We report the discovery of a large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland. From airborne radar surveys, we identify a 31-kilometer-wide, circular bedrock depression beneath up to a kilometer of ice. This depression has an elevated rim that cross-cuts tributary subglacial channels and a subdued central uplift that appears to be actively eroding. From ground investigations of the deglaciated foreland, we identify overprinted structures within Precambrian bedrock along the ice margin that strike tangent to the subglacial rim. Glaciofluvial sediment from the largest river draining the crater contains shocked quartz and other impact- related grains. Geochemical analysis of this sediment indicates that the impactor was a fractionated iron aster- oid, which must have been more than a kilometer wide to produce the identified crater. Radiostratigraphy of the ice in the crater shows that the Holocene ice is continuous and conformable, but all deeper and older ice appears to be debris rich or heavily disturbed. The age of this impact crater is presently unknown, but from our geological and geophysical evidence, we conclude that it is unlikely to predate the Pleistocene inception of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This document discusses the application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in analyzing climate change and the surrounding environment. It begins by defining key terms related to climate, climate change, and RS and GIS. It then highlights several areas where RS and GIS have been applied, including glacier monitoring, vegetation change monitoring, and carbon trace/accounting. Studies are discussed that use RS and GIS to monitor glacier retreat, snow depth, land cover change, and above-ground carbon stocks. The document concludes that RS and GIS play a crucial role in understanding and managing climate change by providing important spatial data and enabling the monitoring of environmental changes over time.
Paleofluvial mega canyon_beneath_the_central_greenland_ice_sheetSérgio Sacani
1) Researchers have discovered a 750-km long subglacial canyon beneath the central Greenland ice sheet using ice-penetrating radar data.
2) The canyon has a depth of up to 800 m and width of up to 10 km near the coast, and likely influenced basal water flow beneath the ice sheet over past glacial cycles.
3) Modeling of hydraulic potential suggests the canyon provided a pathway for subglacial water flow both before and during ice sheet formation, influencing the basal hydrology of northern Greenland.
This document discusses different types of maps used in geology, including topographic maps, geologic maps, and subsurface maps. Topographic maps use contour lines to represent elevation changes on the earth's surface. Geologic maps represent the distribution of rock layers at the surface and include symbols to indicate strike and dip. Subsurface maps can be structural maps showing the elevation of subsurface rock layers, isopach maps showing thickness changes, or percentage maps. GPS technology is used to accurately locate points on maps.
The surface of Pluto is more geologically diverse and dynamic than had been expected,
but the role of its tenuous atmosphere in shaping the landscape remains unclear. We
describe observations from the New Horizons spacecraft of regularly spaced, linear ridges
whose morphology, distribution, and orientation are consistent with being transverse
dunes. These are located close to mountainous regions and are orthogonal to nearby wind
streaks. We demonstrate that the wavelength of the dunes (~0.4 to 1 kilometer) is best
explained by the deposition of sand-sized (~200 to ~300 micrometer) particles of methane
ice in moderate winds (<10 meters per second). The undisturbed morphology of the dunes,
and relationships with the underlying convective glacial ice, imply that the dunes have
formed in the very recent geological past.
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
Deprem Verilerinin H/V Oranının Mevsimsel Değişimi Ali Osman Öncel
H/V oranının zaman içinde değişimi konusu bana oldukça ilginç gelmişti ve bu tür bir çalışma yapıldı mı sorusunu netleştirmek için araştırma yaptım ve 2021 yılında bu konuda GJI gibi bir dergide yayınlanmış bir çalışma buldum. Bu çalışma oldukça iyi bir referans H/V çalışmaları için. Önemli referans düşünceler şöyle; 1) Mevsimsel olarak yağışa bağlı olarak yeraltı kaynaklarında ki azalma ve yükselmeye bağlı olarak H/V yükseliyor, 2) H/V pik değerleri kaya zemin üzerinde yaklaşık BİR (1) oranında seyreder ve PİK vermezken, kaya zeminden uzaklaşıldıkça zemin etkisi ile PİK değerleri değişir, 3) Deprem ve Gürültü sinyallerinden hesap edilen F(PİK) nerede ise sabitken, H/V oranları %10 değişir, 4) M6.8 büyüklüğünde meydana gelen bir deprem H/V değişimlerini etkiler.
Yapılan çalışmada kullanılan yaklaşım SESAME (2004) kriterlerine uygun olarak 1) 60 dakikalık veriler analizi, 2) 1000 günden fazla gözlem süresi 3) 10'dan fazla farklı zeminlerde istasyon 4) 60 dakikalık birbirinden ayrı verilerin analiz edilmesi. Oldukça emek yoğun bir çalışma
This document provides an introduction and overview of a Solid Earth Geophysics course. It outlines the course details like instructor information, schedule, syllabus, grading, and assignments. It also gives a brief history of knowledge about Earth's interior over time. Seismology and drilling programs have provided insights into the internal structure through analyzing seismic wave speeds and bringing up material from depth. Body waves and surface waves help reveal properties of different layers. Temperature and pressure increase with depth due to overlying rock.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This document discusses the application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in analyzing climate change and the surrounding environment. It begins by defining key terms related to climate, climate change, and RS and GIS. It then highlights several areas where RS and GIS have been applied, including glacier monitoring, vegetation change monitoring, and carbon trace/accounting. Studies are discussed that use RS and GIS to monitor glacier retreat, snow depth, land cover change, and above-ground carbon stocks. The document concludes that RS and GIS play a crucial role in understanding and managing climate change by providing important spatial data and enabling the monitoring of environmental changes over time.
Paleofluvial mega canyon_beneath_the_central_greenland_ice_sheetSérgio Sacani
1) Researchers have discovered a 750-km long subglacial canyon beneath the central Greenland ice sheet using ice-penetrating radar data.
2) The canyon has a depth of up to 800 m and width of up to 10 km near the coast, and likely influenced basal water flow beneath the ice sheet over past glacial cycles.
3) Modeling of hydraulic potential suggests the canyon provided a pathway for subglacial water flow both before and during ice sheet formation, influencing the basal hydrology of northern Greenland.
