This document is a report on an acid-base titration experiment. The experiment involved titrating acetic acid and phosphoric acid with 0.1M NaOH solution and measuring the pH changes. Graphs of pH vs volume of NaOH added were plotted and used to determine the pKa values of the acids. For acetic acid the pKa was found to be 5.52, and for phosphoric acid the pKa values were determined to be 3.21, 7.44, and 12.24. The experiment helped to identify the pKa values of the acids and learn proper pH meter technique.
Analytical method development and validationANANT NAG
This document describes the development and validation of an analytical method for Azelnidipine using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The method development involved preparation of standard stock and working solutions, selection of the analytical wavelength of 257nm from UV scanning, and generation of a calibration curve. The method validation assessed parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness, and assay of Azelnidipine tablets to prove that the method is suitable for use in pharmaceutical analysis. The results of the study confirmed that UV-Visible spectroscopy can accurately and reliably measure Azelnidipine concentrations in formulations.
Humic acid is a group of organic compounds formed from microbiological, vegetative, and animal matter. It exists abundantly in soil, natural water, lignite, and aquatic environments. Humic acid can be produced from coal through a process involving grinding, filtering, oxidation, alkali treatment, and acid precipitation to extract the soluble humic acid. It has various applications in agriculture due to its availability from inexpensive indigenous sources like lignitic coal and low-cost production methods. India imports humic acid primarily from China, the US, and Canada, with imports from China accounting for most of the value and quantity.
Paddy fields account for around 20% of human-related emissions of methane — a potent greenhouse gas. Farmers normally flood rice fields throughout the growing season, meaning that methane is produced by microbes underwater as they help to decay any flooded organic matter
The drug or drug combination may not be official in any pharmacopoeias.
A proper analytical procedure for the drug may not be available in the literature due to patent regulations.
Analytical methods may not be available for the drug in the form of a formulation due to the interference caused by the formulation excipients.
Analytical methods for the quantitation of the drug in biological fluids may not be available.
Analytical methods for a drug in combination with other drugs may not be available.
The existing analytical procedures may require expensive reagents and solvents. It may also involve cumbersome extraction and separation procedures and these may not be reliable.
This document summarizes information about polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polylactic acid (PLA). It discusses the properties, manufacturing, applications, and recent research for each polymer. PEG is a polydisperse polymer of ethylene oxide that is highly flexible, hydrophilic, and non-toxic. It finds use in various industries and as a non-toxic solvent for preparing polymeric nanoparticles. PLA is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polyester made from lactic acid. It is used in food packaging, medical devices, and fibers. Recent research has shown that adding aluminum hydroxide and phenol resin can improve the flame retardancy of PLA without affecting its properties.
VALIDATED RP - HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LIRAGLUTIDE IN TABLET DOSAGEIJSIT Editor
This document presents a validated RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Liraglutide in tablet dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid, acetonitrile and methanol. Liraglutide was detected at 245nm with a retention time of 4.447 minutes. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied to analyze Liraglutide levels in commercial tablets.
This document is a report on an acid-base titration experiment. The experiment involved titrating acetic acid and phosphoric acid with 0.1M NaOH solution and measuring the pH changes. Graphs of pH vs volume of NaOH added were plotted and used to determine the pKa values of the acids. For acetic acid the pKa was found to be 5.52, and for phosphoric acid the pKa values were determined to be 3.21, 7.44, and 12.24. The experiment helped to identify the pKa values of the acids and learn proper pH meter technique.
Analytical method development and validationANANT NAG
This document describes the development and validation of an analytical method for Azelnidipine using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The method development involved preparation of standard stock and working solutions, selection of the analytical wavelength of 257nm from UV scanning, and generation of a calibration curve. The method validation assessed parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness, and assay of Azelnidipine tablets to prove that the method is suitable for use in pharmaceutical analysis. The results of the study confirmed that UV-Visible spectroscopy can accurately and reliably measure Azelnidipine concentrations in formulations.
Humic acid is a group of organic compounds formed from microbiological, vegetative, and animal matter. It exists abundantly in soil, natural water, lignite, and aquatic environments. Humic acid can be produced from coal through a process involving grinding, filtering, oxidation, alkali treatment, and acid precipitation to extract the soluble humic acid. It has various applications in agriculture due to its availability from inexpensive indigenous sources like lignitic coal and low-cost production methods. India imports humic acid primarily from China, the US, and Canada, with imports from China accounting for most of the value and quantity.
