The document summarizes research into developing an asbestos and carbon nanotube reinforced friction material. It describes creating samples of the material and testing their wear and coefficient of friction characteristics. The results showed the material exhibited excellent resistance to wear under different loading conditions and a high coefficient of friction. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the material. The conclusion is that a cost-effective, high performance friction composite was developed using economical constituents.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
Composites are versatile and convenient in diverse application such as automotive and aeronaut industry, constructional materials, civil and military applications and many more. Natural fiber composites are currently being used in mostly non-structural applications [1]. Natural fibers are being widely used to substitute artificial glass and carbon fibers in polymer composites. The aim of present work was to focus on the hybridization of natural fiber (jute) and synthetic fiber (E-glass) with polyester resin for applications in the aerospace industry [1]. The mechanical properties such as tensile, impact, flexural test and water absorption rate of hybrid glass/jute fiber reinforced polyester composites were determined. Laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up technique [2]. Then the mechanical properties of lamina prepared with different compositions of natural and synthetic fibers are compared. Total fiber weight fraction was maintained at 50%. Specimen preparation and testing was carried out as per ASTM standards [1], [2].
Asphalt containing a mixture of discrete fiber improves and increases the structural integrity of the asphalt. The fibers are distributed uniformly and randomly oriented maintaining a pattern to strengthen the asphalt.
Study the Effect of the Untreated and Treated Fly Ash on the Mechanical Prope...YogeshIJTSRD
Ordinary fly ash type C is modified the surface by the agents KOH 3M, Silane Silquest in acidic condition pH = 4 and Stearic acid 2 , respectively. Mixture of bisphenol A epoxy resin GELR 128 resin A and Bisphenol F epoxy resin EPOTEC 170LV F resin is prepared by agitating well in a glass with a agitating speed of 200 rpm at a temperature of 50°C and a time of 30 minutes. Modified fly ash was dispersed into mixture of epoxy resin and then solidified with Kingcure K11 hardener. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the polymer composites based on mixture of bisphenol A and bisphenol F with treated fly ash 10 , 20 , 30 by weight cured by Kingcure K11 hardener were higher than that of untreated fly ash composites. Bach Trong Phuc | Pham Duc Trinh | Nguyen Thanh Liem "Study the Effect of the Untreated and Treated Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of the Polymer Composites Based on a Mixture of Bisphenol a and Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin Cured by Kingcure K11 Hardener" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39950.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/39950/study-the-effect-of-the-untreated-and-treated-fly-ash-on-the-mechanical-properties-of-the-polymer-composites-based-on-a-mixture-of-bisphenol-a-and-bisphenol-f-epoxy-resin-cured-by-kingcure-k11-hardener/bach-trong-phuc
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
Composites are versatile and convenient in diverse application such as automotive and aeronaut industry, constructional materials, civil and military applications and many more. Natural fiber composites are currently being used in mostly non-structural applications [1]. Natural fibers are being widely used to substitute artificial glass and carbon fibers in polymer composites. The aim of present work was to focus on the hybridization of natural fiber (jute) and synthetic fiber (E-glass) with polyester resin for applications in the aerospace industry [1]. The mechanical properties such as tensile, impact, flexural test and water absorption rate of hybrid glass/jute fiber reinforced polyester composites were determined. Laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up technique [2]. Then the mechanical properties of lamina prepared with different compositions of natural and synthetic fibers are compared. Total fiber weight fraction was maintained at 50%. Specimen preparation and testing was carried out as per ASTM standards [1], [2].
Asphalt containing a mixture of discrete fiber improves and increases the structural integrity of the asphalt. The fibers are distributed uniformly and randomly oriented maintaining a pattern to strengthen the asphalt.
Study the Effect of the Untreated and Treated Fly Ash on the Mechanical Prope...YogeshIJTSRD
Ordinary fly ash type C is modified the surface by the agents KOH 3M, Silane Silquest in acidic condition pH = 4 and Stearic acid 2 , respectively. Mixture of bisphenol A epoxy resin GELR 128 resin A and Bisphenol F epoxy resin EPOTEC 170LV F resin is prepared by agitating well in a glass with a agitating speed of 200 rpm at a temperature of 50°C and a time of 30 minutes. Modified fly ash was dispersed into mixture of epoxy resin and then solidified with Kingcure K11 hardener. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the polymer composites based on mixture of bisphenol A and bisphenol F with treated fly ash 10 , 20 , 30 by weight cured by Kingcure K11 hardener were higher than that of untreated fly ash composites. Bach Trong Phuc | Pham Duc Trinh | Nguyen Thanh Liem "Study the Effect of the Untreated and Treated Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of the Polymer Composites Based on a Mixture of Bisphenol a and Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin Cured by Kingcure K11 Hardener" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39950.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/39950/study-the-effect-of-the-untreated-and-treated-fly-ash-on-the-mechanical-properties-of-the-polymer-composites-based-on-a-mixture-of-bisphenol-a-and-bisphenol-f-epoxy-resin-cured-by-kingcure-k11-hardener/bach-trong-phuc
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
Tarek Sadaka
IE Application
October 2015 Admissions
Express Yourself: Question J
How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into consideration the impact of technology on human relations?