This document discusses different types of maps used in geology, including topographic maps, geologic maps, and subsurface maps. Topographic maps use contour lines to represent elevation changes on the earth's surface. Geologic maps represent the distribution of rock layers at the surface and include symbols to indicate strike and dip. Subsurface maps can be structural maps showing the elevation of subsurface rock layers, isopach maps showing thickness changes, or percentage maps. GPS technology is used to accurately locate points on maps.
The surface of Pluto is more geologically diverse and dynamic than had been expected,
but the role of its tenuous atmosphere in shaping the landscape remains unclear. We
describe observations from the New Horizons spacecraft of regularly spaced, linear ridges
whose morphology, distribution, and orientation are consistent with being transverse
dunes. These are located close to mountainous regions and are orthogonal to nearby wind
streaks. We demonstrate that the wavelength of the dunes (~0.4 to 1 kilometer) is best
explained by the deposition of sand-sized (~200 to ~300 micrometer) particles of methane
ice in moderate winds (<10 meters per second). The undisturbed morphology of the dunes,
and relationships with the underlying convective glacial ice, imply that the dunes have
formed in the very recent geological past.
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
Deprem Verilerinin H/V Oranının Mevsimsel Değişimi Ali Osman Öncel
H/V oranının zaman içinde değişimi konusu bana oldukça ilginç gelmişti ve bu tür bir çalışma yapıldı mı sorusunu netleştirmek için araştırma yaptım ve 2021 yılında bu konuda GJI gibi bir dergide yayınlanmış bir çalışma buldum. Bu çalışma oldukça iyi bir referans H/V çalışmaları için. Önemli referans düşünceler şöyle; 1) Mevsimsel olarak yağışa bağlı olarak yeraltı kaynaklarında ki azalma ve yükselmeye bağlı olarak H/V yükseliyor, 2) H/V pik değerleri kaya zemin üzerinde yaklaşık BİR (1) oranında seyreder ve PİK vermezken, kaya zeminden uzaklaşıldıkça zemin etkisi ile PİK değerleri değişir, 3) Deprem ve Gürültü sinyallerinden hesap edilen F(PİK) nerede ise sabitken, H/V oranları %10 değişir, 4) M6.8 büyüklüğünde meydana gelen bir deprem H/V değişimlerini etkiler.
Yapılan çalışmada kullanılan yaklaşım SESAME (2004) kriterlerine uygun olarak 1) 60 dakikalık veriler analizi, 2) 1000 günden fazla gözlem süresi 3) 10'dan fazla farklı zeminlerde istasyon 4) 60 dakikalık birbirinden ayrı verilerin analiz edilmesi. Oldukça emek yoğun bir çalışma
This document provides an introduction and overview of a Solid Earth Geophysics course. It outlines the course details like instructor information, schedule, syllabus, grading, and assignments. It also gives a brief history of knowledge about Earth's interior over time. Seismology and drilling programs have provided insights into the internal structure through analyzing seismic wave speeds and bringing up material from depth. Body waves and surface waves help reveal properties of different layers. Temperature and pressure increase with depth due to overlying rock.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document presents a study on glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the upper Kosi catchment region of Nepal. The objectives are to create land use/land cover maps, map glaciers and proglacial lakes from 1989, 2001, and 2010 using satellite imagery, and analyze the temporal variation and relationship between glaciers and proglacial lakes. Landsat, LISS-3, LISS-4, and Cartosat data will be used. The anticipated results are temporal variation in glaciers and proglacial lakes over the study period, and determining the relationship between proglacial lake formation and glacier shrinkage.
This document analyzes the peculiar characteristics of fragmentation in two glaciers located in the Chenab River basin of the Western Himalayas in India. While tributary glaciers typically retreat faster than main trunk glaciers, in these two cases the main trunk glaciers have retreated more than the tributaries. The document examines parameters like accumulation area ratio, snow line altitude, debris coverage, and area-altitude distribution to understand why the tributaries have been more stable. It finds that the tributaries have higher accumulation area ratios and more of their area located at higher elevations, making them less susceptible to retreat than the main trunk glaciers.
This document summarizes a study that used gravity data to delineate underground structure in the Beppu geothermal field in Japan. Analysis of Bouguer anomaly maps revealed high anomalies in the southern and northern parts of the study area that correspond to known geological formations. Edge detection filtering of the gravity data helped identify subsurface faults, including the northern edge of the high southern anomaly corresponding to the Asamigawa Fault. Depth modeling of the gravity basement showed differences between the southern and northern hot spring areas, with steep basement slopes along faults in the south and uplifted basement in the north.
1) Long-term ocean bottom seismograph observations in the Marmara Sea identified changes in seismic activity and fault geometry along the Main Marmara Fault.
2) The maximum focal depth was 26 km beneath the Western High, but events were confined to the upper crust further east.
3) An abrupt change in fault dip and the depth of the seismogenic zone indicates a segment boundary beneath the Central Basin.
4) Seismicity locates beneath the sedimentary basement. Inactive zones within the upper crust may indicate locked sections accumulating stress.
Geophysical exploration uses physical methods to measure subsurface properties without sampling. It includes passive methods that measure natural fields like gravity and magnetism, and active methods using artificial sources like seismic surveys. Seismic surveys involve generating seismic waves, including faster P-waves and slower S-waves, from sources like explosions. These waves travel through and reflect off subsurface interfaces to reveal information about geological structures and detect hydrocarbon deposits like oil and gas. Geophysical surveys are a low-cost exploration technique used to find new reserves and guide further exploration activities.
Hydrocarbon potential of the Borno Basin through Electrofacies and depositional environment analysis was carried out from well log and seismic reflection data to reassess the potential of the Basin thereby justifying the huge financial commitment of the Government. The reflection configuration pattern from the seismic reflection lines is characterized by variation from parallel, continuous and strong amplitude to sub parallel, chaotic discontinuous and low amplitude which indicate a variation from a low energy basinal setting of uniform rate of continental deposition to high energy environment of monolithologic deposits. Furthermore, the derivable log signatures shows a variation from serrated mud/sand to serrated blocky to serrated funnel and bell shapes with depth. This imply a stable massive mud/sand rich basinwide environment to an upward regressive sequence of bar deposit followed by a deltaic estuarine clastic sediment to gradual upward transgressive decrease in grain size to a fluvial point bar deposit. These environments identified from the research are known to be hydrocarbon province.
