Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, Adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and Tensile strength .To improve the strength material joint is to be used in the work. A Glass fibre Epoxy composite is to be fabricated by hand lay-up method. And experimentally results are to be obtained. The Experimental results are to be compared with Analytical and Numerical results. For numerical analysis ANSYS software is to be used.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hybrid polymer composites are the materials made by combining two or more
different type of fibers in a matrix. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the
designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the
choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting
different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. They offer wide range of
properties that cannot be obtained with a single type of reinforcement. Due to its high
specific strengths, high specific modulus, low densities, light weight etc. based on its
applications. Presently they are playing a vital role in aerospace, defence, transport,
sport applications. Worldwide researches are keenly interested in finding out their
behavior in real life exposed to various environmental conditions, variety of loads etc.
In this paper, We fabricated carbon, e-glass and hybrid composites by using hand
layup technique in uni-directional orientation with epoxy as a matrix material and
conducted various tests such as tensile, compression on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) and hardness. The results are validated with FEA and observed that Al-6061-
T6 which is used in manufacturing of military aircraft landing mats, truck bodies and
frames etc. has a tensile strength of about 310.25Mpa.The tensile strength of hybrid
fiber is 341Mpa which is higher than Al 6061-T6. We have compared the
experimental results with ansys results and found that the experimental values are
very close to the ansys results. But when compared within the fibers carbon fiber
exhibited more strength when compared to other fibers
Experimental Test on Gfrp-Epoxy Composite Laminate for Mechanical, Chemical &...IOSR Journals
GFRP (glass fibre reinforced plastic) composite materials are used in many engineering applications
because of its high strength to weight ratio. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate mechanical,
chemical and thermal properties of GFRP rotor blades which are used in cooling towers. These blades are
manufactured by pressure bag moulding process by using suitable mould. Before installation (Delivery), the
blade must be tested for mechanical, chemical, thermal and other properties. For this testing, GFRP laminate is
made by hand layup technique. Epoxy resin is used as matrix in manufacturing of the gfrp laminate
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hybrid polymer composites are the materials made by combining two or more
different type of fibers in a matrix. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the
designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the
choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting
different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. They offer wide range of
properties that cannot be obtained with a single type of reinforcement. Due to its high
specific strengths, high specific modulus, low densities, light weight etc. based on its
applications. Presently they are playing a vital role in aerospace, defence, transport,
sport applications. Worldwide researches are keenly interested in finding out their
behavior in real life exposed to various environmental conditions, variety of loads etc.
In this paper, We fabricated carbon, e-glass and hybrid composites by using hand
layup technique in uni-directional orientation with epoxy as a matrix material and
conducted various tests such as tensile, compression on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) and hardness. The results are validated with FEA and observed that Al-6061-
T6 which is used in manufacturing of military aircraft landing mats, truck bodies and
frames etc. has a tensile strength of about 310.25Mpa.The tensile strength of hybrid
fiber is 341Mpa which is higher than Al 6061-T6. We have compared the
experimental results with ansys results and found that the experimental values are
very close to the ansys results. But when compared within the fibers carbon fiber
exhibited more strength when compared to other fibers
Experimental Test on Gfrp-Epoxy Composite Laminate for Mechanical, Chemical &...IOSR Journals
GFRP (glass fibre reinforced plastic) composite materials are used in many engineering applications
because of its high strength to weight ratio. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate mechanical,
chemical and thermal properties of GFRP rotor blades which are used in cooling towers. These blades are
manufactured by pressure bag moulding process by using suitable mould. Before installation (Delivery), the
blade must be tested for mechanical, chemical, thermal and other properties. For this testing, GFRP laminate is
made by hand layup technique. Epoxy resin is used as matrix in manufacturing of the gfrp laminate
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very high seismic intensity. To meet
the standardization of the building design, several studies were conducted, including
the use of base isolation in residential buildings. The base isolator consists of several
layers of rubber and steel or lamination fibers which function to increase the vertical
stiffness of the isolator. Some has managed to use lamination fiber to make isolator
costs cheaper. This research uses fiberglass type net and woven roving types WR4
and WR6. Fiberglass is modeled according to the ASTM standard dogbone.
