A novel wireless sensor network node (WSNN) is presented in this paper where the solar energy
harvester system is used as an autonomous power solution for endless battery lifetime. In this sensor
node, the meander-line Inverted-F-Antenna (MIFA) is proposed and integrated in a single-CC2650 chip of
Texas Instrument. The simple structure, low cost, compact size, high efficiency and low power
consumption are advantages of this single-chip WSNN. The experimental results show that MIFA antenna
is promising solution to enhance communication performance in WSN. In addition, the investigated
single-chip WSNN with multi-wireless technologies including Bluetooth Low Energy and Zigbee as well as
6LowPAN is an attractive device for internet of thing (IoT) applications.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
Designing an Antenna System That Can Perform Conditional RF to DC Harnessing ...IOSRJECE
Electromagnetic energy or RF energy will play a pivotal role in wireless technology and wireless communication in the impending future. The paper proposes a concept for a patch antenna based system that can harness RF energy upon triggering and can convert the harnessed RF to DC from the radio frequency of 1 GHz to 3 GHz, the design frequency is 2.4GHz. The patch antenna system contains a high gain patch antenna along with a wireless communicating module and a conversion circuit. The return loss of the antenna is approximately 27.1dB. The power gain is 30.1 dBm .The converter circuit is designed in), Multi-Sim to get an output voltage of around 5V that can be used to power a mobile-device or maybe stored in a battery. The triggering part is done with the help of a T-mote which is simulated in a network simulator, Cooja. The patch antenna is simulated in High Frequency Structural Simulator
Tech Vidhya is the premier IT and Telecom training institute of India that is running its quality training courses since last decade and we deliver what we promise. Tech Vidhya is the leading training institute in telecom and IT sector that offers various Telecom, telecommunication, Networking and IT/Software courses in an efficient and friendly manner. We are having the highly qualified and experienced trainers for all the courses. The trainers are updated with the latest technologies and they are working on various live projects on India’s top telecom/IT companies.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
Designing an Antenna System That Can Perform Conditional RF to DC Harnessing ...IOSRJECE
Electromagnetic energy or RF energy will play a pivotal role in wireless technology and wireless communication in the impending future. The paper proposes a concept for a patch antenna based system that can harness RF energy upon triggering and can convert the harnessed RF to DC from the radio frequency of 1 GHz to 3 GHz, the design frequency is 2.4GHz. The patch antenna system contains a high gain patch antenna along with a wireless communicating module and a conversion circuit. The return loss of the antenna is approximately 27.1dB. The power gain is 30.1 dBm .The converter circuit is designed in), Multi-Sim to get an output voltage of around 5V that can be used to power a mobile-device or maybe stored in a battery. The triggering part is done with the help of a T-mote which is simulated in a network simulator, Cooja. The patch antenna is simulated in High Frequency Structural Simulator
Tech Vidhya is the premier IT and Telecom training institute of India that is running its quality training courses since last decade and we deliver what we promise. Tech Vidhya is the leading training institute in telecom and IT sector that offers various Telecom, telecommunication, Networking and IT/Software courses in an efficient and friendly manner. We are having the highly qualified and experienced trainers for all the courses. The trainers are updated with the latest technologies and they are working on various live projects on India’s top telecom/IT companies.
A NEW MODIFIED SYSTEM FOR EQUAL POWER DIVISION WITH LCC FOR WIRELESS APPLCATIONSijistjournal
In this paper, a new modified system for equal power division is implemented with the help of rectangular micro strip patch antenna, Gysel power divider and leakage cancellation circuit. Today’s world power division plays an important role in wireless application areas such as base stations, antenna arrays, handheld devices etc., Here micro strip patch antenna is implemented with FR4 as a substrate material due to its benefits such as low loss and low fabrication cost while the ground material is aluminium due to its conductivity. For a good system, the return loss should be highly desirable and insertion loss should be low. Our proposed system is designed with a combination of micro strip patch antenna, leakage cancellation circuit and Gysel power divider produces equal power division with low loss such as insertion loss is measured as -39.291dB, return loss as -16.11dB and leakage cancellation as 6dB which was designed and simulated in Agilent Advanced Design System software (2009).