A large-scale magnetic survey was conducted over 60,000 square meters in the archaeological area of Makrygialos, Greece. The survey aimed to map archaeological features before construction destroyed parts of the site. Magnetic anomalies revealed a system of three curvilinear ditches dating to the Neolithic period. Spectral analysis of magnetic data identified magnetic sources at depths of 0.35, 2.5, and 6.7 meters, correlating with archaeological evidence of ditches and disturbed soil layers. Geophysical prospecting effectively mapped a large portion of the site before its destruction, providing valuable information for future study.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
This document discusses reservoir geophysics and geology. It begins with an introduction to geophysics, noting that most rocks are opaque so geophysics uses physics to obtain "geophysical images" of the subsurface based on properties like density, magnetism, conductivity, and velocity. It discusses using natural fields like gravity and magnetics to measure subsurface variations at a regional scale. Later sections discuss seismic reflection methods, potential field applications in mapping geology, and benefits of 3D seismic over 2D in providing better geological models. The document provides an overview of key concepts in reservoir geophysics and geology.
This study presents a comprehensive digital mosaic of ice motion across Antarctica assembled from satellite radar data. The data reveal widespread, patterned, enhanced flow of tributary glaciers reaching hundreds to thousands of kilometers inland over the entire continent. This emphasizes the importance of basal-slip dominated tributary flow over deformation-dominated ice sheet flow, redefining our understanding of ice sheet dynamics. The extensive network of fast-flowing tributaries challenges prior views of ice sheet flow and implies a tighter connection between coastal and interior ice flow than previously thought.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, with an average diameter of about 7,918 miles. It has one moon and rotates around its tilted axis once every 24 hours. Earth is unique among the planets in that its name does not come from mythology but from old English. Various instruments like satellites, sonar, and airborne sensors have helped map and monitor Earth's climate, geology, water, and life over time.
Marmara ve İstanbul için ayrı ayrı 2 senaryo yapılmış. Coulomb Stress etkisi önemli ölçüde deprem olasılığını yükseltiyor. Özellikle, KAFZ boyunca meydana gelen depremlerin yüzey kırıklarının Dünya'da ki benzer büyük depremlerin yüzey kırıklarından oldukça farklı ve büyük.
Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Northern Paiko Area. ...iosrjce
This paper titled Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Southern Paiko Area.
Niger State, Nigeria, employs the service of seismic refraction survey method. A twelve-channel seistronix was
used for the data collection. The profiles were marked at 100 m intervals, while the profiles lines traversed
1000 m (1km). A Total of 44 spreads were shot. Data were collected, Time – distance (T-S) graphs were plotted
using matrix laboratory software, velocities of the underlying layers obtained and depths to the refractor layer
computed and geologic cross sections were obtained. The results obtained gave an overview of the lateral
variation in the lithological changes of the subsurface earth materials in the surveyed area. The basement
surface varied in depth, from 10.16 m to a maximum of 14.80 m. weathered layer velocities ranging from 809
m/s to 3612 m/s and consolidated layer velocities varying between 2858 m/s to 9696 m/s. Four shot points were
delineated as aquifer potentials of the area having depth to refractor varying between 13.70 m and 14.80 m with
overburden velocities ranging from 1940 m/s to 3462 m/s. The rock materials identified in the surveyed area are
chiefly sand, saturated clay, gravel, gneiss, igneous rock and granite.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
This 3D seismic survey was conducted over a coal mine reserve area to better define a geologic structure that could adversely impact longwall mining. The survey revealed an abrupt change in coal seam elevation, or "roll", that trends south into the reserve area before turning southeast. It also identified a deeper geologic structure beneath the roll that seismic time-slice sections suggest is a paleochannel meandering in a similar direction to the roll. Integrating borehole and seismic data using computer modeling, 3D block diagrams were generated showing the steep slope on the west flank of the roll that gradually decreases as it turns southeast. The high-resolution 3D seismic data provided valuable subsurface information to mine engineers for longwall panel development planning
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
Glacier changes and climate trends derived from multiple sources in the data ...InfoAndina CONDESAN
The document summarizes research on glacier changes and climate trends in the Cordillera Vilcanota region of southern Peru using data from multiple sources. Analysis of satellite images and glacier inventories from 1962-2006 found a loss of about 30% of glacier area and 45% of glacier volume over this period, with most of the loss occurring since 1985. Climate data showed a moderate increase in air temperature but weak and inconsistent precipitation trends, which alone could not explain the substantial ice loss. The researchers conclude that an likely increase in specific humidity in the upper troposphere, where the glaciers are located, played a major role in the large ice loss over recent decades in this data-scarce region.
This document discusses various geophysical investigation methods used to study subsurface geology. It describes electrical resistivity, seismic refraction, gravity and magnetic methods. Electrical resistivity involves measuring resistivity variations to interpret subsurface rock types and structures. Seismic refraction uses the refraction of seismic waves to determine depth to subsurface layers. Gravity and magnetic methods detect density and susceptibility anomalies respectively to locate subsurface bodies. Geophysical methods provide quick, economical and multi-purpose subsurface exploration without drilling.
1) The study mapped an area in southern Margaritifer Terra, Mars containing 5 large impact craters to understand the geologic history and role of water.
2) The craters showed evidence of alluvial fans, aeolian deposits, and fluvial erosion indicating water once flowed on the surface. Older fans within Crater 1 suggest the presence of an ancient lake.
3) Overall, the features revealed the area experienced impact cratering, mass wasting, and fluvial erosion and deposition from water in the past like rainfall, snowmelt, or groundwater. Mapping helped decipher the complex geologic processes that shaped the landscape over time.
Monitoring surface deformation combining optical and radar sentinel data gsg ...Pavlos Krassakis
This document discusses monitoring surface deformation in New Zealand caused by a large 2016 earthquake using optical and radar satellite data. It combines differential interferometry (DInSAR) using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and offset tracking (OT) to map displacement. DInSAR showed line-of-sight movement while OT mapped movements in east-west and north-south directions. Combining these techniques provided a more complete picture of the complex surface deformation than either method alone. The analysis demonstrated the potential of using multiple earth observation tools to study earthquake impacts.