Fiberglass is tested as a standard matrix and is a composite. As a composite, the first
type is combined with 2504H Eternal resins and mepoxe catalyst, and second with
adhesive lord chemlok. The effect of curing on a temperature of 150 °C was observed
according to the conditions of making Low-Cost Rubber Base Isolation (LCRBI) on
the printing machine.
The result, fiberglass type Net matrix has a higher tensile strength compared to
other materials. For fiberglass net matrix composite has increased tensile strength in
the oven for 1 hour and returns to the oven for 2 hours at 150 °C. While the
composites of the WR4 and WR6 matrix materials have tensile strengths below 500
MPa and have a relatively small increase and decrease in value. Net type fiberglass is
suitable to be used as reinforcement on low-cost rubber base isolation for residential
areas, where with a small service load from the house it is needed a base isolator that
is not too stiff (optimal elastic). In addition, the fiberglass type net has a hollow
shape, allowing the layer between the rubbers to be more perfect for perfect
attachment
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Introduction to adhesive and adhesion, this powerpoint slide will explain you about what is an adhesive, advantage and disadvantage of joining using adhesive. In addition, you will understand the basics of adhesive theory i.e. the requirement of a good bond, good joint design, types of adhesives.
It is widely accepted that lubricating oils play important role in determining the
performance and the effective life in several industrial field. This work represents an
attempt to compare the efficiency of Iraqi made oils (multi grade oil) with the
important oils (American and emirate oil) at room temperature and
samples used in this work
chemical and mechanical tests were conducted
,Chemical composition analysis (EDS
results showed that hardness of (A356) was
carried out by tafelextrapolation
corrosion rate (mpy) at RT.
indicated that the weight loss was (70*10
test results in different oils at RT.
gm) in steady state region
3 gm) respectively,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of polymer composite materialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very high seismic intensity. To meet
the standardization of the building design, several studies were conducted, including
the use of base isolation in residential buildings. The base isolator consists of several
layers of rubber and steel or lamination fibers which function to increase the vertical
stiffness of the isolator. Some has managed to use lamination fiber to make isolator
costs cheaper. This research uses fiberglass type net and woven roving types WR4
and WR6. Fiberglass is modeled according to the ASTM standard dogbone.
Fiberglass is tested as a standard matrix and is a composite. As a composite, the first
type is combined with 2504H Eternal resins and mepoxe catalyst, and second with
adhesive lord chemlok. The effect of curing on a temperature of 150 °C was observed
according to the conditions of making Low-Cost Rubber Base Isolation (LCRBI) on
the printing machine.
The result, fiberglass type Net matrix has a higher tensile strength compared to
other materials. For fiberglass net matrix composite has increased tensile strength in
the oven for 1 hour and returns to the oven for 2 hours at 150 °C. While the
composites of the WR4 and WR6 matrix materials have tensile strengths below 500
MPa and have a relatively small increase and decrease in value. Net type fiberglass is
suitable to be used as reinforcement on low-cost rubber base isolation for residential
areas, where with a small service load from the house it is needed a base isolator that
is not too stiff (optimal elastic). In addition, the fiberglass type net has a hollow
shape, allowing the layer between the rubbers to be more perfect for perfect
attachment
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Introduction to adhesive and adhesion, this powerpoint slide will explain you about what is an adhesive, advantage and disadvantage of joining using adhesive. In addition, you will understand the basics of adhesive theory i.e. the requirement of a good bond, good joint design, types of adhesives.