Paddy fields account for around 20% of human-related emissions of methane — a potent greenhouse gas. Farmers normally flood rice fields throughout the growing season, meaning that methane is produced by microbes underwater as they help to decay any flooded organic matter
The drug or drug combination may not be official in any pharmacopoeias.
A proper analytical procedure for the drug may not be available in the literature due to patent regulations.
Analytical methods may not be available for the drug in the form of a formulation due to the interference caused by the formulation excipients.
Analytical methods for the quantitation of the drug in biological fluids may not be available.
Analytical methods for a drug in combination with other drugs may not be available.
The existing analytical procedures may require expensive reagents and solvents. It may also involve cumbersome extraction and separation procedures and these may not be reliable.
This document summarizes information about polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polylactic acid (PLA). It discusses the properties, manufacturing, applications, and recent research for each polymer. PEG is a polydisperse polymer of ethylene oxide that is highly flexible, hydrophilic, and non-toxic. It finds use in various industries and as a non-toxic solvent for preparing polymeric nanoparticles. PLA is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polyester made from lactic acid. It is used in food packaging, medical devices, and fibers. Recent research has shown that adding aluminum hydroxide and phenol resin can improve the flame retardancy of PLA without affecting its properties.
VALIDATED RP - HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LIRAGLUTIDE IN TABLET DOSAGEIJSIT Editor
This document presents a validated RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Liraglutide in tablet dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid, acetonitrile and methanol. Liraglutide was detected at 245nm with a retention time of 4.447 minutes. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied to analyze Liraglutide levels in commercial tablets.
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous content. They are used as drug delivery systems to improve drug solubility, stability, and targeting. Liposomes are prepared using various methods involving dispersion of lipids in aqueous solution. Key components are phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Characterization evaluates parameters like size, shape, drug entrapment efficiency, and phase behavior. Liposomes offer benefits like increased drug efficacy and stability but also have challenges like short shelf life and high production costs.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
The document describes the development of calcium alginate beads for oral delivery of the antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium. Twelve formulations of calcium alginate beads were developed using an ionotropic gelation method. The optimized formulation achieved high drug entrapment efficiency (>75%) and provided sustained drug release over 10-18 hours. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the coated optimized beads had a smooth surface and fewer pores, slowing the drug release rate compared to uncoated beads. The calcium alginate beads have potential as a drug delivery system for oral administration of ceftriaxone sodium.
3D printing technology allows for the creation of customized, personalized doses and has applications in the pharmaceutical industry. 3D printing works by building up a three-dimensional object layer by layer from a digital file. It offers advantages over traditional manufacturing like lower costs, less waste, and reduced production time. The technology is being used to produce things like food, toys, medical devices, and drugs. One example is Spritam, the first FDA-approved 3D printed drug product.
This document provides an overview of pesticide analysis. It begins with an introduction to pesticides and pests. It then covers various methods of pest control and classifications of pesticides based on chemical composition and action. The pesticide cycle involving processes like adsorption, volatilization, and degradation is described. Analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues including multiresidue, single residue, and qualitative/quantitative approaches are summarized. Specific analytical techniques like gas chromatography and determination of chlorides and phosphates are outlined. The document provides essential information on pesticides and their analysis in a student project on the topic.
This document summarizes a workshop on biochar production and uses. It discusses sources of biomass for biochar production, traditional and efficient methods of charcoal and biochar production, and applications of biochar including enhancing soil microbes, composting, mulching and increasing crop yields. The GSBC project is highlighted as an integrated approach implementing good stoves and biochar in rural India, facilitating the application of 7.5 tonnes of biochar across fields.
This document provides an overview of Design of Experiments (DOE) and the Box-Behnken design. It defines key terms like factors, responses, levels, and noise variables. It explains the different types of experimental designs like factorial, fractional factorial, screening, and response surface methodology. It describes the Box-Behnken design as a central composite design used to build a quadratic model and optimize factors. Several examples of applications in areas like adsorption processes and analytical methods optimization are also mentioned.
Seaweeds have long been used as fertilizers and soil amendments in agriculture due to their ability to promote plant growth. The document discusses how extracts of brown seaweeds in particular are widely used as biostimulants in horticulture due to their plant growth promoting effects and ability to improve crop tolerance to stresses. Recent research has shown that seaweed extracts contain an array of complex polysaccharides, phytohormones, vitamins and minerals that activate physiological responses in plants leading to benefits such as increased yields, antioxidant activity and tolerance to drought, salinity and disease. The review provides examples of research demonstrating the effects of seaweed extracts on improving various vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops.