A Novel Configuration of a Microstrip Microwave Wideband Power Amplifier for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
RF/microwave power amplifier (PA) is one of the components that has a large effect on the
overall performance of communication system especially in transmitter system and their design is decided
by the parameters of transistor selected. This letter presents a new concept of a wide-band microwave
amplifier using scattering parameters that is often used in the radio frequency communication systemas an
application of the active integrated antenna[1- 2]. This power amplifier operates from 1.75 GHz to 2.15GHz
frequency and it is based on AT-41410 NPN transistor that has a high transition frequency of 10GHz. The
proposed Single Stage PA is designed by microstrip technology and simulated with Advanced Design
System (ADS) software. The simulation results indicate good performances; the small power gain (S21) is
changed between 11.8 and 10dB. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -11 and -
22.5dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is varied between -13.1 and -18.7dB over the
wide frequency band of 1.75-2.15GHz and stability without oscillating over a wide range of frequencies.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems - Vedaprabhu Ba...Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa
The slides present three tested and confirmed antenna solutions - one each for the technologies of Massive MIMO, Single RF MIMO and Millimeter Wave towards realizing 5G goals. The Doctoral defence took place on the 21st December, 2018 at the University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, Earth and was successfully defended with an outstanding Cum Laude.
The title of the PhD thesis: "A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems" The thesis can be downloaded here: https://repositorio.unican.es/xmlui/handle/10902/15414
The research was supported by the EU H2020 Marie Curie 5Gwireless Innovative Training Network.
Analysis and design of a compact ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN and X-band ...IJECEIAES
A compact design of ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with dual band-notched characteristics are investigated in this paper. The wider impedance bandwidth (from 2.73 to 11.34 GHz) is obtained by using two symmetrical slits in the radiating patch and another slit in the partial ground plane. The dual band-notch rejection at WLAN and X-band downlink satellite communication system are obtained by inserting a modified U-strip on the radiating patch at 5.5 GHz and embedding a pair of single rectangular split ring resonators (SR-SRR) on both sides of the microstrip feed line at 7.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is simulated and tested using CST MWS high frequency simulator and exhibits the advantages of compact size, simple design and each notched frequency band can be controlled independently by using the geometrical parameters of the corresponding resonator. Therefore, the parametric study is carried out to understand the mutual coupling between the dual band-notched elements. To validate simulation results of our design, a prototype is fabricated and good agreement is achieved between measurement and simulation. Furthermore, a radiation patterns, satisfactory gain, current distribution and VSWR result at the notched frequencies make the proposed antenna a suitable candidate for practical UWB applications.
Design of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN ApplicationEditor IJMTER
In this paper we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset fed which can
operate at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) & 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) WLAN applications. Various slot is
cut into the antenna structure which changes the surface current path resulting in dual resonant
frequency. Further by embedding any switch into a slot, reconfiguration can be achieved i.e. the
antenna can only be used in unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. The achieved directivity is greater than 5db and
the bandwidth obtained is much greater than the required bandwidth. The proposed antenna is
simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator.
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81 GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research. The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good agreement with the simulation results.
A NEW MODIFIED SYSTEM FOR EQUAL POWER DIVISION WITH LCC FOR WIRELESS APPLCATIONSijistjournal
In this paper, a new modified system for equal power division is implemented with the help of rectangular micro strip patch antenna, Gysel power divider and leakage cancellation circuit. Today’s world power division plays an important role in wireless application areas such as base stations, antenna arrays, handheld devices etc., Here micro strip patch antenna is implemented with FR4 as a substrate material due to its benefits such as low loss and low fabrication cost while the ground material is aluminium due to its conductivity. For a good system, the return loss should be highly desirable and insertion loss should be low. Our proposed system is designed with a combination of micro strip patch antenna, leakage cancellation circuit and Gysel power divider produces equal power division with low loss such as insertion loss is measured as -39.291dB, return loss as -16.11dB and leakage cancellation as 6dB which was designed and simulated in Agilent Advanced Design System software (2009).
A Novel Configuration of a Microstrip Microwave Wideband Power Amplifier for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
RF/microwave power amplifier (PA) is one of the components that has a large effect on the
overall performance of communication system especially in transmitter system and their design is decided
by the parameters of transistor selected. This letter presents a new concept of a wide-band microwave
amplifier using scattering parameters that is often used in the radio frequency communication systemas an
application of the active integrated antenna[1- 2]. This power amplifier operates from 1.75 GHz to 2.15GHz
frequency and it is based on AT-41410 NPN transistor that has a high transition frequency of 10GHz. The
proposed Single Stage PA is designed by microstrip technology and simulated with Advanced Design
System (ADS) software. The simulation results indicate good performances; the small power gain (S21) is
changed between 11.8 and 10dB. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -11 and -
22.5dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is varied between -13.1 and -18.7dB over the
wide frequency band of 1.75-2.15GHz and stability without oscillating over a wide range of frequencies.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems - Vedaprabhu Ba...Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa
The slides present three tested and confirmed antenna solutions - one each for the technologies of Massive MIMO, Single RF MIMO and Millimeter Wave towards realizing 5G goals. The Doctoral defence took place on the 21st December, 2018 at the University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, Earth and was successfully defended with an outstanding Cum Laude.