EFFECTS OF FIBER, FILLERS AND BINDERS ON AUTOMOBILE BRAKE PAD PERFORMANCE: A ...IAEME Publication
Natural waste has been used to produce fillers and fibers, including palm kernel
shell and fiber, groundnut shell, maize husk, rice straw and husk, jute, coconut shell,
cotton, and cellulose. This review work seeks to explore research using combinations
of fillers and fibers at different ratios with a view to further studying their effects on
brake pad properties using various mixtures for the production. The influence of
different binders such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin and others were also
investigated.
Composite materials from fiber and fillers have been seen to improve composite
mechanical properties, reduce costs and increase impact strength. The choice of fiber,
filler, binder, particle size and composition play important responsibility in the
composite of the brake pad performance. In order to obtain better physical properties,
palm kernel fiber and coconut fiber brake pads were studied and the composition
percentage was optimized.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
One of the trends of research in sustainability is focused on the development of coir fibre reinforced epoxy
composites. Many researchers have been investigated the effects of coir fibre fibrillation
on the tensile strength. The sorting treatment to this coir based on the uniformity of
diameters and the fiber was cut between 10-20 mm. The preliminary treatment was
done by cooking the coir in 5% NaOH solution in 80∘C for approximately 10-15 minutes.
This process then can be addressed to the fibrillation process. This process was carried
out by using a high-speed blender at 5 and 10 minutes, respectively. After that, the
composite was formed by hand lay-up, with the composition coir volume fraction and
matrix of 20:80. The results show that the treated Coir can increase the composite
tensile strength upto 14%. The highest tensile Strength was obtained for EAC 10-10
composite on vial volume of 30% fiber and 70% epoxy i.e.53.70 MPa.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Preparation and characterisation of alumina nanocomposites with aramid fibre ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The requirement of light weight and high strength materials are ever increasing in the industry. Lot of research is going on worldwide for improvement of mechanical properties of light weight non-metallic composites. Researchers are trying to meet the industrial requirements by modifying properties of composite materials by making nanocomposites. Nanocomposites are formed by mixing two or more dissimilar materials and adding nanoparticles in order to control and develop new and improved materials and their properties. The properties of composites depend not only upon the individual components used but also upon the morphology and the interfacial characteristics of the ingredients. This novel feature forms the basis of hypothesis to be investigated.
In the investigation for high strength materials, laminates of epoxy resin and nanoparticles of Al2O3 as filler are used with Aramid fibre, hybrid of carbon and aramid fibre as reinforcement are produced. Nanoparticles of Al2O3 of 20-30nm size are first dispersed in methanol by mechanical stirring. The solution is further sonicated for effective dispersion of nanoparticles. The mixture of methanol and Al2O3 nanoparticles are mixed in preheated Epoxy resin and mechanically stirred. During mixing some of the methanol is evaporated. Further, the remaining methanol is removed by heating and drying. Then, Hardener is mixed with the mixture of epoxy- Al2O3 and laminates are prepared. The laminates are cut to the required size of test samples for mechanical tests. It is observed that the mechanical properties are improved with the addition of nanoparticles of Al2O3.
Keywords: nanocomposites, bath sonication, Al2O3 Nanoparticles
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GREEN PARTICAL BOARD PRODUCE FROM CORNC...prawitjitiyakron
This research studied the potential of renewable material, corncob, as a composite with
starch binder to produce green particleboard. The starch was used as a binder in stead of
binder from formaldehyde. The corncob and starch binder composite was prepared using
compression molding at ratio between the composite was 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 respectively.