It is widely accepted that lubricating oils play important role in determining the
performance and the effective life in several industrial field. This work represents an
attempt to compare the efficiency of Iraqi made oils (multi grade oil) with the
important oils (American and emirate oil) at room temperature and
samples used in this work
chemical and mechanical tests were conducted
,Chemical composition analysis (EDS
results showed that hardness of (A356) was
carried out by tafelextrapolation
corrosion rate (mpy) at RT.
indicated that the weight loss was (70*10
test results in different oils at RT.
gm) in steady state region
3 gm) respectively,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of polymer composite materialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
Experimental Evaluation of effect of filler on tensile behaviour of E-glass/e...IJRES Journal
The present work describes the processing and tensile characterization of polymer matrix composites (PMC). Two types of E-glass laminates namely woven and chopped are used as a reinforcing materials and epoxy resin constitutes matrix system. Several works has been carried out to prove that strength of glass fibre composites progressively increased with adding fillers. Keeping this in mind the present work successeded in using wollastonite as a filler material, tensile test samples from both woven and chopped type were prepared and tests are conducted as per ASTM standards and corresponding results are tabulated and discussed. The present work also highlights the tensile strength for both woven and chopped laminates were compared. It is observed that use of wollastonite filler influences greatly on tensile properties of polymer matrix composites. And it is also cleared that woven laminates shows higher resistance to tensile loading as compared to chopped laminates.
Damping Of Composite Material Structures with Riveted JointsIJMER
Vibration and noise reduction are crucial in maintaining high performance level and
prolonging the useful life of machinery, automobiles, aerodynamic and spacecraft structures. It is
observed that damping in materials occur due to energy release due to micro-slips along frictional
interfaces and due to varying strain regions and interaction between the metals. But it was found
that the damping effect in metals is quite small that it can be neglected. Damping in metals is due to
the micro-slips along frictional interfaces. Composites, however, have better damping properties
than structural metals and cannot be neglected. Typically, the range of composite damping begins
where the best damped metal stops.In the present work, theoretical analysis was done on various
polymer matrix composite (glass fibre polyesters) with riveted joints by varying initial conditions.
Strain energy loss was calculated to calculate the damping in composites. Using FEA model, load
variation w.r.t time was observed and the strain energy loss calculated was utilised in finding the
material damping for Carbon fibre epoxy with riveted joints. Various simulations were performed in
ANSYS and these results were utilised to calculate the loss factor, Rayleigh‘s damping constants
and logarithmic decrement.
+44 161 494 1345 | info@antala.co.uk
www.antala.co.uk
This guide is designed to help engineers overcome the
reservations they may sometimes have about adhesives. It
includes a survey of modern adhesives and shows how joints
should be designed and pretreated in order to make the best
use of adhesive bonding. This guide has roots going back to
the days when adhesives capable of bonding metals were
first invented: our Araldite
adhesive trade name is known
and recognised worldwide in both the industry and in the
home.
®
The question about what is one trying to accomplish when
using an adhesive is not new. Man has used adhesives
or glues since the dawn of history. The ancient Egyptians
attached veneers to furniture with glue. These early glues
were all natural substances. Nowadays synthetic resins and
polymers are being used.
When components are bonded together, the adhesive first
thoroughly wets the surfaces to be bonded together filling
the gap in between and then starts to polymerize. When
hardening is complete, the bond can withstand the stresses
of use. High performance adhesives harden through chemical
reaction and have a strong affinity to joint surfaces. Adhesive
bonding is sometimes called chemical joining to differentiate it
from mechanical joining.
Experimental Study of the Fatigue Strength of Glass fiber epoxy and Chapstan ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
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In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 9, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1698
Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
P.V.Elumalai1
A.Sujatha2
R. Senthil Kumar3
1, 2, 3
Assistant Professor
1, 2, 3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1, 3
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India-632002
2
Thanthai Periyar Government Institute Of technology, Bagyam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India-632002
Abstract—Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in
composite aircraft structures. The composite structural
members are highly used in the following applications such
as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the
past decades, Adhesive bonding is a practical joint method
for joining composite materials which provide low shear
and Tensile strength .To improve the strength material joint
is to be used in the work. A Glass fibre Epoxy composite is
to be fabricated by hand lay-up method. And experimentally
results are to be obtained. The Experimental results are to be
compared with Analytical and Numerical results. For
numerical analysis ANSYS software is to be used.