The title of the PhD thesis: "A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems" The thesis can be downloaded here: https://repositorio.unican.es/xmlui/handle/10902/15414
The research was supported by the EU H2020 Marie Curie 5Gwireless Innovative Training Network.
Analysis and design of a compact ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN and X-band ...IJECEIAES
A compact design of ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with dual band-notched characteristics are investigated in this paper. The wider impedance bandwidth (from 2.73 to 11.34 GHz) is obtained by using two symmetrical slits in the radiating patch and another slit in the partial ground plane. The dual band-notch rejection at WLAN and X-band downlink satellite communication system are obtained by inserting a modified U-strip on the radiating patch at 5.5 GHz and embedding a pair of single rectangular split ring resonators (SR-SRR) on both sides of the microstrip feed line at 7.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is simulated and tested using CST MWS high frequency simulator and exhibits the advantages of compact size, simple design and each notched frequency band can be controlled independently by using the geometrical parameters of the corresponding resonator. Therefore, the parametric study is carried out to understand the mutual coupling between the dual band-notched elements. To validate simulation results of our design, a prototype is fabricated and good agreement is achieved between measurement and simulation. Furthermore, a radiation patterns, satisfactory gain, current distribution and VSWR result at the notched frequencies make the proposed antenna a suitable candidate for practical UWB applications.
Design of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN ApplicationEditor IJMTER
In this paper we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset fed which can
operate at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) & 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) WLAN applications. Various slot is
cut into the antenna structure which changes the surface current path resulting in dual resonant
frequency. Further by embedding any switch into a slot, reconfiguration can be achieved i.e. the
antenna can only be used in unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. The achieved directivity is greater than 5db and
the bandwidth obtained is much greater than the required bandwidth. The proposed antenna is
simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator.
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81 GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research. The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good agreement with the simulation results.
The implementations of the microstrip patch antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) are analyzed in the literature in this research. Dual or multiband antenna has played a significant part in meeting the expectations of wireless service in this quickly developing world of wireless communication. Basically, a transitory guide, an antenna is a device that emits or absorbs radio waves. Numerous benefits exist for microstrip patch antennas, including affordability, portability, simplicity of construction, and compatibility with integrated circuits. This has several important uses in the military, radar, mobile communications, global positioning system (GPS), remote sensing, and more. In mobile devices like portable computers and smartphones, WLAN and WiMAX are often used.
Frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna with harmonic suppression for IoT a...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work proposes a new reconfigurable printed monopole antenna for IoT devices working with the promising wireless technology Wi-Fi 6. Based on effective resonant length value, the antenna has the ability to reconfigure its operating band between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands. Therefore, the designed antenna works as an RF band-pass filter which reduces receiver complexity and supports network scalability. One PIN diode with complete biasing circuit is integrated to the antenna radiator to obtain re-configurability. Furthermore, two stubs are added to the antenna structure in order to suppress harmonic component which appears near to the higher band (5 GHz) when antenna forced to work at the lower band (2.4 GHz). The design built over commercially available FR-4 substrate with a compact size of (33.5x16x1.6) mm3. CST software is used to simulate antenna performance in terms of flection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency, and gain.
A new configuration of patch antenna array for rectenna array applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The performance and advantages of microstrip patch antennas made them a field of interest for wireless power transmission applications, especially for rectenna systems where the choice of the antenna is a crucial step. In this paper, a 5.8 GHz circularly polarized patch antenna has been designed and fabricated, then mounted by using 4 elements to achieve an antenna array to enhance the captured power to be converted by the rectifier circuit. The antenna array is well matched at 5.8 GHz in terms of reflection coefficient and has a directivity of 11 dB and a gain of 6 dB. Results have been confirmed by fabrication.
A miniaturized hairpin resonator for the high selectivity of WLAN bandwidthjournalBEEI
In this article, a miniaturized hairpin resonator has been presented to introduce the high selectivity of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bandwidth. In the construction of the hairpin resonator, short-circuited
comb-lines are electrically coupled with the two longer edges of a rectangular-shaped loop. The hairpin resonator has been designed and fabricated with the Taconic TLX-8 substrate with a center-frequency at 2.45 GHz. The resonator exhibits a second order quasi-Chebyshev bandpass response. A low insertion loss has been found as -0.36 dB with a minimum return loss as -36.71 dB. The filtering dimension of this hairpin resonator occupies a small area of 166.82 mm2. This hairpin resonator is highly selective for the bandpass applications of the entire WLAN bandwidth.
