The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the other components together. It provides sockets and connections for the CPU, RAM, disk drives, expansion cards, and ports for input/output. The motherboard contains a chipset that determines what types of components are compatible. It has different form factors depending on the size. Key components on the motherboard include the CPU socket, memory slots, power connector, BIOS chip, and various expansion slots.

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MOTHERBOARD
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What is Motherboard ??
The motherboard is the backbone of a computer. It provides the
foundation for the computer. Every piece of hardware directly or indirectly
plugs into the motherboard. The components of the motherboard provide
basic services needed for the machine to operate and provide a platform for
devices such as the processor, memory, disk drives, and expansion devices. It
is a large flat multi-layered PCB (Printed Circuit Board) covered with sockets,
other electronic parts and various chips. The layers contain a highway of
wires, carrying data back & forth between CPU, RAM and peripherals.
-Shripal Oswal

3. Click to edit Master text styles• Motherboard is a large flat cicuit board.
• It is covered with sockets, & other electronic parts.
• The I/O connectors are soldered on Motherboard.
• It consists of chips.
• Chips consist of transistors.
• It is also called System board, Planner board, Main board & also Mobo.
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Functions of Motherboard
1. Motherboard connects all system components.
2. Allows input & output devices to communicate with the system unit.
3. It is the communication medium for entire computer system.
4. It acts as data path for various components.
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Characteristics of Motherboard
A)Form Factor
B)Chipset
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Form Factor
Form Factor is the physical size of motherboard as well as
general location of components & ports. Some motherboard form factors
are :
AT – Advanced Technology
ATX – Advanced Technology Extended
Mini-ATX – Mini Advanced Technology Extended
BTX – Balanced Technology Extended
NLX – New Low Profile Extended
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AT ATX
1) 12 pin AT power supply
connector.
20 or 24 pins power connector.
2) 5 pin DIN mouse connector. 6 pin PS/2 or USB mouse
connector.
3) Serial, parallel & other ports
are connected through a cable.
Serial, parallel & other ports are
directly soldered on
motherboard.
4) It is an older type of
motherboard.
Most system board today use
ATX form factor.
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Different form factors and their sizes
FORM FACTOR Size in Inches
ATX 12 x 9.6
Micro – ATX 9.6 x 9.6
Flex ATX 9 x 7.5
Extended ATX 13 x 12

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Chipsets
Motherboard is generally identified by its chipset number. The
chipset decides the type of processor and the motherboard. It accepts the
type and capacity of RAM and type of internal and external devices
supported by motherboard. They vary in features, performance and stability.
This set of chips controls how the motherboard behaves.
Two types of Chipsets :
• Northbridge
• Southbridge
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Northbridge Chipset
• The Northbridge chipset on motherboard helps the CPU to work with
RAM and Graphic card.
• Northbridge have a very huge amount of data processing devices
connected so it gets pretty hot so are covered with heat sink and
sometimes by fan assembly.
• It is also connected to South Bridge.
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Southbridge Chipset
• It handles mass storage devices, USB, PCI Bus and other expansion buses.
• Southbridge is one of the two chips which control the function of
processor except memory, PCI and AGP.
• The name of chipset manufacture is always on southbridge chipset.
• Most south bridge don’t need extra cooling fan.
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Block – Diagram
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The block – diagram of chipset can be found on following link :
http://www.sridianti.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Skema-diagram-
dari-sebuah-motherboard-yang-khas.jpg