Key words: Composite, Hand layout method, Epoxy,
Material joints
I. INTRODUCTION
Composites are made up of individual materials referred to
as constituent materials. There are two categories of
constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. At least one
portion of each type is required. The matrix material
surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by
maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements
impart their special mechanical and physical properties to
enhance the matrix properties Due to strength and safety
requirements, these applications require joining composites
either to composites or to metals. Although leading to a
weight penalty due to stress concentration created by
drilling a hole in the laminate, mechanical fasteners are
widely used in the aerospace industry. In fact mechanically
fastened joints (such as pinned joints) are unavoidable in
complex structures because of their low cost, simplicity for
assemble and facilitation of disassembly for repair.
Mechanical fasteners remain the primary means of
load transfer between structural components made of
composite laminates. As, in pursuit of increasing efficiency of
the structure, the operational load continues to grow, the load
carried by each fastener increases accordingly. This increases
probability of failure. Therefore, the assessment of the stresses
around the fasteners holes becomes critical for damage-
tolerant design. Because of the presence of unknown contact
stresses and contact region between the Fastener and the
laminate, the analysis becomes considerably more complex
than that of a traction-free hole. The accurate prediction of the
stress distribution of strength evaluation and failure
prediction. The knowledge of the failure strength would help
in selecting the appropriate joint size in a given application.
An unskillful design of joints in the case of mechanical
fasteners often causes a reduction of load capability of the
composite structure even though the composite materials
posses’ high strength.
Polymer matrix composite:A.
Advanced composite materials (ACMs) are also known as
advanced polymer matrix composites. These are generally
characterized or determined by unusually high strength
fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity
characteristics, compared to other materials, while bound
together by weaker matrices. These are termed advanced
composite materials (ACM) in comparison to the composite
materials commonly in use such as reinforced concrete, or
even concrete itself. The high strength fibers are also low
density while occupying a large fraction of the volume.
Thermoset and Thermoplastic:B.
Thermoset resins require addition of a curing agent or
hardener and impregnation onto a reinforcing material,
followed by a curing step to produce a cured or finished
part. Once cured, the part cannot be changed or reformed,
except for finishing. Some of the more common thermosets
include epoxies, polyurethanes, phenolic and amino resins,
bismaleimides (BMI, polyimides), polyamides.
Of these, epoxies are the most commonly used in
the industry. Epoxy resins have been in use in U.S. industry
for over 40 years. Epoxy compounds are also referred to as
glycidyl compounds. The epoxy molecule can also be
expanded or cross-linked with other molecules to form a
wide variety of resin products, each with distinct
performance characteristics. These resins range from low-
viscosity liquids to high-molecular weight solids. Typically
they are high-viscosity liquids.
Thermoplastics currently represent a relatively
small part of the ACM industry. They are typically supplied
as nonreactive solids (no chemical reaction occurs during
processing) and require only heat and pressure to form the
finished part. Unlike the thermosets, the thermoplastics can
usually be reheated and reformed into another shape, if
desired.
Moulding Method:C.
In general, the reinforcing and matrix materials are
combined, compacted and processed to undergo a melding
event. After the melding event, the part shape is essentially
set, although it can deform under certain process conditions.
For a thermo set polymeric matrix material, the melding
event is a curing reaction that is initiated by the application
of additional heat or chemical reactivity such as organic
peroxide. For a thermoplastic polymeric matrix material, the
melding event is solidification from the melted state. For a
metal matrix material such as titanium foil, the melding event
is a fusing at high pressure and a temperature near the melt
point.
2. Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0003)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1699
For many moulding methods, it is convenient to
refer to one mould piece as a "lower" mould and another
mould piece as an "upper" mould. Lower and upper refer to
the different faces of the moulded panel, not the mould's
configuration in space. In this convention, there is always a
lower mould, and sometimes an upper mould. Part
construction begins by applying materials to the lower
mould. Lower mould and upper mould are more generalized
descriptors than more common and specific terms such as
male side, female side, a-side, b-side, tool side, bowl, hat,
mandrel, etc. Continuous manufacturing processes use a
different nomenclature.
The moulded product is often referred to as a panel.
For certain geometries and material combinations, it can be
referred to as a casting. For certain continuous processes, it
can be referred to as a profile. Applied with a pressure roller,
a spray device or manually. This process is generally done at
ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Two
variations of open moulding are Hand Layup and Spray-up.
Hand lay-Up Method:D.
Hand lay-up is a simple method for composite production. A
mould must be used for hand lay-up parts unless the
composite is to be joined directly to another structure. The
mould can be as simple as a flat sheet or have infinite curves
and edges. For some shapes, moulds must be joined in
sections so they can be taken apart for part removal after
curing. Before lay-up, the mould is prepared with a release
agent to insure that the part will not adhere to the mold.
Reinforcement fibers can be cut and laid in the mould. It is
up to the designer to organize the type, amount and direction
of the fibers being used. Resin must then be catalyzed and
added to the fibers. A brush, roller or squeegee can be used
to impregnate the fibres with the resin. The lay-up technician
is responsible for controlling the amount of resin and the
quality of saturation.
Fig. 1: Hand Lay-Up Method
II. MATERIAL AND FABRICATION
Epoxy ResinA.
Epoxy laminating resin boasts higher adhesive properties
and resistance to water, ideal for use in applications such as
boat building. Also used extensively in aircraft component
manufacture. Epoxies are widely used as a primary
construction material for high-performance boats or as a
secondary application to sheath a hull or replace water-
degraded polyester resins and gel coats
Chemical name - Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol
Chemical name – Araldite- LY556.
Fig. 2: Epoxy Resin
Properties of Epoxy:B.
High-Strength Glass Fiber Reinforced
Relative Density 1.6-2.0
Melting temperature (°C)
Thermoset Processing Range (°F)
Shrinkage 0.001-0.008
Tensile strength 5,000-20,000
Compressive strength 18,000-40,000
Flexural Strength 8000-30,000
I Zod impact 0.3-10.0
Linear expansion (10−6 in./in./°C) 11-50
Hardness Rockwell M100-112
Flammability V-0
Water absorption 24h (%) 0.04-0.20
CatalystC.
Hardener. An organic peroxide or similar compound which,
together with the accelerator, initiates the polymerization
process of polyester and other resins. It should NEVER be
mixed directly with an accelerator-this can cause an explosion.
Catalyst is available as a liquid or paste.
Catalyst is organic peroxide (a powerful corrosive)
and should not come contact with eyes, mouth or skin. Should
it do so, wash from the skin immediately under a running tap.
If it is splashed in the eyes, flush them with running water for
at least fifteen, minutes, and call a doctor
Chemical name – Trietha Tetra mine.
Company name – Aradur-HY951.
AcceleratorD.
One of the two compounds (the other is catalyst) required to
initiate the polymerisation process. See Reaccelerated. Mixed
directly with catalyst, the accelerator reacts explosively it is
therefore usually added to the resin in manufacture so only
catalyst need be added later.
Chopped StrandsE.
Short (6mm or 12mm) lengths of glass fibre. Can be used to
make resin dough, stronger than that made by mixing resin
with filler powder.
Fig. 3: Chopped Strand Mat
3. Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0003)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1700
A popular and economical form of glass reinforcement for
polyester resins. Short strands of glass are bonded with a powder
or emulsion into a mat available in a variety of thickness.
Material Selection and Laminate ManufactureF.