This document presents a study on glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the upper Kosi catchment region of Nepal. The objectives are to create land use/land cover maps, map glaciers and proglacial lakes from 1989, 2001, and 2010 using satellite imagery, and analyze the temporal variation and relationship between glaciers and proglacial lakes. Landsat, LISS-3, LISS-4, and Cartosat data will be used. The anticipated results are temporal variation in glaciers and proglacial lakes over the study period, and determining the relationship between proglacial lake formation and glacier shrinkage.
This document analyzes the peculiar characteristics of fragmentation in two glaciers located in the Chenab River basin of the Western Himalayas in India. While tributary glaciers typically retreat faster than main trunk glaciers, in these two cases the main trunk glaciers have retreated more than the tributaries. The document examines parameters like accumulation area ratio, snow line altitude, debris coverage, and area-altitude distribution to understand why the tributaries have been more stable. It finds that the tributaries have higher accumulation area ratios and more of their area located at higher elevations, making them less susceptible to retreat than the main trunk glaciers.
This document summarizes a study that used gravity data to delineate underground structure in the Beppu geothermal field in Japan. Analysis of Bouguer anomaly maps revealed high anomalies in the southern and northern parts of the study area that correspond to known geological formations. Edge detection filtering of the gravity data helped identify subsurface faults, including the northern edge of the high southern anomaly corresponding to the Asamigawa Fault. Depth modeling of the gravity basement showed differences between the southern and northern hot spring areas, with steep basement slopes along faults in the south and uplifted basement in the north.
1) Long-term ocean bottom seismograph observations in the Marmara Sea identified changes in seismic activity and fault geometry along the Main Marmara Fault.
2) The maximum focal depth was 26 km beneath the Western High, but events were confined to the upper crust further east.
3) An abrupt change in fault dip and the depth of the seismogenic zone indicates a segment boundary beneath the Central Basin.
4) Seismicity locates beneath the sedimentary basement. Inactive zones within the upper crust may indicate locked sections accumulating stress.
Geophysical exploration uses physical methods to measure subsurface properties without sampling. It includes passive methods that measure natural fields like gravity and magnetism, and active methods using artificial sources like seismic surveys. Seismic surveys involve generating seismic waves, including faster P-waves and slower S-waves, from sources like explosions. These waves travel through and reflect off subsurface interfaces to reveal information about geological structures and detect hydrocarbon deposits like oil and gas. Geophysical surveys are a low-cost exploration technique used to find new reserves and guide further exploration activities.
Hydrocarbon potential of the Borno Basin through Electrofacies and depositional environment analysis was carried out from well log and seismic reflection data to reassess the potential of the Basin thereby justifying the huge financial commitment of the Government. The reflection configuration pattern from the seismic reflection lines is characterized by variation from parallel, continuous and strong amplitude to sub parallel, chaotic discontinuous and low amplitude which indicate a variation from a low energy basinal setting of uniform rate of continental deposition to high energy environment of monolithologic deposits. Furthermore, the derivable log signatures shows a variation from serrated mud/sand to serrated blocky to serrated funnel and bell shapes with depth. This imply a stable massive mud/sand rich basinwide environment to an upward regressive sequence of bar deposit followed by a deltaic estuarine clastic sediment to gradual upward transgressive decrease in grain size to a fluvial point bar deposit. These environments identified from the research are known to be hydrocarbon province.
A large-scale magnetic survey was conducted over 60,000 square meters in the archaeological area of Makrygialos, Greece. The survey aimed to map archaeological features before construction destroyed parts of the site. Magnetic anomalies revealed a system of three curvilinear ditches dating to the Neolithic period. Spectral analysis of magnetic data identified magnetic sources at depths of 0.35, 2.5, and 6.7 meters, correlating with archaeological evidence of ditches and disturbed soil layers. Geophysical prospecting effectively mapped a large portion of the site before its destruction, providing valuable information for future study.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
This document discusses reservoir geophysics and geology. It begins with an introduction to geophysics, noting that most rocks are opaque so geophysics uses physics to obtain "geophysical images" of the subsurface based on properties like density, magnetism, conductivity, and velocity. It discusses using natural fields like gravity and magnetics to measure subsurface variations at a regional scale. Later sections discuss seismic reflection methods, potential field applications in mapping geology, and benefits of 3D seismic over 2D in providing better geological models. The document provides an overview of key concepts in reservoir geophysics and geology.
This study presents a comprehensive digital mosaic of ice motion across Antarctica assembled from satellite radar data. The data reveal widespread, patterned, enhanced flow of tributary glaciers reaching hundreds to thousands of kilometers inland over the entire continent. This emphasizes the importance of basal-slip dominated tributary flow over deformation-dominated ice sheet flow, redefining our understanding of ice sheet dynamics. The extensive network of fast-flowing tributaries challenges prior views of ice sheet flow and implies a tighter connection between coastal and interior ice flow than previously thought.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, with an average diameter of about 7,918 miles. It has one moon and rotates around its tilted axis once every 24 hours. Earth is unique among the planets in that its name does not come from mythology but from old English. Various instruments like satellites, sonar, and airborne sensors have helped map and monitor Earth's climate, geology, water, and life over time.
Marmara ve İstanbul için ayrı ayrı 2 senaryo yapılmış. Coulomb Stress etkisi önemli ölçüde deprem olasılığını yükseltiyor. Özellikle, KAFZ boyunca meydana gelen depremlerin yüzey kırıklarının Dünya'da ki benzer büyük depremlerin yüzey kırıklarından oldukça farklı ve büyük.
Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Northern Paiko Area. ...iosrjce
This paper titled Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Southern Paiko Area.