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BUSES :
A Bus is nothing but the connection between two or more
components and is used to transfer data between these components. A
computer system has many buses. The size of bus is measure In bits.
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Address Bus :
• This bus is used to send signals between CPU and memory.
• The size of address bus determines how much memory can be addressed.
• A 32-bit address is limited to (2 raise 32) addressable locations.
• A 64-bit bus can address (2 raise 64) addressable locations.
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FSB (Front Side Bus)
• It is the bus that carries the data between CPU & Memory.
• It’s speed is measured in MHz.
• Some FSB speed flavors available in market are – 100 MHz, 133 MHz,
400 MHz, 533 MHz, etc.
• Higher the FSB bet the performance of Motherboard.
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CPU Socket
• Modern motherboards come with either PGA
or LGA CPU sockets.
• Both sockets are ZIF (Zero Insertion Force)
type, which requires zero force for CPU
placement and has a locking lever to secure it.
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Memory Slot
• This are used to install memory sticks on the Motherboard.
• Modern motherboard usually has at least two RAM slots, and may have
four or six.
• RAM slots are very specific and will accept only certain types of RAM
based on specification of motherboard.
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Power connector :
• It is used to connect main power connector from SMPS to the
motherboard.
• In AT motherboard, it consist of 12 pin
connector.
• In ATX motherboard, it consist of 20 or
24 pin and has a notch at one side.
• CPU Power - If u failed, to connect this connector than system won’t give a
display as CPU doesn’t get proper voltage to work.
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IDE/PATA
• It is a 40 pin socket on motherboard which provides a interface to connect
storage devices like hard disk and optical disc.
• We can connect maximum 2 IDE devices to each IDE interface.
• ATX motherboard has two IDE interface, but today’s modern motherboard
has only one. Or absent as it is replaced by SATA.
• Does not support hot plugging. It provides max data transfer speed of 133
MB/s.
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SATA
• It is a latest interface that connects mass storage devices like hard drive and
optical drives and has replaced older PATA.
• It transmits data serially.
• SATA drives provide faster transfer rates as compared to PATA.
• It uses narrow cable connector to connect drives.
• It supports only one device per port.
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CMOS battery
• CMOS stores bios settings.
• It’s a 3V battery known as CMOS battery.
• If this battery fails, then PC could not store date & time.
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Floppy Disk Drive Connector
• It is a 34 pin connector used to interface FDD.
• We can connect maximum two FDD’s to it.
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BIOS chip
It is the special memory chip that contains BIOS software,
which tells the processors how to interact with the rest of hardware in the
computer.
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Expansion slots
These are used to expand the capability of the computer by
installing the cards like sound card, video card, network modem etc.
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28. Click to edit Master text styles1) PCI : Peripheral Component Interconnect
• It is the most common internal expansion slots found inside the PC.
• In coming years, PCI will be replaced by PCIe.
• It is generally white colored slot.
2) AGP : Advanced Graphics Port
• It is a brown colored slot mostly used for installing graphics card. But,
todays graphic cards use PCIe slot instead of AGP.
• Its not found on modern motherboard.
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29. Click to edit Master text styles3) PCIe (x1) : PCI Express x1 slot
• Used to interface modern expansion cards like TV tuner, NIC, sound card
etc.
4) PCIe (x16) :
• Used to interface recent graphic cards.
• Its usually identified with locking clamp at one side which prevents
graphic card from getting loose.
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Backpanel Ports
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PS/2 port
• The Personal System/2 is a 6-pin mini DIN connector used for connecting
some keyboard and mice to a computer system.
• Its name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal
computers.
• The PS/2 mouse connector generally replaced the older ”serial connector”.
• PS/2 connector was later replaced by USB.
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Serial port
• It is a 9-pin port.
• It is used to interface serial devices like old type of mouse & old type of
modem.
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Parallel port
• It is a 25 pin connector.
• It is used to connect Dot Matrix Printer.
• It is not found in rarely found in modern Computer’s.
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VGA port
• Video Graphics Adapter.
• It is a 15 pin port.
• It is used to connect display devices like Monitor or Projector.
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USB port
• Universal Serial Bus.
• It is a 4 pin connector.
• It is used to interface USB devices like Printer, Scanner, Pen Drive etc.
• It is hot-swappable.
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Multimedia port
It is used to interface Multimedia Devices like Speaker, Mike etc.
1) Pink : Mike
2) Green (Line Out) : Speaker / Headphone
3) Blue (Line In) : Recording
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HDMI
• High Definition Multimedia Interface.
• It is a audio/video interface for transferring video data and digital
audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display
controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector or digital
Television.
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Thank You…!!