The increase of concentration of starch binder increased density and tensile strength of
composite. The result of water absorption of composite decreased with higher binder
content. As a natural material, it was shown that the mechanical performance of corncob and
starch binder composite could be tailored to reproduce the behavior of green particle boards
Fabrication of Particle Boards From Rice HuskIJMERJOURNAL
Abstract: Globally, the construction industry is growing at a rapid pace as a consequence of increasing population and standard of living. High performance synthetic materials for construction such as glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced composites are available today. However, these materials are mainly used for high-tech applications in aerospace and motor sports due to their high costs. Therefore, lightweight and high-strength wood and wood-based composite boards are still the preferred option for construction due to their reasonable costs. The growing shortage of wood has also led to the development of suitable alternative materials for construction. Rice husk particleboard is one such material, which is being considered as a potential substitute for wood and wood-based board products.The use of natural sponge particles (rice husks) as reinforcement for the production of particleboard was the thrust of this research work. These fibres being cheap and readily available with low energy demand during manufacturing are strong contenders for this work. Although number of research is carried out the suggested combination of rice husk, resin, catalyst, accelerator is not addressed so far. The particles, whose mass fraction was the variable were cut down into smaller sizes and mixed with resins and other binders. The resulting slurry was then poured into rectangular moulds, which were compacted until the composite became hard. Water absorbity, electrical conductivity tests were carried out on the samples. These tests confirmed the possible use of sponge particles as reinforcement in the production of particleboard. The developed particleboard composites can be used in density particleboards for general purpose requirements like panelling,Ceilings, partitioning, etc
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Asbestos & cnt reinforced friction material by aditya ojha & bs sridhar & ankit singh
1. Proceedings of 4th
IRF International Conference, 06th
April-2014, Hyderabad, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-00-1
34
WEAR AND COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF
ASBESTOS & CNT REINFORCED FRICTION MATERIAL
1
SRIDHAR B S, 2
RAJI GEORGE, 3
ADITYA OJHA, 4
ANKIT SINGH
1
Asst Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore.
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore.
3
UG Students (Mechanical), Department of Mechanical Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore.
Abstract- The present invention relates to a friction material surfaces and components thereof. The invention further relates
to friction developed in clutches or brakes. A friction material has a resin amount distribution that is the largest at a portion
near non-friction surface.Friction materials are applicable for braking and transmission in various machines and equipment.
Their composition keeps changing to keep pace with technological development and environmental/legal requirements. As
per available literature, asbestos has been used as a friction material because of its good physical and chemical properties.
The friction material is made by molding and curing process with a composition of iron fibers, phenol formaldehyde,
Asbestos & Carbon Nanotubes as the major ingredient. Phenol resin is used as a binder in preparing the friction material.
The graphite is inseparably contained in the mixture of cashew Nut shell liquid and based on the experiments the material
shows a high frictional coefficient and reduced wear rate when compared with the literature available.
Keywords- Asbestos, Carbon Nanotube, Cashew Nut Shell liquid, Iron fibers, Phenolic Resin.
I. INTRODUCTION
The present work relates to brake lining materials for
power propelled vehicles and methods for
manufacturing the same. In automobile industry,
brake lining materials for brakes mechanisms have
conventionally been prepared from Asbestos and
Carbon Nanotube.
Asbestos was the most common fiber used in the
manufacture of friction materials in general. It is a
mineral occurring in veins traversing serpentine rock
in the form of fine, silky, flexible fibrous crystals.
Asbestos and Carbon Nanotube’s are mixed with a
binder solution such as phenolic resin and thereafter
subjected to various processes to get the desired
friction material. The use of the additives such as
graphite and cashew resin are intended for improving
the wear resistant property and adjusting the frictional
coefficient. Friction imparting materials are typically
carbides, oxides, and nitrides in fine particulate form
are used. Graphite and molybdenum oxide are
generally added to increase resistance to wear.
The binder is usually a phenol-formaldehyde resin of
resol type, a novolac or even in a modified version.
Phenolic resins are among the most commonly used
binders in friction materials. They are usually readily
mixed with other constituents of friction material
composites and therefore, may be used in relatively
high content. They offer resistance to temperatures to
the order of 250°C, and they char to high carbon
content. Virtually every manufacturer of automotive
friction materials uses phenolics as the binder.
However, phenolic resins are not without their
limitations. Phenolics are also inherently brittle. For
this reason, friction material composites are modified
with tougheners such as epoxy resin. Rubber particles
are added to increase flexibility. Cashew nut shell
liquid (CNSL) at levels of up to 20 volume percent of
the resin content has been added to minimize
cracking of the composite. Cashew nut resin is known
to increase friction properties of the base thermoset
resin which otherwise has a hard smooth finish and
also makes it abrasion resistant. Cashew nut shell
liquid (CNSL) is a naturally occurring chemical
monomer consisting of four alkyl substituted phenols.