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
LC/MS is a technique that combines liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. It separates compounds in a complex mixture using HPLC and then uses an interface like electrospray ionization to introduce the separated compounds into the mass spectrometer for identification. Common components of an LC/MS system include the HPLC column, ionization source, mass analyzer and detector. It has various applications in areas like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing and clinical research due to its high sensitivity and selectivity.
Physico chemical properties of drugs-convertedN J V S Pavan
this presentation is about the physico-chemical properties of a drug which are the reason for the drug's therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics ...
the information in the presentation is very much useful for the b.pharm 4th sem students .
Students can easily understand the concept as the presentation contains many examples
This document presents a comparative study of three research papers on RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of diclofenac sodium from tablet dosage forms. The objective is to determine the most effective and cost-efficient method. The materials and methods from each paper are compared based on preparation of standard and sample solutions, run time, and validation parameters. The results show that Paper 1 has the fastest run time of 10 minutes and is more accurate, precise, sensitive and cost-effective than Papers 2 and 3. Paper 1 uses a more optimal column dimension. In conclusion, the RP-HPLC method from Paper 1 is deemed superior for the quantitative analysis of diclofenac sodium in tablet dosage forms.
The presentation captures the IP activity along with the key players in the smart drug delivery system industry. The presentation also captures the distribution of patents across the world. The IP information, competitor activity and the technology classification are also included. Prior art problems and their respective solutions given in different patents are captured in addition to the taxonomy nodes (technology breakdown classification). Product analysis is done for seven products.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
This document discusses analytical method development for pharmaceutical drug substances and products. It describes the importance of method development and outlines the key steps involved, including collecting sample information, selecting the chromatographic technique, stationary and mobile phases. It also discusses sources of impurities in drugs, control and qualification of impurities according to ICH guidelines, and pharmacopeial and ICH quality guidelines for impurity testing and thresholds.
Recent Updates in Dissolution TechniquesSwapnil Singh
The document discusses recent updates in dissolution techniques. It begins with an introduction to dissolution testing and its importance. It then discusses several advancements in dissolution apparatus designs that improve hydrodynamics and allow for faster, more accurate testing of different dosage forms like floating tablets and aerosols. Detection method updates using fiber optics, potentiometric sensors, and FTIR spectroscopy are also covered. The document concludes that dissolution testing continues growing in importance to regulatory agencies and presents challenges to develop new methods to evaluate emerging drug delivery systems.
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous content. They are used as drug delivery systems to improve drug solubility, stability, and targeting. Liposomes are prepared using various methods involving dispersion of lipids in aqueous solution. Key components are phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Characterization evaluates parameters like size, shape, drug entrapment efficiency, and phase behavior. Liposomes offer benefits like increased drug efficacy and stability but also have challenges like short shelf life and high production costs.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
The document describes the development of calcium alginate beads for oral delivery of the antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium. Twelve formulations of calcium alginate beads were developed using an ionotropic gelation method. The optimized formulation achieved high drug entrapment efficiency (>75%) and provided sustained drug release over 10-18 hours. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the coated optimized beads had a smooth surface and fewer pores, slowing the drug release rate compared to uncoated beads. The calcium alginate beads have potential as a drug delivery system for oral administration of ceftriaxone sodium.
3D printing technology allows for the creation of customized, personalized doses and has applications in the pharmaceutical industry. 3D printing works by building up a three-dimensional object layer by layer from a digital file. It offers advantages over traditional manufacturing like lower costs, less waste, and reduced production time. The technology is being used to produce things like food, toys, medical devices, and drugs. One example is Spritam, the first FDA-approved 3D printed drug product.
This document provides an overview of pesticide analysis. It begins with an introduction to pesticides and pests. It then covers various methods of pest control and classifications of pesticides based on chemical composition and action. The pesticide cycle involving processes like adsorption, volatilization, and degradation is described. Analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues including multiresidue, single residue, and qualitative/quantitative approaches are summarized. Specific analytical techniques like gas chromatography and determination of chlorides and phosphates are outlined. The document provides essential information on pesticides and their analysis in a student project on the topic.