Niger State, Nigeria, employs the service of seismic refraction survey method. A twelve-channel seistronix was
used for the data collection. The profiles were marked at 100 m intervals, while the profiles lines traversed
1000 m (1km). A Total of 44 spreads were shot. Data were collected, Time – distance (T-S) graphs were plotted
using matrix laboratory software, velocities of the underlying layers obtained and depths to the refractor layer
computed and geologic cross sections were obtained. The results obtained gave an overview of the lateral
variation in the lithological changes of the subsurface earth materials in the surveyed area. The basement
surface varied in depth, from 10.16 m to a maximum of 14.80 m. weathered layer velocities ranging from 809
m/s to 3612 m/s and consolidated layer velocities varying between 2858 m/s to 9696 m/s. Four shot points were
delineated as aquifer potentials of the area having depth to refractor varying between 13.70 m and 14.80 m with
overburden velocities ranging from 1940 m/s to 3462 m/s. The rock materials identified in the surveyed area are
chiefly sand, saturated clay, gravel, gneiss, igneous rock and granite.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
This 3D seismic survey was conducted over a coal mine reserve area to better define a geologic structure that could adversely impact longwall mining. The survey revealed an abrupt change in coal seam elevation, or "roll", that trends south into the reserve area before turning southeast. It also identified a deeper geologic structure beneath the roll that seismic time-slice sections suggest is a paleochannel meandering in a similar direction to the roll. Integrating borehole and seismic data using computer modeling, 3D block diagrams were generated showing the steep slope on the west flank of the roll that gradually decreases as it turns southeast. The high-resolution 3D seismic data provided valuable subsurface information to mine engineers for longwall panel development planning
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
Glacier changes and climate trends derived from multiple sources in the data ...InfoAndina CONDESAN
The document summarizes research on glacier changes and climate trends in the Cordillera Vilcanota region of southern Peru using data from multiple sources. Analysis of satellite images and glacier inventories from 1962-2006 found a loss of about 30% of glacier area and 45% of glacier volume over this period, with most of the loss occurring since 1985. Climate data showed a moderate increase in air temperature but weak and inconsistent precipitation trends, which alone could not explain the substantial ice loss. The researchers conclude that an likely increase in specific humidity in the upper troposphere, where the glaciers are located, played a major role in the large ice loss over recent decades in this data-scarce region.
This document discusses various geophysical investigation methods used to study subsurface geology. It describes electrical resistivity, seismic refraction, gravity and magnetic methods. Electrical resistivity involves measuring resistivity variations to interpret subsurface rock types and structures. Seismic refraction uses the refraction of seismic waves to determine depth to subsurface layers. Gravity and magnetic methods detect density and susceptibility anomalies respectively to locate subsurface bodies. Geophysical methods provide quick, economical and multi-purpose subsurface exploration without drilling.
1) The study mapped an area in southern Margaritifer Terra, Mars containing 5 large impact craters to understand the geologic history and role of water.
2) The craters showed evidence of alluvial fans, aeolian deposits, and fluvial erosion indicating water once flowed on the surface. Older fans within Crater 1 suggest the presence of an ancient lake.
3) Overall, the features revealed the area experienced impact cratering, mass wasting, and fluvial erosion and deposition from water in the past like rainfall, snowmelt, or groundwater. Mapping helped decipher the complex geologic processes that shaped the landscape over time.
Monitoring surface deformation combining optical and radar sentinel data gsg ...Pavlos Krassakis
This document discusses monitoring surface deformation in New Zealand caused by a large 2016 earthquake using optical and radar satellite data. It combines differential interferometry (DInSAR) using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and offset tracking (OT) to map displacement. DInSAR showed line-of-sight movement while OT mapped movements in east-west and north-south directions. Combining these techniques provided a more complete picture of the complex surface deformation than either method alone. The analysis demonstrated the potential of using multiple earth observation tools to study earthquake impacts.
These 7 expeditions could reveal some of earth's biggest secrets in 2019HaulTail
Three major expeditions planned for 2019 will reveal secrets about our changing planet:
1) Over 100 scientists will study the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica, a key indicator of rising sea levels, to understand how quickly ice mass is changing.
2) The ICESat-2 satellite will produce highly detailed maps of polar ice thickness down to 0.2 inches, helping track melting from year to year.
3) Scientists will drill into the seismically active Nankai Trough off Japan to sample the fault and better understand what triggers large earthquakes.
Antarctic climate history and global climate changesPontus Lurcock
Antarctic climate changes have been reconstructed from ice and sediment cores and numerical models (which also predict future changes). Major ice sheets first appeared 34 million years ago (Ma) and fluctuated throughout the Oligocene, with an overall cooling trend. Ice volume more than doubled at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Fluctuating Miocene temperatures peaked at 17–14 Ma, followed by dramatic cooling. Cooling continued through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with another major glacial expansion at 3–2 Ma. Several interacting drivers control Antarctic climate. On timescales of 10,000–100,000 years, insolation varies with orbital cycles, causing periodic climate variations. Opening of Southern Ocean gateways produced a circumpolar current that thermally isolated Antarctica. Declining atmospheric CO2 triggered Cenozoic glaciation. Antarctic glaciations affect global climate by lowering sea level, intensifying atmospheric circulation, and increasing planetary albedo. Ice sheets interact with ocean water, forming water masses that play a key role in global ocean circulation.
This study analyzed observed sea ice trends from 1980-2008 to evaluate regional variations and identify optimal climate models. Key findings:
1) Winter sea ice extent in the Atlantic region declined significantly faster than other regions, at a rate of 8.6% per decade.
2) A lead-lag analysis found warmer Atlantic Ocean temperatures were associated with reduced winter sea ice extent in that region.
3) Thirteen climate models were evaluated based on their ability to hindcast observed pan-Arctic and regional sea ice trends. The best performing models were selected to project future sea ice changes.
4) Projections from the selected models suggest reduced sea ice cover along the Northwest and Northeast Passages, with potential
The document discusses the ICESat-2 satellite mission and its measurements of the Greenland ice sheet. It provides details on the satellite's measurement concept including its laser configuration, orbit, and performance since launch. It summarizes the satellite's current status and projected mission lifetime. It also discusses various data products and access methods. Finally, it highlights some findings from the mission regarding mass changes and thinning of the Greenland ice sheet.
The document provides information on the Future of Greenland ice Sheet Science (FOGSS) mission. It describes the measurement concept of the mission including 3-km spacing between laser pairs, 90-m pair spacing for slope determination, and use of high-energy beams. It also discusses the orbit and repeat track design of the mission including an altitude of 500 km, coverage from 88S to 88N, and a 91-day revisit time. Finally, it provides an outlook on the mission lifetime noting the instrument components are performing well and the main limiting factor is projected to be fuel, extending the mission until around 2037.
This document provides an overview of atmospheric research that will be conducted during the year-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. It discusses how the MOSAiC expedition will improve understanding of Arctic energy budget, clouds, aerosols, surface exchange processes, and provide unmanned aircraft observations of the polar atmosphere. The last section emphasizes that MOSAiC will be a significant advance in knowledge of interactions between sea ice, ocean, atmosphere, and ecosystem in the rapidly changing Arctic environment, and help improve predictions of future conditions and effects on climate and weather.