A New Compact CPW-Fed Dual-Band Uniplanar Antenna for RFID ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper a new dual-band uniplanar monopole antenna fed by Coplanar
Waveguide (CPW) line is proposed for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications. The
antenna structure includes a CPW fed line and the dual-band operation is achieved from the Gshaped
folded antenna. The antenna parameters have been investigated and optimized by
using CST Microwave Studio. To validate the CST Microwave Studio results before the antenna
achievement, we have conducted another study by using ADS. The final circuit was achieved,
measured and validated. Experimental results show that the proposed antenna with compact
size of 30*45 mm2 is simple in design and compact in size. It exhibits broadband impedance
matching, consistent omnidirectional radiation patterns and appropriate gain characteristics
suitable for the microwave RFID applicartions.
DUAL BAND F-ANTENNA FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICAijwmn
A single antenna for multiple bands are always beneficial from the design point of view. Here a single antenna which is fundamentally inverted F antenna is used, the uniqueness of the design is that , it uses trap technique to produce dual resonance from a single inverted F antenna . The trap used to block the current due to some frequencies and passes the current contributed by other frequencies. So in short , this trap is like a RF filter which has some passband as well as stop band. This trap approach uses a LC network to achieve this design goal .The two bands of interest are 865-870 MHz and 902-928 MHz .. The challenge of this design is that the frequency separation of the two bands is very small. In this case, and also the extra section for low frequency band is too small. Then, the influence of trap LC component variation due to tolerance to the two resonant frequencies is big, and so it is difficult to achieve good in band return loss within the LC tolerance. This is the main difficulty of this design. This issue is resolved by placing the low band section away from the end of the antenna. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate material having thickness of 1.6 mm and hence it is a low cost solution which could use in various commercial applications which follows these bands.
Bi-directional Beams Waveguide Slotted Antenna at Millimeter WaveTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper focused on designing a bi-directional beams waveguide slotted antenna at millimetre
wave spectrum. Waveguide slotted antenna is known for its highly directional pattern. By having bidirectional
pattern, the capacity of system coverage can be expanded. The design is implemented by using
antenna slot theory on a waveguide structure. The slotted are made on two wall surfaces and the
performance is compared to the slotted on single wall. The two models designs are simulated using
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software. The simulation results show that both
models operate at 30 GHz with minimum reflection coefficient of -24.63 and -25.01 dB respectively. The
two models achieved a fair high gain at 15.5 dB and 13.3 dB with directional beamwidth of 8.9 degree.
The proposed bi-directional beams structure achieved a comparable gain in both directions when
compared to the single direction.
Sectoral dual-polarized MIMO antenna for 5G-NR band N77 base stationnooriasukmaningtyas
Massive internet of things (IoT) in 5G has many advantages as a future technology. It brings some challenges such as a lot of devices need massive connection. In this case, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems offer high performance and capacity of communications. There is a challenge of correlation between antennas in MIMO. This paper proposes three-sectors MIMO base station antenna for 5G-New Radio (5G-NR) band N77 with dual polarized configuration to reduce the correlation. The proposed antenna has a maximum coupling of -16.90 dB and correlation below 0.01. The obtained bit error rate (BER) performance is very close to non-correlated antennas with bandwidth of 1.87 GHz. It means that the proposed antenna has been well designed.
Design of Miniaturized Multiband Patch Antenna Using CSRR for WLAN/WiMAX Appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel miniaturized multiband, single-feed microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper for
WLAN and WiMAX applications. Both size reduction and multiband are obtained by etching the Multiple
Complementary Split Ring Resonators (MC-SRR) on the ground plane of the normal patch antenna. At
first, the normal patch antenna produces a single band of 5.15 GHz; 200 MHz (5.0500~5.2499).