This document summarizes a workshop on biochar production and uses. It discusses sources of biomass for biochar production, traditional and efficient methods of charcoal and biochar production, and applications of biochar including enhancing soil microbes, composting, mulching and increasing crop yields. The GSBC project is highlighted as an integrated approach implementing good stoves and biochar in rural India, facilitating the application of 7.5 tonnes of biochar across fields.
This document provides an overview of Design of Experiments (DOE) and the Box-Behnken design. It defines key terms like factors, responses, levels, and noise variables. It explains the different types of experimental designs like factorial, fractional factorial, screening, and response surface methodology. It describes the Box-Behnken design as a central composite design used to build a quadratic model and optimize factors. Several examples of applications in areas like adsorption processes and analytical methods optimization are also mentioned.
Seaweeds have long been used as fertilizers and soil amendments in agriculture due to their ability to promote plant growth. The document discusses how extracts of brown seaweeds in particular are widely used as biostimulants in horticulture due to their plant growth promoting effects and ability to improve crop tolerance to stresses. Recent research has shown that seaweed extracts contain an array of complex polysaccharides, phytohormones, vitamins and minerals that activate physiological responses in plants leading to benefits such as increased yields, antioxidant activity and tolerance to drought, salinity and disease. The review provides examples of research demonstrating the effects of seaweed extracts on improving various vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops.
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
LC/MS is a technique that combines liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. It separates compounds in a complex mixture using HPLC and then uses an interface like electrospray ionization to introduce the separated compounds into the mass spectrometer for identification. Common components of an LC/MS system include the HPLC column, ionization source, mass analyzer and detector. It has various applications in areas like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing and clinical research due to its high sensitivity and selectivity.
Physico chemical properties of drugs-convertedN J V S Pavan
this presentation is about the physico-chemical properties of a drug which are the reason for the drug's therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics ...
the information in the presentation is very much useful for the b.pharm 4th sem students .
Students can easily understand the concept as the presentation contains many examples
This document presents a comparative study of three research papers on RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of diclofenac sodium from tablet dosage forms. The objective is to determine the most effective and cost-efficient method. The materials and methods from each paper are compared based on preparation of standard and sample solutions, run time, and validation parameters. The results show that Paper 1 has the fastest run time of 10 minutes and is more accurate, precise, sensitive and cost-effective than Papers 2 and 3. Paper 1 uses a more optimal column dimension. In conclusion, the RP-HPLC method from Paper 1 is deemed superior for the quantitative analysis of diclofenac sodium in tablet dosage forms.
The presentation captures the IP activity along with the key players in the smart drug delivery system industry. The presentation also captures the distribution of patents across the world. The IP information, competitor activity and the technology classification are also included. Prior art problems and their respective solutions given in different patents are captured in addition to the taxonomy nodes (technology breakdown classification). Product analysis is done for seven products.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
This document discusses analytical method development for pharmaceutical drug substances and products. It describes the importance of method development and outlines the key steps involved, including collecting sample information, selecting the chromatographic technique, stationary and mobile phases. It also discusses sources of impurities in drugs, control and qualification of impurities according to ICH guidelines, and pharmacopeial and ICH quality guidelines for impurity testing and thresholds.
Recent Updates in Dissolution TechniquesSwapnil Singh
The document discusses recent updates in dissolution techniques. It begins with an introduction to dissolution testing and its importance. It then discusses several advancements in dissolution apparatus designs that improve hydrodynamics and allow for faster, more accurate testing of different dosage forms like floating tablets and aerosols. Detection method updates using fiber optics, potentiometric sensors, and FTIR spectroscopy are also covered. The document concludes that dissolution testing continues growing in importance to regulatory agencies and presents challenges to develop new methods to evaluate emerging drug delivery systems.
RP-HPLC method development and validation of ritonavir in bulk and pharmaceut...SriramNagarajan17
This document describes the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the quantification of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir (RIT) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. A simple isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed using a C18 column, mobile phase of 0.02M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v), and detection at 237 nm. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity from 25-150 μg/mL, precision <0.5% RSD, accuracy of 99.3-100.6% recovery, and ability to quantify RIT in pharmaceutical tablets without interference from excipients.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and linagliptin in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes a C18 column, mobile phase of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Metformin and linagliptin were well separated with retention times of 3.048 and 4.457 minutes respectively. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery for both drugs. The method can be used to simultaneously quantify metformin and linagliptin in tablet formulations.
Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of dapagliflozin in bulk a...SriramNagarajan19
A simple, specific, accurate, precise and stability-indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method is developed for estimation of Dapagliflozin (DGF) in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage form. The method employed, Hypersil BDS C18 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mm column in isocratic mode with mobile phase of 0.1% Ortho phosphoric acid buffer and acetonitrile 50:50% v/v. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min-1 and effluent was monitored at 245 nm using PDA detector. The injection volume was 10 µl and the total runtime was set as 5min. The retention time for DGF was found to be 2.226min.The method was validated in terms of Linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) etc. in accordance with ICH guidelines. Linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed that there was a good linear relationship between response and concentration in the range of 25 - 150 µg/ml respectively. The LOD and LOQ values for HPLC method were found to be 0.04 and 0.121 µg/ml respectively. No chromatographic interference from the tablet excipients was found. The proposed method was successfully used for estimation of Dapagliflozin (DGF) in Bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage form.
Development and Validation of Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography Method for ...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase liquid chromatography method for the estimation of losartan in bulk drug samples. The method utilizes an Acquity BEH C18 column with a mobile phase of buffer and acetonitrile at a ratio of 50:50 delivered isocratically at 0.3 mL/min. Losartan was detected at 230 nm. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be linear, precise, accurate, specific and stability-indicating for the quantification of losartan in the range of 25-75 μg/mL. The method validation shows the method is suitable for the routine analysis of losartan in bulk drug materials.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride by us...ijtsrd
A simple and reproducible method was developed for Metformin MET by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography RP HPLC . Metformin was separated on C18 column 4.6x250mm, particle size 5µm , using combination of phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol at the UV detection of 238nm. Isocratic elution of phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol was used as a mobile phase with various ratios and flow rates, eventually 30 70 v v phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol was being set with the flow rate of 1mL min. The statistical validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, inter day and intra day variation were checked, assay studies of Metformin were within 98 to 102 indicating that the proposed method can be adoptable for quality control analysis of Metformin. Mr. Nilesh Nikam | Dr. Avish Maru | Dr. Anil Jadhav | Dr. Prashant Malpure ""Analytical Method Development and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride by using RP-HPLC with ICH Guidelines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22812.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/22812/analytical-method-development-and-validation-of-metformin-hydrochloride-by-using-rp-hplc-with-ich-guidelines/mr-nilesh-nikam
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Dronedarone Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical ...Jing Zang
An accurate and precise UV spectrophotometric method with multivariate calibration technique for the determination of dronedarone hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been described. The term multivariate calibration refers to the process of constructing a mathematical model that relates a property such as content or identity to the absorbance of a set of known reference samples at more than one wavelength. Dronedarone shows maximum wavelength at 288 nm using methanol as a solvent and obeyed Beer’s law in the linear range of 10-35μg/ml. The present method was found to be accurate, precise, and can be successfully used for quantitative estimation of dronedarone in drug and tablet dosage form compare to other complex techniques.
Manuscripts should be carefully checked for grammatical and punctuation errors. All papers undergo peer review. Please note that all articles published in this journal represent the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Journal of Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journalism research.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Tolvaptan in Bulk and Tablet ...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of Tolvaptan in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A C18 column was used with a mobile phase of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. Recovery of Tolvaptan from formulations ranged from 99.74-99.87% indicating the method is accurate for quantifying Tolvaptan in tablets.
A newly validated HPLC method development for simultaneous estimation of rito...SriramNagarajan19
The aim of the present work was to develop a isocratict RP-HPLC for simultaneous analysis of ritonavir and lopinavir in tablet dosage form. Method: chromatographic system was optimized using a Agilent XDB C18(150 x 4.6mm,5µm) column with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 4.6) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45;55, as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. detection was carried out at 215nm by a photodiode array detector. Result: ritonavir and lopinavir were eluted with retention times of 4.821 and 3.814mins respectively. Beer’s lambert’s law was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 12.5 to 50µg/ml and 50 to 200µg/ml for ritonavir and lopinavir, respectively. Conclusion: the high recovery and low coefficients of variation confirm the suitability of the method for simultaneous analysis of both drugs in a tablet dosage form. Statistical analysis proves that the method is sensitive and significant for the analysis of ritonavir and lopinavir in pure and in pharmaceutical dosage form without any interference from the excipients. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Validation revealed the method is specific, rapid, accurate, precise, reliable, and reproducible.