From the Arctic to the Tropics: The U.S. UNCLOS Bathymetric Mapping ProgramLarry Mayer
Since CHC2006, the University of New Hampshire’s Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center has mapped with multibeam, the bathymetry of an additional ~220,000 km2 of seafloor in areas as diverse as the Arctic, the Northern Marianas of the western Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. The mapping supports any potential U.S. submission for of extended continental shelves under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Consequently, the mapping has concentrated on capturing the complete extent of the 2500-m isobath and the zone where the Article 76-defined foot of the slope exists. In practice, the complete area between ~1500 and ~4500 m water depths is mapped in each region (with the exception of the Arctic Ocean). The data have been collected in conditions that range from harsh Arctic sea ice to the calms of the Philippine Sea tropics. Although, some of the conditions have limited the quality of some of the data, the data quality is generally quite good and geological surprises have been uncovered on each of the cruises.
WE1.L09 - AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESDYNI MISSIONgrssieee
The DESDynI mission is an upcoming NASA/JPL satellite mission that will use L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and multibeam lidar instruments to study ice sheet dynamics, ecosystems, carbon cycling, and natural hazards. The mission aims to launch in October 2017 for a 3-year mission. Key science goals include improving understanding of ice sheet behavior and sea level rise, measuring global forest biomass and carbon fluxes, and mapping earthquake and volcanic deformation. Airborne simulators like UAVSAR and LVIS are currently being used to develop and test DESDynI measurement techniques.
The MOSAiC expedition will conduct the first year-long drift through the central Arctic while frozen into sea ice. Over 500 people from over 20 countries will work on the expedition to study the Arctic climate. The research icebreaker Polarstern will drift with the ice for a full year starting in September 2019, accompanied by other icebreakers and research aircraft at different times. The multidisciplinary research will improve understanding of Arctic climate processes, feedbacks, and linkages to lower latitudes to advance climate models and projections of future Arctic and global climate change.
The document discusses satellite radar altimeter measurements of elevation changes in the Larsen Ice Shelf between 1992 and 2001. It finds that the ice shelf lowered by up to 0.27 meters per year on average. This thinning is explained by increased summer meltwater and loss of basal ice through melting. Enhanced ocean-driven melting may provide a link between regional climate warming and the successive breakup of sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf. Testing rules out other potential causes of thinning like changes in sea level, ocean density, or surface accumulation. The long-term thinning observed suggests meltwater production alone does not account for the lowering, indicating additional thinning mechanisms are also involved.
1) Scientists discovered a massive subsurface ice layer beneath an area of intermittent melt pond formation on the Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
2) The ice layer is at least 16 km across, several km long, and tens of meters deep. It consists of two units - an upper solid ice unit formed from refreezing of ponded water, and a lower infiltration ice unit formed from refreezing of meltwater that percolated into dense firn.
3) Analysis of borehole data, firn modeling, and satellite images indicates the ice layer formed in response to intense surface melting and pond formation between 2001-2009, and is likely warmer and denser than ice in areas without such melting
Northern larsen ice shelf Antarctica: further retreat after collapseSimoneBoccuccia
This document discusses changes to glaciers and ice shelves in northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica after the collapse of parts of the ice shelf in 1995. It finds that large glaciers retreated several kilometers inland from their previous grounding lines after losing the back pressure from the ice shelves. Interferometry showed the main glacier in the area, Drygalski Glacier, accelerated its flow speed up to three times over 4 years after ice shelf collapse. Other grounded glaciers also saw accelerations, suggesting ice shelf collapse could contribute to sea level rise. The document also documents further retreat of Larsen B ice shelf through October 2000.
Modern water at low latitudes on Mars: Potential evidence from dune surfacesSérgio Sacani
Landforms on the Martian surface are critical to understanding the nature of surface processes in the recent
past. However, modern hydroclimatic conditions on Mars remain enigmatic, as explanations for the formation
of observed landforms are ambiguous. We report crusts, cracks, aggregates, and bright polygonal ridges on the
surfaces of hydrated salt-rich dunes of southern Utopia Planitia (~25°N) from in situ exploration by the Zhurong
rover. These surface features were inferred to form after 1.4 to 0.4 million years ago. Wind and CO2 frost processes can be ruled out as potential mechanisms. Instead, involvement of saline water from thawed frost/snow is
the most likely cause. This discovery sheds light on more humid conditions of the modern Martian climate and
provides critical clues to future exploration missions searching for signs of extant life, particularly at low latitudes with comparatively warmer, more amenable surface temperatures.
This is a pdf. due to file size we are not able to upload the PowerPoint presentation you can email info@thecccw.org.uk for a copy which includes video clips
1) The document discusses the Wilson Cycle of plate tectonics as it relates to the opening of the North Atlantic and Norwegian-Greenland Sea. It describes the stages of continental rifting, ocean spreading, and continental collision over multiple cycles from the Precambrian to present.
2) Fracture zones that formed during earlier tectonic phases were reactivated and controlled sediment entry points, hydrocarbon migration, and structural traps during the breakup of Pangea and opening of the North and Norwegian-Greenland Seas.
3) Asymmetric continental margins developed along Greenland and Norway, with the Greenland margin exhibiting more complex structure and a wider continental shelf as the lower plate during rift
Origin and interiors of the earth LECTURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWINGSafiullah Khan
This document provides an overview of engineering geology and the interior structure of Earth. It discusses:
- Engineering geology as the application of geology to civil engineering projects.