Subsequently, a Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (SC-SRR) is etched on the ground plane and
produces a triple band of: 3.25 GHz; 288 MHz (3.1085~3.3964), 4.5 GHz; 101.3 MHz (4.4488~4.5501),
and 5.22 GHz; 220 MHz (5.1191~5.3400) and Double Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (DC-MCSRR)
with: 2.99 GHz; 60.7 MHz (2.9574~3.0181), 3.57 GHz; 324.7 MHz (3.4065~3.7312), and 5.1413 GHz;
115.4 MHz (5.0817~5.1971). The working bandwidths cover the desired frequency bands of WLAN
5.2 GHz and WiMAX 3.3/3.5 GHz. The proposed (MC-SRR) antenna can be employed to wireless
communication systems due to its simplicity in design, compactness and miniaturization.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
Coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN bandnooriasukmaningtyas
A modified coplanar waveguide fed ultra-wideband antenna with extended transmission band to WLAN frequency is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a modified semi-circular patch and staircase of ground plane. The prototype is constructed on a low cost FR4 substrate. The overall dimensions of proposed UWB antenna are 34 mm x 40 mm. The result has been shown that the proposed antenna archives low VSWR over transmission bandwidth from 2.10-12.7 GHz to cover both WLAN and UWB bands. The average gain is 3.87 dBi. It depicts nearly omni-directional radiation pattern like dipole antenna. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. It is illustrated that our proposed technique is a good choice for designing any structure of microstrip antenna which appropriate to use for many wireless communication systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 5, October 2019: 2389-2399
2390
2. The Proposed Antenna Integrated in WSNN
2.1. Wireless Sensor Network Node Design
In the first step, the planar Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) antenna for WSNN is studied. This
initial antenna consists of a thin arm or wire shorted at one of the ends to the ground
plane [12-16], as shown in Figure 1 (a) is designed. The length of the arm is nearly λ∕4.
The input impedance is controlled by turning position of the feed. As the feed becomes closer to
the shorting pin, the input impedance is reduced. Thus, to obtain a 50-ohm input impedance,
the feed should be closer to the shorting pin than to the open end. The shorting pin introduces
to the input impedance an inductance 𝐿 𝑠 while the open end introduces a capacitance Cs. To
obtain the impedance at resonance frequency, the two reactive components should cancel out,
leaving only the radiation resistance 𝑅 𝑠. The width W of the shorting pin is very small compared
to the wavelength (W ≪ λ), usually W ≤ (0.05−0.1) λ.
As mentioned in the introduction, the WSNN must be small size and compact. It leads to
miniaturize antenna dimensions for hardware design. In [17-20] several methods have been
proposed for antenna miniaturization such as: folded antennas, lumped elements, using
substrates with high dielectric constant, and multi-layer meta-material. With onboard antenna,
the simplest structure is using a meander line or folded antenna. In [21], the simulated and
evaluated meander line antenna geometry have studied. The idea is to fold the conductors back
and forth to make the overall antenna shorter, it is a smaller area, but the radiation resistance,
efficiency and bandwidth decrease. A meander-line antenna can be realized by bending
the conventional IFA antenna to decrease the size of antenna. The influence of the meander
part of the antenna is similar to a load and the meander line sections are considered as
shorted-terminated transmission lines. The meander line sections can be modeled as an
equivalent inductor. In the far-field pattern, the result of the cancellation of magnetic fields,
the transmission lines of a meander line antenna do not radiate fields. The radiation fields will
be radiated from the vertical pars of MIFA. After bending the arm of the IFA antenna (MIFA), we
obtained the new antenna with much smaller size of 25% compared with the initial IFA antenna,
the total antenna size is only 33.6*42.6 mm. The parameters dimensions of MIFA are shown
in Table 1.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) The printed IFA (b) The meander line printed IFA (MIFA)
Table 1. Parameters Dimension of MIFA
Parameters Value (mm) Parameters Value (mm)
𝑳 𝒈 34 𝑊𝑔1 18.1
𝑾 𝒔 33.6 𝑊𝑔2 14.56
𝑳 𝒔 42.6 𝑊𝑔3 2
𝑳 𝟏 6.67 𝑤𝑙 16
𝑳 𝟐 1.5 𝐿3 2.2
After completing the MIFA design, this antenna is integrated in WSNN, the reflection
coefficient of the proposed MIFA in free space (the red line) and in the sensor node circuit
(the black line) are presented in Figure 2. These results show that the resonant frequency is
3. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applications... (Minh Thuy Le)
2391
shifted from 2.445 GHz to 2.5 GHz while the MIFA bandwidth is reduced 110 MHz when
the MIFA is integrated into circuit. As shown in Figure 3, the novel single-chip WSNN uses only
one chip SOC of CC2650. The CC2650 chip is a wireless MCU targeting Bluetooth, ZigBee and
6LoWPAN. This SOC chip is a member of the CC26xx family of cost-effective, ultralow power,
2.4 GHz RF devices. Very low active RF and MCU current and low-power mode current
consumption provide excellent lifetime. The CC2650 device contains a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3
processor that runs at 48 MHz as the main processor and a rich peripheral feature set that
includes a unique ultralow power sensor controller. This sensor controller is ideal for interfacing
external sensors and for collecting analog and digital data autonomously while the rest of
the system is in sleep mode. Thus, the CC2650 device is ideal for WSN applications in a whole
range of production including industrial, consumer electronics, and medical.