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Bulk and Pharmaceuti...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Lamivudine and Zidovudine in tablet dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of ammonium acetate buffer pH 4.0, acetonitrile and THF in a 60:30:10 ratio at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Lamivudine and Zidovudine were well separated with retention times of 3.793 minutes and 2.547 minutes, respectively. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and demonstrated to be linear, precise, accurate, specific and robust for the simultaneous analysis of these two drugs in tablets.
Traditional Kashmiri Recipe “Shangri-Kahwa” as a Stimulant Drink and Effectiv...SriramNagarajan15
The popular recipe “Shangri-kahwa” is an age old home remedy for respiratory and various other problems in almost whole of Kashmir. It is prepared from important spices like liquorice, clove, cinnamon, and cardamom, which have documented health benefits. Information about its use and method of preparation was obtained from group discussions held in some villages of Baramullah district of Jammu and Kashmir. People in these villages believe that Shangri-kahwa is cost effective, delicious, made from easily available ingredients and can be prepared easily at home. Being residents of this area, the authors are aware of the popularity of this magical drink used as a first line of treatment for various ailments at home, particularly during cold days. This recipe is extremely famous in these villages both as a refreshing and stimulant drink, as well as believed to be highly efficacious in respiratory illnesses. It is cost effective and highly palatable. The ingredients of Shangri-kahwa are being used extensively in Unani system of medicine and Ayurveda for almost same indications as the recipe is used. This study was carried out to highlight the effectiveness and focus the attention of the researchers towards this attractive and effective dosage form used as home remedy in Kashmir.
RP-HPLC Assay Method Validation for the estimation of new Anti-retroviral dru...SriramNagarajan15
A reverse phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of lamivudine in bulk and tablet formulations. The method used an ODS column with a mobile phase of acetate buffer and acetonitrile (50:50) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Lamivudine had a retention time of 1.85 minutes when detected at 272 nm. The method was linear over a concentration range of 10-50 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Accuracy and precision studies demonstrated recoveries between 98-102% and %RSD below 2%, respectively. The method was found to be robust, specific, and suitable for the routine analysis of lamivudine in
The document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the estimation of the anti-retroviral drug lamivudine in bulk and tablet formulations. An ODS column with a mobile phase of acetate buffer and acetonitrile was used to achieve separation of lamivudine. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and was found to be linear, precise, accurate and robust. The developed method can be used for the routine analysis of lamivudine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Similar to A novel validated rphplc method for the estimation of liraglutide in bulk and parenteral dosage form (20)
A novel validated RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Liraglutide in bulk and parenteral dosage forms. The method utilized a C18 column, mobile phase of methanol and phosphate buffer with UV detection at 246 nm. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be accurate, precise, specific and linear over a concentration range of 20-80 μg/ml. The method was successfully applied to a liraglutide injection sample with 99.84% assay results. In summary, a novel HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis of liraglutide in bulk and parenteral dosage forms.
Documentation relating to product development,sop's,cleaning methods,quality ...swrk
COMPLAINT HANDLING IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES,PRODUCT RECALL,RETENTION RECORDS, DISTRIBUTION RECORDS.prepared by s.susena,m.pharmacy pharmaceutical analysis&QA,ssj college of pharmacy
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A novel validated rphplc method for the estimation of liraglutide in bulk and parenteral dosage form
1. RESEARCH ARTICLE Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2013; 3(3) ISSN: 2249-3387
Please cite this article in press as: Susena S. et al., A Novel validated RP-HPLC method for the
estimation of Liraglutide in bulk and Parenteral Dosage form. American Journal of PharmTech Research
2013.