The fiber-reinforced composite material used in this study was
produced at IZOREEL firm. Other reason of the selection these
lay-ups are to observe variety of failure modes. All laminates
balanced about the mid-plane both to prevent thermal distortion
during manufacture and to eliminate bending and twisting when
under tension. All laminates were made from E glass fiber and
epoxy resin using press-mould technique. For matrix material,
epoxy LY556 and hardener HY951 were mixed in the mass
ratio of 100:80. The resin and hardener mix was applied to the
fibers. Fibers were coated with this mix. Subsequent plies were
placed one upon another as required orientations. A hand roller
was used to compact plies and remove entrapped air that could
later lead to voids or layer separations. The mold and lay-up
were covered with a release fabric. Once the matrix and fibers
are combined, it is necessary to apply the proper temperature
and pressure for specific periods of time to produce the fiber
reinforced structure. For this purpose, resin-impregnated fibers
were placed in the mold for curing. The press generates the
temperature and pressure required for curing. In all cases, the
mould was closed to stops giving nominal thickness. The glass
fiber and epoxy were cured at 120 0C under a pressure of 9 MPa
and this temperature was held constant for 4 hours for the first
period. Afterwards, the temperature was decreased to 100 0C
and held constant for 2 hours for the second period. After the
second period, the laminates were cooled to room temperature,
removed from press and trimmed to size.
Mechanical PropertiesG.
In this study, glass/epoxy material is used with the material
properties measured at Department of Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering; certain experiments were performed to
measure the mechanical properties. By assuming in-plane
assumption, the number of experiments required to characterize
the material parameters are reduced.
Ex Ey Ez Gxy Gyz Gzx Μxy μyz μzx
39e5 8.6e5 8.6e5 3.8e5 3.8e5 3.8e5 0.28 0.28 0.28
Table. 1: Material Properties
Lap Joining Composite MaterialH.
The structures consist of essentially of an assembly of single
elements connected to form a load transmission path. Joints in
components or structures incur a weight penalty, are a source of
failure and cause manufacturing problems; whenever possible,
therefore, a designer will avoid using them. Unfortunately, it is
rarely possible to produce a construction without joints due to
limitations on material size, convenience in manufacture or
transportation and the need for access. All connections or joints
are potentially the weakest points in the structures so can
determine its structural efficiency. To make useful structures,
consideration must be given to the way structural components
are joined together. The introduction of fiber-reinforced
composites has been a major step in the evolution of airframe
structures. Compared with conventional aluminum alloys,
optimized use of composites can result in significant weight
savings. Additionally, composites have many other important
advantages, including improvement formability and immunity
to corrosion and fatigue damage. From the joining view point a
very important advantage of composite construction is the
ability to form
LENGTH 200mm
WIDTH 60mm
THINKNESS 5mm
Table. 2: Single Lap Joint Dimension
Fig. 4: dimension of Single Lap Joint
Preparation process:I.
MATERIAL CHOPPED STRAND MAT
RESIN EPOXY
METHOD HAND LAY UP
Table. 3: Required elements
In the preparation process the fibre it can be used chopped
strand mat and matrix it can be used epoxy resin and
fabricated with the hand lay-up method. First wax it can be
used for cleaning the plate after words the resin it can
applied in to plate. Then the chopped strand mat one by one
layer it can be placed in the resin area. We fabricate two
single plate Shown in Figure 5 before joining the plate most
of the joining method is adhesive bonding, bolted joining .In
the fabrication process we joining two plate with the help of
chopped strand mat bonded joint Shown in the Figure 6after
joining the plate.
Fig. 5: Before Joining the Plate
Fig, 6: After Joining the Plate
4. Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0003)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1701
III. EXPERIMENTAL, ANALYTICAL AND
NUMERICAL
Experimental EvaluationA.