Figure 2. S11 coefficient of MIFA in free-space and model IC integrated MIFA
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3. (a) IC integrated MIFA model, (b) E-Field, (c) H-Field
Figure 4 shows 3D radiation pattern of IC integrated MIFA model with the peak gain of
1.74 dBi, total efficiency of 81%. A comparison between the proposed CC2650 WSNN and
related work is shown in Table 2. It can be seen that this design achieves the compact size,
simple structure, high performance and low cost, especially the power consumption of
the WSNN is lower than some nodes in the market. The layout of proposed WSNN and
the prototype is illustrated in Figure 5.
4. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 5, October 2019: 2389-2399
2392
Figure 4. The simulation of 3D radiation pattern and polar radiation pattern of
IC integrated MIFA model
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) PCB layout of CC2650 integrated MIFA (b) WSNN prototype
2.2. Antenna Gain Measurement
As the antenna is integrated in the sensor node circuit, the antenna gain measurement
method is based on the Friis transmission formula, two sensor nodes are separated at a
distance R of 4 m shown in Figure 6.
where:
- A wireless sensor node using an external antenna which actived as a peripheral for
advertising using BLE communication technology, the transmit power 𝑃𝑡of this node is
known. External antenna is omnidirectional dipole antenna with the peak gain of 2.01 dBi
at 2.45 GHz.
5. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applications... (Minh Thuy Le)
2393
- The CC2650 integrated MIFA actived as a central device which listening to the advertising
data, the received power 𝑃𝑟of this node is known from the measured RSSI (Recevier Signal
Strength Indicator) values. Texas Instrument has defined a rule to directly convert RSSI
values into receive power 𝑃𝑟 (dBm) [16].
Ideally, the losses due to impedance loss, impedance matching should be ignored and
assumed that the transmitting and receiving antenna of WSNN are matched to their lines or
loads, then Friss formula is reduced to [7].
𝐺𝑟 =
𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑡
. (
4𝜋𝑅
𝜆
)
2
.
1
𝐺𝑡
(1)
Transmitting power of WSNN using external antenna is 0 dBm, then receiverd power
measured by CC2650 WSNN is -60 dBm at the distance of 4 m. Therefore, the 0.087 dBi of
measured gain of MIFA integrated WSNN is calculated by (1):
Figure 6. Gain measurement scenario of MIFA antenna integrated WSNN
2.3. Power Consumption Measurement
The power consumption measurement set up of the WSNN is presented in Figure 7 to
calculate its lifetime. To measure current consumption in each operating mode of the device,
using the oscilloscope to analyze the operation of the device in each mode is essential. Since
the oscilloscope only has voltage transducers, a resistor connected in series with test
equipment (DUT) is required. A 10 Ω resistor is an appropriate value so that it does not affect
the circuit and can provide a voltage value that is large enough to be visible on
the oscilloscope as shown in Figure 8. The power consumption is listed in Table 2.
Figure 7. Power consumption measurement setup of the WSNN
6. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 5, October 2019: 2389-2399
2394
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Measurement results with BLE standard: (a) advertising mode (b) connecting mode
The power consumption of the WSNN is calculated as follows:
I =
(𝑡1 𝑥 𝐼1) + (𝑡2 𝑥 𝐼2) + (𝑡3 𝑥 𝐼3) + … + (𝑡14 𝑥 𝐼14)
𝑡1 +𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + … + 𝑡14
(2)
with power supply of 3.3 V. We can calculate the device power in each mode as follows:
P =U *I (3)
Table 2. Comparison of the Proposed CC2650 WSNN and Traditional WSNN
Ref. WSNN
Size in
(mm)
Cost
Wireless
Technology
Power consumption
Active Sleep
[22] Mica Z 58*32 $99 ZigBee 91.4 mW 50 µW
[23] Telos B 65*31 $99 IEEE 802.15.4 81.8 mW 25.5 µW
[24] Lotus 76*34 $300 ZigBee 217.8 mW 33 µW
[25] Iris 58*32 $115 ZigBee 79.2 mW 26.4 µW
This work CC2650 33*42 $26 BLE 25.37 mW 0.33 µW
This work CC2650 33*42 $26 6LowPan 50.66 mW 0.99 mW
3. Autonomous WSNN using Solar Energy Harvester System
3.1. Power Supply Based on Solar Energy Harvester System
The proposed sensor node is powered by a battery with the determined lifetime. A solar
energy harvester system is added as in Figure 9 to obtain endless lifetime, this power supply
solution makes wireless sensor node becomes an autonomous WSNN. In this article, the power
supply includes a DC-DC converter circuit and energy storage. The problem is finding ways to
manage the input voltage of the charger circuit. This leads to the idea of storing energy in
the super capacitor before it is introduced into the charger circuit. Figure 10 presentes a voltage
7. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applications... (Minh Thuy Le)
2395
monitor circuit that continuously monitors the stored voltage level and conducts a signal allowing
the charging circuit to operate if it reaches a threshold. The function of this voltage monitor
circuit is to control the operating time of the circuit and to ensure that solar panel always
provides enough power to the circuit when the switch is enabled.