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), whose main
component is cardanol, is a phenol derivative having
a meta substituent of a C 15 unsaturated hydrocarbon
chain with one to three double bonds. Its phenolic
nature makes it suitable for polymerization into resins
by formaldehyde. Both additives increase the high
temperature limit and the high char yield of a
phenolic binder composite and provide an improved
resin with increased toughness as measured by
compressive strain to failure. This also minimizes the
need for toughening additives as required by
phenolics and raises the decomposition/char yield of
a resin-bonded composite [3]
. We have used phenolic
resin in combination with epoxy resin, hardeners,
rubbers, Asbestoses, cashew nut resins, reinforcing
and friction imparting and modifying fillers to form a
vastly improved clutch composition. While a guide to
the percentages of some of the constituting
components has been obtained from the references
indicated, the appropriate amount of shellac, hardener
and other constituents were selected based on the trial
and error iterations. The composition was tested for
wear, friction and temperature stability.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Methodology for the preparation of Asbestos &
Carbon Nanotube frictional material:
2. Wear And Coefficient of Friction Characteristics of Asbestos & CNT Reinforced Friction Material
Proceedings of 4th
IRF International Conference, 06th
April-2014, Hyderabad, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-00-1
35
Asbestos & Carbon Nanotube based friction materials
were synthesized comprising of the following
methodology. A die of 10 mm diameter and 40 mm
length is used to prepare the specimens of friction
material for wear test. 18% of phenol formaldehyde
was blended with 25% of epoxy resin. To the
uniformly blended mixture was added 9% of CNSL
along with 5% of graphite and the resultant
composition mixed well. 5% of Asbestos & Carbon
Nanotube (Equal Volumes) and 13% of iron fibre
were blended into the mixture. Slowly, 6% of shellac,
9% of silica flour and 6% of silicone resin were
added. On obtaining a uniform blend, 8% of rubber
solution and 5% of tris phenol hardener were added.
The mixture was blended and transferred to a die for
compaction. After allowing the mixture to harden
partially, it was compacted in a press at a pressure of
about 200 psi to give the shape of the die.
The compacted sample was then subjected to a curing
process which starts from 60o
C and ends at 180o
C.
The curing process started at 60o
C is continued by the
increment of temperature by 10o
C up to 180o
C. The
duration of curing process is one hour for every
increment. After one increment the sample is allowed
to cool and curing process is continued until the
desired sample is obtained. The wear tests were done
using a pin on disc wear test setup. The setup was
connected to a computer to compute the results. Wear
testing was done using samples of 8 mm diameter.
Each sample was tested by sliding it against a steel
disc and the friction and wear characteristics of the
sample was then obtained from the test.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The friction materials is made up of fibrous materials,
abrasive particles, anti-wear materials, fillers and
binders, curing agents and heat and wear resistance
additives. The binder phenolic resin is a critical one
in the whole component. The limits of heat resistance
and strength of the frictional material are governed
largely by the heat resistance and strength of the resin
binder. Phenolic resins are highly brittle by nature,
thus to reduce the brittle nature of the composite,
specific ratios of epoxy resin and rubber particles are
used. This improves the toughness of the resin-
bonded mixture. The composite thus consists of
phenolic resin and epoxy resin that function as the
base matrix. The matrix is strengthened by
reinforcing materials of Fe fibers. Graphite and silica
flour are added to act as anti-wear additives and the
addition of silicone resins acts as a fire retardant. The
cashew nut resin is added to improve the temperature
resistance of the composite. Shellac is a natural,
organic resin that comes from an insect, used to
improve the hardness of the composition. The rubber
solution helps reducing the brittle nature of the
phenolic base. A curing agent in the form of tris
phenol is used to improve the curing time. The
percentage of each component has been selected by
trying various permutations and combinations in the
percentages for the phenolic and epoxy levels. The
same has been done to select the percentages of other
filler materials, hardener and the like. For example, a
higher percentage of phenolic content created a
composite which was extremely brittle. Higher
percentages of shellac resulted in a composite which
was very hard but with reduced friction
characteristics. Similarly, higher percentages of tris
phenol resulted in composites which hardened
extremely rapidly and lost its workability and hence,
made it increasingly brittle. Increasing the percentage
of graphite content increased the wear resistance but
at the cost of friction coefficient. The filler contents
were chosen at percentages which were optimum for
blending and at the same time provided the desired
characteristics. Thus, the appropriate composition as
indicated have been obtained after a number of
iterations and trials and errors associated with them,
thus optimizing the process requirements. The
friction material synthesized was subjected to a wear
test by making use of a pin on disc wear tribometer
which is shown in below figure 2.
The tribometer is coupled to a computer to generate
the results for the plot as shown in figure 3.
Fig 2: Pin on disc tribometer
Fig 3: Compared results of asbestos based brake liner
materials and Asbestos+Carbonnanotube based material