- The interior structure of Earth, including the crust, mantle (with upper, lower, and outer layers), liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Theories for the origin of Earth, including the nebular hypothesis of Kant and Laplace where Earth formed from a contracting gas cloud/nebula around the sun.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
Similar to A large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland (20)
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...Sérgio Sacani
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...Sérgio Sacani
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation
typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative
civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is
often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing
the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence
that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern
plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated
emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans
are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution
of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox
(1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets
with significant continents and oceans) and fpt
(the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant
continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by
demonstrating that the product of foc
and fpt
is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack
of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on
exoplanets with primitive life.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on EarthSérgio Sacani
Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. Itremains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact(MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to theaccumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, withsome of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here,we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subductioninitiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMBtemperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements inLLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications forunderstanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercont...Sérgio Sacani
Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their
adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All
life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar
radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of
years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to
mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to
plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In
~250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth’s next supercontinent,
Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea
Ultima will be extremes in pCO2 due to changes in volcanic rifting and
outgassing. Here we show that increased pCO2, solar energy (F⨀;
approximately +2.5% W m−2 greater than today) and continentality (larger
range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming
hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian
physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators)
as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals’ continued survival,
predicted background pCO2 levels of 410–816 ppm combined with increased
F⨀ will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction.
The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, pCO2 and F⨀
play a critical role in planetary habitability.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
2. Geology of Hiawatha Glacier’s foreland
We visited the margin of Hiawatha Glacier in July 2016 to map tectonic
structures in the glacier’s foreland and to sample its glaciofluvial sedi-
ment. The composition of ice-marginal erratic boulders derived from
beneath Hiawatha Glacier indicates that the identified structure was
formed within the same types of highly metamorphosed Paleoprotero-
zoic terrain as mapped across most of Inglefield Land, which is part of
the east-west–trending Inglefield mobile belt (fig. S1) (5). The complex
tectonic foliation of these ancient rock formations has no clear relation
to the present margin of the ice sheet. However, in a narrow zone along
66°W 64°W
79°N
78°30'N
D
HW21-2016
HW12-2016
HW13-2016
0 m
750 m
Height
above
ellipsoid
300 15
Kilometers
66°W 64°W
78°30'N
78°N 300 15
Kilometers
C
Catchments
Supra-
glacial
Sub-
glacial
Paleo-
channels
66°W68°W70°W
79°N
78°30'N
300 15
Kilometers
0 m/year
>40 m/year
Surface
velocity
Ice-sheet margin
B
Active basal
drainage path
0 10050
Kilometers
Smith Sound
Kane Basin
Humboldt
Glacier
Greenland
Ice Sheet
Hiawatha
Glacier
Inglefield
Land
B-D
Thule
air base
Kilometers
0 500
Greenland
Ice Sheet
Baffin Bay
Nares Strait
A
75°N
77°30'N
60°W65°W75°W 70°W80°W85°W 80°N
Fig. 1. Geomorphological and glaciological setting of Hiawatha Glacier, northwest Greenland. (A) Regional view of northwest Greenland. Inset map shows
location relative to whole of Greenland. Magenta box identifies location of (B) to (D). (B) A 5-m ArcticDEM mosaic over eastern Inglefield Land. Colors are ice surface
velocity. Blue line illustrates an active basal drainage path inferred from radargrams. (C) Hillshade surface relief based on the ArcticDEM mosaic, which illustrates
characteristics such as surface undulations. Dashed red lines are the outlines of the two subglacial paleochannels. Blue lines are catchment outlines, i.e., solid blue
line is subglacial and hatched is supraglacial. (D) Bed topography based on airborne radar sounding from 1997 to 2014 NASA data and 2016 Alfred Wegener Institute
(AWI) data. Black triangles represent elevated rim picks from the radargrams, and the dark purple circles represent peaks in the central uplift. Hatched red lines are field
measurements of the strike of ice-marginal bedrock structures. Black circles show location of the three glaciofluvial sediment samples described in table S1.
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3. the ice margin, brittle planar structures are superimposed on the
bedrock foliation, striking tangentially to the semicircular ice margin
around the subglacial circular structure, with moderate to steep outward
dips and outward-plunging slickenside lineations (Fig. 1 and fig. S1).
Hiawatha Glacier terminates in a large river that eventually
discharges into Nares Strait and is by far the most sediment-rich river
discharging from a land-terminating glacier in northwestern Greenland
(6). Photographic and satellite observations of this terminus over the
past century show that distinct active proglacial sedimentation has led
to grounding of the initially floating glacier tongue (fig. S2). In 2010, a
proglacial outwash floodplain began forming at the terminus and has
grown rapidly since (~0.65 km2
as of 12 September 2016).
Mineralogy and geochemistry of foreland
glaciofluvial sediment
Of the three glaciofluvial sediment samples we collected (table S1), only
one sample was collected directly from the active floodplain (~2 kg of
sand; HW21-2016). In this sample, we found angular quartz grains
displaying shock-diagnostic planar deformation features (PDFs)
(Fig. 2) (7). These PDFs are straight, generally penetrative, and spaced
down to less than 2 mm. Only a few are decorated by small fluid inclu-
sions, whereas toasting occurs in some grains (Fig. 3), i.e., a brown col-
oration due to intense post-shock hydrothermal alteration of the shock
lamellae (8). The orientations of 37 PDF sets in 10 quartz grains were
measured with a five-axis Leitz universal stage. Up to seven different
orientations per grain were observed, with {1013} and {1012} predom-
inating (Fig. 2) (9). This distribution is similar to the distribution ob-
served in the central uplifts of large Canadian impact structures,
where a threshold shock pressure of 16 GPa was inferred from the
presence of {1012} PDFs (10).
This glaciofluvial sediment sample contains abundant intensely
fractured and unweathered grains of detrital K-feldspar, mesoperthite,
plagioclase, quartz, sillimanite, garnet, orthopyroxene, rutile, ilmenite,
apatite, and other accessory minerals from the local bedrock. We also
found a large variety of shock-metamorphosed and glassy grains, along
with microbreccias, with sizes between 0.1 and 2 mm (Fig. 3). No larger
cobbles or boulders were present at the sampling site of HW21-2016,
and so far, none with diagnostic shock-metamorphic effects have been
recovered from elsewhere in the foreland.
Several grains consist predominantly or wholly of either glass or var-
iably devitrified glass, as inferred from optical examination and Raman
spectroscopy (Figs. 3 and 4 and Materials and Methods). Grain colors
are highly variable, ranging from almost colorless to yellow, green,
brown, and almost black; glasses with similar bulk compositions may
have widely different colors. Major element compositions of glassy
grains were determined by electron microprobe (EMP) (data file S1).