A Novel validated RP-HPLC method for the estimation of
Liraglutide in bulk and Parenteral Dosage form
S. Susena*1
, K. Vanitha Prakash1
, T.Radika1
, R.Tejaswini1
,E.Manasa1
1. SSJ College of Pharmacy, V.N. Pally, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075(India).
Department: Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality assurances)
ABSTRACT
A simple, accurate, precise and rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic
(RP-HPLC) method has been developed and subsequently validated for the estimation of
Liraglutide in bulk and Parenteral Dosage form. The proposed method is based on the separation
of drugs in reversed-phase mode using Waters HPLC 22695 model, Inertsil ODS column (250 x
4.6 mm, 5µm particle size).The optimum mobile phase consisted of methanol: phosphate buffer
in the ratio of 85:15 v/v(Phosphate buffer pH 5.5) was selected as a mobile phase, flow rate of
1.0 ml/min and UV detection was set at 246 nm. The retention time was 3.25.The method was
validated according to ICH guidelines. It was found to be accurate and reproducible. Linearity
was obtained in the concentration range of 20-80 μg/ml . The percentage RSD for precision and
accuracy of the method was found to be less than 2%. The proposed method can be successfully
applied in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Keywords:, Liraglutide ,RP-HPLC, Validation
*Corresponding Author Email: susenaswrk@gmail.com
Received 10 April 2013, Accepted 14 May 2013
Journal home page: http://www.ajptr.com/
2. Susena et. al., Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2013; 3(3) ISSN: 2249-3387
www.ajptr.com 2
INTRODUCTION
Liraglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog that has been developed by
Novo Nordisk for the treatment of type2 diabetes. The product was approved by the European
Medicines Agency (EMA) on July 3, 2009, and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) on January 25, 2010.
Liraglutide intended to help lower blood sugar levels along with diet, exercise, and selected other
diabetes medicines. It is not recommended as initial therapy in patients who have not achieved
adequate diabetes control on diet and exercise alone. Liraglutide is an incretin mimetic. This
means that it mimics the actions of incretin hormones in the body. As an incretin mimetic,
liraglutide increases insulin production in response to meals and decreases the amount of glucose
(sugar) that the liver produces. The medicine also slows the emptying of food from the stomach
and decreases the amount of food that people eat.
Figure 1: Structure of Liraglutide
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Apparatus:
Waters HPLC 22695 series consisting 4 pump, Auto sampler, equipped with PDA detector,
thermostat column connected with waters (alliance) Empower software ,Inertsil ODS C18
column (250x4.6mm, 5μm in particle size), Ohaus weighing balance and bath sonicator, borosil
glass apparatus were used for experimental purpose.
Chemicals and reagents:
Liraglutide pure drug was obtained as a gift sample from HETERO LABS LIMITED.
Hyderabad. Methanol and phosphate Buffer (PH-5.5) were purchased from S.D. Fine (P) Ltd.
Mumbai. All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical HPLC grade.
Preparation of mobile phase:
Isocratic elution with Methanol: phosphate Buffer (PH-5.5) 85:15(V/V) was used at a flow rate
of 1.0ml/min. The mobile phase was prepared freshly and degassed by sonicating for 5 min
before use.
3. Nagariya et. al., Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2013; 3(3) ISSN: 2249-3387
3 www.ajptr.com
Preparation of standard and test solutions
Liraglutide standard stock solution:
10 mg Liraglutide was accurately weighed and dissolved in 10 ml methanol then transferred to a
10 ml volumetric flask sonicate it for 5 min, finally volume was made up to the mark with
methanol to make 1000μg/ml stock solution.
Working solution:
1ml of the above stock solution was pipetted into a 10ml volumetric flask and diluted up to the
mark with HPLC grade Methanol. The contents were mixed well and filtered through 0.45μm
nylon filter paper to get this stock solution (100 μg/ml).
Preparation of sample solution:
For the analysis of the dosage form, Liraglutide in injection form manufactured by novonordisk
Ltd. was Selected. By using Liraglutide injection 1.7ml(i.e.10mg)of solution is transferred to
10ml volumetric flask finally volume was made up to the mark with methanol to make
1000μg/ml sample solution
Method validation
The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines17. The parameters assessed were
linearity, accuracy, and limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision,
reproducibility and robustness.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Linearity
The calibration curve obtained by plotting peak area against concentration showed linearity in
the concentration range of 20-80 μg/ml Linear regression data for the calibration curves are
given in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Linear regression data for the calibration curve
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
0 20 40 60 80 100
4. Susena et. al., Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2013; 3(3) ISSN: 2249-3387
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Accuracy
The % mean recovery obtained for Liraglutide was 101% .The %RSD is less than 2, results were
given in Table 1.
Table 1: Accuracy data for proposed method
Spiked level of
drug (%)
Amount of drug
added (μg/ml)
Amount of drug
found (μg/ml)
%
Recovery
50 20 20.29 105.0
100 40 40.2 101.0
150 60 60.7 98.0
Detection limit and quantification limit
LOD for Liraglutide was 0.24 μg/ml respectively, while LOQ was 0.72 μg/ml
Precision
Results for repeatability expressed as %RSD, results were given in Table 2. The low values of
%RSD indicate that the method is precise. Reproducibility was checked by analyzing the
samples by another analyst using same instrument and same laboratory. There was no significant
difference between the %RSD values, which indicates that the proposed method was
reproducible, results were showed in Table 2.