In this chapter, the glass/epoxy material is fully characterized
experimentally and the results are presented. The results of
static experiments for measuring the stiffness and strength of a
chopped strand mat under tension, compression and in-plane
shear loading conditions are summarized. It is necessary to
determine of basic properties of the chopped strand mat for use
as basic input data for the model. A chopped strand mat under
static loading was fully characterized to prepare complete set
of input data. The experimental determination of the
mechanical properties of chopped strand mat under static
loading conditions has always been a key issue in the research
on composite materials. With the rise of huge variety of
composites, the need for an efficient and reliable way of
measuring these properties has become more important. The
experiments, if conducted properly, generally reveal both
strengths and stiffness characteristics of the material.
Determination of the Tensile PropertiesB.
Tensile properties such as Young’s modulus (E1), (E2);
Poisson’s ratio (ν12), (ν21); and lamina longitudinal tensile
strengths (Xt) and transverse tensile strength (Yt) are
measured by static tension testing longitudinal [00]6 and
transverse [900]6 chopped strand mat specimens according to
the ASTM D3039-76 standard test method. The tensile
specimen is straight sided and has constant cross-section. The
tensile test geometry to find the longitudinal tensile properties
consists of six plies which are 200 mm wide and 60 mm
height.
The tensile specimen is placed in the testing
machine, taking care to align the longitudinal axis of the
specimen and pulled at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The
specimens are loaded step by step up to failure under uni-axial
tensile loading. A continuous record of load and deflection is
obtained by a digital data acquisition system.
Fig. 7: Tensile Testing Machine
Modeling of the ProblemC.
The geometry of the plate investigated in this study was shown
in the mat is symmetric with respect to the z = 0 plane. Perfect
bonding between each mat and frictionless contact are
assumed. The composite plate is loaded with an in-plane load
P for the bonded joint. It is desired to find the maximum
failure load Pmax that can be applied before the joint fails and
the mode of failure for each geometry. By increasing the load
to a certain value, failure will start at a position near the edge.
This load is first ply failure load. If after failure initiation the
load is increased, failure will propagate in different directions.
Finally at higher load damage will propagate to an extent that
the plate cannot tolerate any additional load. This value is
ultimate strength.
The position of the initial failure and the direction of
the failure propagation provide an estimate of the mode of
failure. Depending on material properties, geometrical
dimensions, and laminate configurations, failure takes place in
a specific mode or combinations of these modes.
Fig. 8: Failure Mode Lap Joint
3.4 Analysis Procedure:
Step. 1 : Startup Main menu > Preference > structural > ok
Step. 2 : Pre-processing Preprocessor > Elementtype >
Add/Edit/Delete > Add, Solid > solid 92 > Ok,
Material properties > since material properties >
orthotropic > give the vaule of material properties
Step. 3 : Modeling > Create > Area > rectangle > by center
and by corner > ok
Step. 4 : Meshing > Next process is to mesh the model , this
is done by using free mesh i.e., Tetrahedral mesh.
First mesh the area with plane92.
Step. 5 : Define loads > apply > structural >
displacement>on nodes > click the left and right
side > apply > ok
Step. 6 : Structural > pressure > on area > select the full
section area > apply constant value
Step. 7 : Solution > solve > current LS (load step)
Step. 8 : Post processing General post processor > plot
results > contour plot > nodal solution >
displacement .After solving the problem to find
out the tensile strength
Fig. 9: Single Lap Joint
5. Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0003)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1702
Fig. 10: Meshing Diagram Single Lap Joint
Fig. 11: Node Diagram Single Lap Joint
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Experimental Results:A.
In the following subsections, the experimental results of
loaded composite laminates are presented. The general
behavior of the all composite mentioned above was obtained
from the load/displacement chart record from the testing
machine. Because the appropriate value of joint strength
depends upon the failure load, failure loads in deterministic
sense were measured and were presented below.