Storage blocks store energy at the desired voltage levels to use for different purposes.
For energy storage, capacitors, supercapacitors or rechargeable batteries can be used.
The selected components of this mission are PowerCast's IC PCC210, designed to raise
the voltage effectively, allowing the desired voltage to be supplied to the load. Measured results
at Figure 11 show that the output voltage of the solar charging circuit is stable at 3.4 V, enough
to provide power for stable wireless sensor node operation.
Figure 9. Block dỉagram of solar energy harvesting system powering for the proposed WSNN
Figure 10. PCB design and prototype of voltage monitor circuit and energy storage
Figure 11. Power supply of WSNN using solar energy harvesting system
3.2. Wireless Sensor Node using Multi-wireless Technologies
WSNN supports three wireless communication technologies: Bluetooth Low Energy,
6LoWPAN, ZigBee. In this work, we conducted a test scenario to test the transceiver distance
between two WSNNs using BLE technology with extremely low power consumption of only
25.37 mW in active mode. At the same time, we also built a wireless sensor network monitoring
room temperature using 6LoWPAN technology with active mode power consumption of
8. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 5, October 2019: 2389-2399
2396
50.66 mW. The process of data exchange between two BLE devices is described in Figure 12.
The flowchart of the WSNN BLE and 6LoWPAN is presented in Figure 13.
(a) (b)
Figure 12. (a) The process of data exchange between two BLE devices
(b) The data flow between the WSNN and the Gateway program 6LoWPAN
(a) (b)
Figure 13. (a) The flowchart of the WSNN BLE Peripheral program
(b) The flowchart of WSNN temperature reading program in 6LoWPAN network
4. WSNN Experimentation
In this simple scenario, the proposed WSNN is used in environment monitoring system
showing its advantages in terms of computation, storage, time life and omni-directional
communication. We conducted two scenarios with CC2650 WSNN: (1) read-range
measurement between the two nodes using the Bluetooth Low Energy communication and;
(2) an indoor temperature monitoring using wireless sensor network based on 6LoWPAN
communication technology.
9. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applications... (Minh Thuy Le)
2397
4.1. Scenario 1: Read-range Measurement
The distance of communication between two WSNNs using BLE communication
standard is tested and measured in this experimentation as in Figure 14:
- Setting one WSNN in BLE Peripheral mode, one WSNN in BLE Central mode
- Setting the transmission power is 0dBm
- Transmitting 1000 packets between two nodes and calculating packet error rate (PER)
- Moving the WSNN to determine the antenna's multi-directional radiation
- The number of packets transmitted and received between the two sensing nodes will be
monitored by the computer.
Table 3 illustrates the result of read-range measurement between two WSNNs using
BLE communication standard. Two nodes can communicate together at a maximum distance of
64 m, the PER is 0.5%.
Figure 14 The measurement configuration of the read-range between
two WSNNs operating in BLE mode
Table 3. The Result of Read Range Measurement between Two WSNNs using BLE Technology
WSNN integrated antenna Direction of antenna
Distance between two WSNN
4 m 16 m 32 m 48 m 64 m
The number of
packet received
MIFA North 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
MIFA South 1000 1000 999 1000 995
MIFA East 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
MIFA West 1000 1000 1000 1000 999
4.1. Scenario 2: Indoor Temperature Monitoring using WSN based on
6LoWPAN technology
In the indoor temperature monitoring WNS as in Figure 15, the CC2650 WSNNs
measure the temperature in a room and then transmit the measured date to
the Raspberrypi3-Gateway. The CC2650 WSNNs send data to the gateway, from which
the gateway sends data to the Internet via the MQTT protocol. Measuring cycle of each WSNN
is set to 10 s for one measurement. The 6LoWPAN technology uses the IPv6 address of
the device. In order to transport data from the wireless sensor node to the Internet, we need to
use NAT64 to switch between IPv6 and IPv4. To do this, we used the software package
provided by Wrapsix, installed the software package directly on the Rasberry Pi embedded
computer. The temperature WSN prototopye is presented in Figure 16 with
the website interface.