Table 2: Precision of the proposed HPLC method
Conc. of Liraglutide
(40 μg/ml)
Peak area of Liraglutide
Intra-day Inter-day
Injection-1 3218338 3318621
njection-2 3230606 3326451
Injection-3 3250591 3412131
Injection-4 3242511 3332153
Injection-5 3257321 3365143
Average 3239873.4 3350899.8
Standard Deviation 7802.8 14435.5
% RSD 0.2 0.4
Table 3: Results of robustness for proposed method
Factor Level Retention time Asymmetry
A: Flow rate (ml/min)
0.8 -0.2 3.90 1.34
1.0 0 3.25 1.32
1.2 +0.2 2.89 1.28
%RSD 0.3 0.7
B: % of methanol (ml)
84 -1 3.70 1.34
85 0 3.26 1.32
86 +1 3.10 1.28
%RSD 0.2 0.7
5. Nagariya et. al., Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2013; 3(3) ISSN: 2249-3387
5 www.ajptr.com
Detection limit and quantification limit
LOD for Liraglutide was 0.24 μg/ml respectively, while LOQ was 0.72 μg/ml
Robustness
There was no significant change in the peak areas and retention times of Liraglutide, when the
composition of mobile phase ±1ml and flow rate was varied by ±0.2 ml. The results are showed
in Table 3.
Specificity
No interference from any of the excipients was found at retention times of the examined drugs.
In addition, the chromatogram of each drug in the sample solution was found identical to the
hromatogram received by the standard solution at the wavelengths applied. These results
demonstrate the absence of interference from other materials in the pharmaceutical formulations
and therefore confirm the specificity of the proposed method.
System suitability
The acceptance criteria are % RSD of peak areas and retention time less than 2%, theoretical
plates numbers (N) at least 4500 per each peak and tailing factors less than 1.5 for Liraglutide the
results are shown in the Table 4.
Table 4: System suitability parameters
Parameters Liraglutide
Linearity (μg/ml) 20.-80
Correlation coefficient 0.998
Theoretical plates 9248
Tailing factor 1.32
LOD (μg/ml) 0.24
LOQ (μg/ml) 0.72
Quantification of Liraglutide in parentral dosage form
The proposed method was applied to the estimation of Liraglutide in parentral dosage form. The
results of the assay 99.84±0.24%, of label claim of the injection. The assay results showed that
the method was selective for the estimation of Liraglutide without interference from the
excipients used in the injection form. The results are shown in the Table 5.
Table 5: Results of sample analysis for proposed method
Brand name Analyte Label claim per
injection (mg)
% Analyte
estimated
(mean±SD)
%RSD
VICTOZA Liraglutide 10 99.84±0.24 0.193
In order to achieve the estimation of the Liraglutide initial trials was performed with the
objective of selecting adequate and optimum chromatographic conditions. Parameters, such as
6. Susena et. al., Am. J. PharmTech Res. 2013; 3(3) ISSN: 2249-3387
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ideal mobile phase and their proportions, detection wave length and concentrations of the
standard solutions were carefully studied. Several solvents were tested in varying proportions.
Finally, a mixture of methanol: Phosphate buffer (85:15 v/v) was selected as the optimum mobile
phase. The optimized chromatographic conditions were selected based on sensitivity, retention
times and peak shape. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD,
LOQ, robustness and specificity as per ICH guidelines. The accuracy data shows that the method
is accurate within desired range. The LOD and LOQ values were low which indicates that the
method is sensitive. The method was robust as minor changes in the chromatographic parameters
did not bring about any significant changes in peak area and retention times of Liraglutide
Name Retention
Time
Area % Area Height USP
Tailing
Symmetry
Factor
USP Plate
Count
Liraglutide 3.259 3250591 100.00 374481 1.329972 1.339972 9283
Figure. 3: Typical chromatogram of Liraglutide standard
CONCLUSION
A validated RP-HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Liraglutide in
injection form. The proposed method is simple, rapid, accurate, precise and specific. Its
chromatographic run time of 10 min allows the analysis of a large number of samples in short
period of time. Therefore, it is suitable for the routine analysis of Liraglutide in pharmaceutical
dosage form. The limit of detection for Liraglutide was found to be 0.24 μg/ml and the limit of
quantification was found to be 0.72 μg/ml. It proves the sensitivity of method.
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Liraglutide-3.259
AU
0.00
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0.20
Minutes
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00
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7 www.ajptr.com
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