MATERIAL
TYPE
EXPERIMENTALLY
CALCULATED RESULTS
CHOPPED
STRAND MAT
86.407
BREAKING
LOAD
24.8kN
Table. 4: Joint Plate Result
MATERIAL TYPE
EXPERIMENTALLY
CALCULATED RESULTS
BY DIRECTIONAL
FLY
110.45
BREAKING LOAD 30kN
Table. 5: Joint Plate (By Directional fly)
MATERIAL TYPE EXPERIMETALLY
CALCULATED RESULTS
CHOPPED
STRAND MAT
52.486
BREAKING LOAD 15.2kN
Table. 6: Single Plate Result
MATERIAL TYPE
EXPERIMETALLY
CALCULATED RESULTS
BY DIRECTIONAL
FLY
72.686
BREAKING LOAD 19.8kN
Table. 7: Single Plate Result (By Directional fly)
Numerical ResultsB.
The numerical results are calculated by using the given below.
Where,
τ – Stress or strength in N/mm^2,
F – Load in N
L-length in mm
By using this formula the Tensile strength of composite is
numerically calculated.
MATERIAL TYPE
NUMERICAL
CALCULATED
CHOPPED STRAND
MAT
92.80
BY DIRECTIONAL
FLY
116.92
Table. 8: Numerical Result
LENGTH WIDTH TENSILE STRENGHT
300 60 86.407
400 60 72.638
500 60 63.587
600 60 57.067
700 60 49.786
Table. 9: Vary Length Width is Constant
LENGTH WIDTH TENSILE STRENGHT
300 60 52.678
400 60 48.395
500 60 43.49
600 60 31.761
700 60 26.248
Table. 10: Vary Length Width is Constant
Fig. 12: Joint Plate Ansys Result
6. Design Fabrication and Static Analysis of Single Composite Lap Joint
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0003)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1703
MATERIAL
TYPE
EXPERIME
TALLY
CALCULAT
ED
RESULTS
Tensile
strength(N/m
m^2)
NUMERICA
LLY
CALCULAT
ED
Tensile
strength
(N/mm^2)
ANALY
SIS
RESUL
TS
Tensile
strength
(N/mm^
2)
CHOPPED
STRAND
MAT
82.56 92.890 86.407
BY
DIRECTION
AL FLY
110.45 116.92 114.82
Table. 11: Comparison Results
Fig. 13: Graph for Joint Plate
Fig. 14: Single Plate ANSYS Result
Fig. 15: Graph for Single Plate
V. CONCLUSION
In this project Glass fibre (Chopped strand mat) and Bt
Directional ply was fabricated by hand lay-up method. The
composite material was machined according to the
dimension. In the material joining process component gave
the more tensile strength When compared with same
dimensions of single plate .The Experimental and Analytical
and numerical results for glass fibre (Chopped strand mat)
epoxy and By Directional ply composite are obtained. The
ANSYS results are in good agreement with experimental
and analytical results.
When Compared to chopped strand mat and by
directional ply. The By directional ply can give more tensile
strength then compared to chopped strand mat they can be
proved by experimental , analytical and numerical
calculation.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Mahesh Patil and M. Salih Hybrid
(BONDED/BOLTED) COMPOSITE SINGLE-LAP
JOINTS AND ITS LOAD TRANSFER ANALYSIS
International Edition of Advanced Engineering
Technology 2003
[2] K. Kalaichelvan EFFECT OF ADHESIVE
THICKNESS AREA OF SINGLE LAP JOINTS IN
COMPOSITE LAMINATE USING ACOUSTIC
EMISSION TECHNIQUE AND FEA, 2007
[3] B. Alexander Bogdanovich and P. Thomas Leschik
JOINTS OF THICK 3-D WOVEN E-
GLASS COMPOSITES FABRICATION AND
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION international
conference on composite materials 1997
[4] Bala Krishna Murthy. V FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF
ADHESIVELY BONDED SINGLE LAP JOINT
WITH FOUR LAYERED international journal of
applied engineering research, dindigul volume 1, no 4,
2011
[5] KRISHNAN K CHAWLA, Composite Materials
Science and Engineering, International Edition,
Springer, 2006.
[6] MALLICK, P.K. AND NEWMAN’S., Composite
Materials Technology, Hanser Publishers, 2004.
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