocean wave
actions and flooding which are driven by storms. There are various
arrangements or configurations that might be employed includes curved face
seawall, stepped face seawall, rubble mound seawall.
Curved face seawall:-
Curved face seawall is designed to withstand high wave action effects.
Foundation materials loss, which might be caused by scouring waves and/or
leaching from over topping water or storm drainage underneath the wall, is
avoided by employing sheet pile cut off wall. Moreover, the toe of the curved
face seawall is built from large stones to decrease scouring.
Seawall with Curved Face Configuration
2. Bulkheads:-
Bulkheads can be constructed by concrete, steel, or timber. There two major
types which are gravity structures and anchored sheet pile walls. The
bulkheads might not have exposed to substantially strong wave actions and its
main purpose is to retain earth but scouring at the base of the structure should
be considered by the designer. Cellular sheet pile bulkheads are employed for
9. situations where rock is close to the surface and enough penetration cannot be
achieved for the anchored bulkhead type. Moreover, sheet pile should be
sufficiently reinforced for bending moment, soil conditions,hydrostatic
pressures, and support points.
3.Breakwaters:-
There are three major types of breakwaters namely: offshore, shore-
connected, and rubble mound. Not only are they used to protect shore area,
anchorage, harbor from wave actions but also to create secure environment
for mooring, operating, and handling ships.
Micro hydral power stations:-
Between 2010 and 2040 energy demand is expected to increase by 56%
worldwide
1. particularly, oil demand which is estimated to increase in countries, such as
Brazil, China and India
2. This is mainly due to the world’s population unprecedented growth rate.
According to the United Nations, by 2050, the world population will reach nine
billion.
3. Fossil fuel combustion is currently the main source of energy production.
[4]. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are linked to climate change and
human health problems
[5]. Each year, more than 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) are released
into the atmosphere
[6], and around 65% of the world’s excess mortality—The number of deaths
caused by a specific condition or exposure to harmful circumstances is directly
associated with fossil fuel-related emissions
[7]. According to The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health .
[8] , 9 million premature deaths were associated with pollution in 2015,
representing 16% of all deaths worldwide. Environmental problems, such as
10. ozone depletion, forest destruction and acid precipitation are direct
consequences of the use of fossil fuels [8]. As suggested by the 2015 Paris
Agreement, the average global temperature increase should be limited to 1.5–
2 °C above pre-industrial levels.
Oil Rigs:-
5 Different types of oil Rigs
1. Barge Rigs:-
Barge rigs work in shallower waters, usually less than 20 feet deep. After being
floated to the drilling location, the hull is brought to rest on the ocean floor,
creating a stable platform for drilling. Many barge rigs operate in the Gulf of
Mexico and around the world.
2 .Submersible Rigs
In waters too deep for a barge, but less than 50-70 feet deep, a submersible rig
can be used.
Columns or posts are submerged into the water and filled to specific levels that
determine their depth. Drilling equipment on the platform above drives a
floating drill unit below.
3 .Jack-Up Rigs
As we move into deeper waters, a mobile platform called the “jack-up” rig
comes into play. It gets this name because it can be moved directly over the
location to drill or pump oil. The rig can be self-elevated (jacked up) from the
bottom of the ocean floor to secure it in place. Jack-up rigs are well suited for
shallow waters of 400 feet or less.
There are two types of jack-up rigs Cantilevered Jack-up, with a drilling derrick
mounted on an extending arm
Keyway or Slot Jack-up, which has a drilling unit on the platform over an
opening it drills through
4 .Platform Rigs
Many offshore oil rigs are anchored platforms. They use a steel framework
anchored to the ocean floor as a foundation for a surface drilling rig,
equipment, and living quarters. Platforms may drill in many directions from
11. this base, and they are broken down into specific types suited for various
depths.
5. Floating Rigs or Floaters
In very deep water, it is not practical to attach an offshore rig to the bottom of
the ocean. Floating oil rigs are kept in place by anchors or dynamic positioning
systems that keep them over target. There are several types of floaters in use
at various deep water drilling locations worldwide.
Worker Safety on All Oil Rigs
Working on any vessel or platform rig carries with it certain risks. Owners and
operators of rigs need to take steps to help protect their workers and provide
safe working environments. In the event they are negligent and workers are
injured, they can be held accountable under maritime law.
If you are an oil rig worker, seaman, or vessel worker and have been injured
while in the service of a vessel or ship, you could be entitled to monetary
compensation. To find out more about your legal rights and if you have
grounds for a personal injury lawsuit or “maintenance and cure,” contact
the Jones Act attorneys at Schechter, Shaffer & Harris, L.L.P.
Reference:-
Bartley, D.M. and C.V. Casal (1998) Impact of introductions on the
conservation and
sustainable use of aquatic biodiversity. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter 20 : 15-19.
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