Figure 15. System architecture for indoor temperature monitoring using WSN
10. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 5, October 2019: 2389-2399
2398
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 16. (a) Website interface for indoor temperature monitoring;
(b) WSNN installed in the room; (c) Prototype
5. Conclusion
The proposed WSNN using MIFA antenna is working at the frequency band of Zigbee,
Bluetooth low energy ad Wi-fi band. The simple structure and quasi-omnidirectional, compact
size and low cost are advantages of this novel node. Besides, the planar structure, low power
consumption and multi-wireless communication technologies allow this node to be an excellent
wireless sensor network node in wireless sensor network and IoT applications. The WSNN is
tested in a real scenario giving long read-range, very low power consumption and high PER.
The limited battery lifetime challenge is solved using solar energy harvester system and store
energy as well as voltage monitoring and battery charging. This solution helps WSNN to
become an autonomous wireless sensor network node.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive feedback of this
paper. This research is funded by Hanoi University of Science and Technology under grant
number T2017-PC-108.
References
[1] SRJ Ramson, DJ Moni. Applications of wireless sensor networks—A survey. in 2017 International
Conference on Innovations in Electrical. Electronics, Instrumentation and Media Technology
(ICEEIMT). Coimbatore. 2017: 325–329.
[2] Y Liu. Wireless Sensor Network Applications in Smart Grid: Recent Trends and Challenges.
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2012; 8(9): 492819.
[3] MF Othman, K Shazali. Wireless Sensor Network Applications: A Study in Environment Monitoring
System. Procedia Engineering. 2012; 41: 1204–1210.
[4] K Bi. Design and Implementation of the ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network Based on ARM.
International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE). 2017; 13(12): 76.
[5] M Erazo et al. Design and implementation of a wireless sensor network for rose greenhouses
monitoring. in 2015 6th
International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications (ICARA),
Queenstown, New Zealand. 2015: 256–261.
[6] S Cheng. Integrated antenna solutions for wireless sensor and millimeter-wave systems. Uppsala:
Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. 2009.
[7] M Healy, T Newe, E. Lewis. Wireless Sensor Node hardware: A review. 2008: 621–624.
[8] N Pires, T Parra, AK Skrivervik, AA Moreira. Design and Measurement of a Differential Printed
Antenna for a Wireless Sensor Network Node. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.
2017; 16: 2228–2231.
[9] A Mainwaring et al. Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring. 2002: 88–97.
[10] K Piotrowski, P Langendoerfer, S Peter. How public key cryptography influences wireless sensor
node lifetime. in Proceedings of the fourth ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor
networks -SASN ’06. Alexandria, Virginia, USA. 2006:169.
11. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
A novel autonomous wireless sensor node for IoT applications... (Minh Thuy Le)
2399
[11] M Maurya, SR Shukla. Current wireless sensor nodes (Motes): Performance metrics and constraints.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering. 2013;
2(1): 045.
[12] CA Balanis. Antenna theory: analysis and design, Fourth edition. Hoboken. NJ: Wiley. 2016.
[13] C Soras, M Karaboikis, G Tsachtsiris, V Makios. Analysis and design of an inverted-F antenna
printed on a PCMCIA card for the 2.4 GHz ISM band. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.
2002; 44(1): 37–44.
[14] J-T Huang, J-H Shiao, J-M Wu. A Miniaturized Hilbert Inverted-F Antenna for Wireless Sensor
Network Applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2010; 58(9): 3100–3103.
[15] MZ Azad, M Ali. A Miniature Implanted Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application. IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation. 2009; 57(6): 1854–1858.
[16] M-C Huynh, W Stutzman. Ground plane effects on planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) performance.
IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. 2003; 150(4): 209.
[17] SS Holland. Miniaturization of microstrip patch antennas for GPS applications. 2008.
[18] R Kumar, JP Shinde, MD Uplane. Effect of slots in ground plane and patch on microstrip antenna
performance. International journal of recent trends in engineering. 2009; 2(6): 34–36.
[19] M Fallahpour, R Zoughi. Antenna Miniaturization Techniques: A Review of Topology-and
Material-Based Methods. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. 2018; 60(1): 38–50.
[20] D Upadhyay, RP Dwivedi. Antenna miniaturization techniques for wireless applications. in 2014
Eleventh International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN),
Vijayawada, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2014: 1–4.
[21] M Ma, K Deng. The study and implementation of meander line antenna for an integrated transceiver
design. PhD Thesis, Master Thesis in Electronics/Telecommunications. 2010.
[22] Document online: micaz datasheet, http://www.memsic.com.
[23] Document online: telosb datasheet, http://www.memsic.com.
[24] Document online: Lotus datasheet, https://www.memsic.com.
[25] Document online: Iris datasheet, http://www.memsic.com.