Unlike typical crustal melts, these grains generally have very low silica
contents and commonly yield low analytical totals (~80%), which may
be partly affected by poor sample polishing. However, Raman spectros-
copy indicates that the glasses with low EMP totals are hydrous and
carbon is commonly present. The presence of these elements likely
contributes to the low EMP totals. The major element compositions
are typically biotite-like (Fig. 3A), garnet-like (Fig. 3, B, G, and H), or
feldspar-like (Fig. 3, C, D, L, and N). However, these grains also include
appreciable concentrations of elements that do not occur in the respec-
tive precursor minerals, such as 2 to 5 weight % (wt %) FeO and up to
~3 wt % MgO in grains with overall feldspar-like compositions, up to
~0.6 wt %CaOingrainswithbiotite-likecompositions,and0.1to0.5wt%
K2O in grains with garnet-like compositions. Euhedral magmatic mi-
croliths of plagioclase, ternary feldspar, orthopyroxene, zoned clinopy-
roxene, or ilmenite occur in some grains. The Raman spectrum of one
glassy grain (Fig. 3A) has small mica bands on a glassy background, a
carbon band at ~1600 cm−1
, a band indicating organic C–H bonds at
~2900 cm−1
, and a band at ~3700 cm−1
from mica OH bonds (Fig. 4).
Another ellipsoidal grain has a garnet-like composition and a shrinkage
crack in the middle and is interpreted to be an intact impact melt drop-
let (Fig. 3, G and H). Raman and optical spectroscopy of this grain
shows that it consists mostly of glass, besides a broad carbon band at
~1600 cm−1
(Fig. 4). Very slender radial microliths, recognized by their
optical birefringence, are not detected in the Raman spectrum. Other
glassy grains have darker rims ~10 mm thick along one or two sides
and may be fragments of larger free-falling particles. The carbon bands
in the three spectra of Fig. 4 partly or wholly stem from carbon coating,
but similar carbon bands also occur in glasses in uncoated mounts.
These glassy grains are interpreted to be derived from impact
melting of individual biotite, garnet, and feldspar grains in the meta-
sedimentary bedrock. Their imperfect compositional overlaps with as-
sumed precursor minerals show that the grains do not represent
diaplectic glass but instead are variably contaminated mineral melts.
Only one grain might approach a bulk rock melt composition (Fig. 3,
I and J), as it is siliceous, is highly aluminous (data file S1), and has
crystallized Mg-Fe–zoned cordierite microliths besides orthopyroxene
and skeletal plagioclase. A Raman spectrum from the matrix displays
glass, besides a carbon band at ~1600 cm−1
. Bands around ~2900 cm−1
are organic C–H bonds, while the band at ~3500 cm−1
represents H2O
within the glass. Two other grains contain brown toasted quartz (11),
with abundant PDFs set in a matrix of devitrified glass with a feldspar-
like composition (Fig. 3K) and a structureless mass of carbonaceous
material, respectively (Fig. 3M). Another grain displays a shocked
quartz fragment with a ballen structure (12) set in a glassy matrix of
feldspar-like composition with evenly distributed, micaceous crystals
only a few micrometers long (Fig. 3, N and O). Microbreccias with
matrices of glass, feldspathic microliths, or carbonaceous material are
common. The grain shown in Fig. 3 (P and Q) contains fragments of
K-feldspar, plagioclase, ilmenite, and quartz in a loosely packed matrix
of feldspar microliths. Several quartz areas contain elongate, cusped
voids lined with very fine grained clayey material, which might either
belong to the sample or be remnants from polishing; the voids them-
selves are readily distinguished from artifact holes and are interpreted as
an original feature, possibly derived from partial vaporization of quartz.
Last, the ellipsoidal grain in Fig. 3 (R and S) is black, is soft, and consists
of tiny mineral fragments, mainly quartz and feldspar, embedded in a
carbonaceous matrix. Some of the mineral fragments outline imperfect
ovoid shells that may have formed when the grain was aggregated.
The association of shocked quartz grains mantled by carbonaceous
material, microbreccias with amorphous carbonaceous matrix, and
glasses with a range of mineral-like compositions is highly unusual
for confirmed impact structures, and we are unaware of any directly
comparable grain assemblages from these structures. The large mor-
phological and compositional variety of the HW21-2016 grains is un-
likely to stem from a homogenized melt sheet on a crater floor. Rather, it
probably represents components of the uppermost, unlithified part of
an impact structure, and at least a few grains are considered likely to be
ejecta (e.g., Fig. 3, G and H).
Subsamples of all three glaciofluvial sediment samples were
crushed in an agate mill and analyzed for major and trace elements,
platinum-group elements (PGEs), and Au (Materials and Methods and
data file S2). Two samples (HW12-2016 and HW13-2016) contain low
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4. concentrations of PGE, Au, and other siderophile elements that are
consistent with bulk upper continental crust, so those two samples
are believed to derive from local bedrock unaffected by the impact
(figs. S1andS3andSupplementary MaterialsandMethods).Incontrast,
every tested subsample of the same sample that contained shocked
quartz (HW21-2016) also contains elevated concentrations of Ni, Co,
Cr, PGE, and Au, indicative of a relatively rare iron meteorite. PGE data
for HW21-2016 produce prominent and consistent chondrite-normal-
ized positive Rh and negative Pt anomalies (fig. S3), and metal ratios are
unlikemosttypicalterrestrialrocksthatcouldpotentiallybelocalsources
fortheseelevatedPGEconcentrations(e.g.,komatiites,picrites,orhigh-Mg
basalts). Rare sulfide-rich chromitites from the Bushveld Complex have
similarly distinctive positive Rh anomalies, but even addition of this
material cannot reproduce the observed Rh anomaly. Furthermore,
weathering and dispersal of similar rocks would be expected to produce
an abundance of Mg-rich and Ti-poor chromite, which is not observed
c axis
39°
A
B
50 m 50 m
50 m100 m
Sum
22B
3111C
72131D
22E
6123F
514G
33H
312I
33J
3111M
Sum 1 1 22 7 1 2 3 37
% 3 3 59 19 3 5 8 100
Pole angle
{0001} {10
–
14} {10
–
13} {10
–
12} {10
–
22} {21
–
31} Not
Grain
0.00 17.62 22.95 32.42 47.73 73.71 indexed
5
10
10 20 30 40
Measured (n = 37)
Reference (16 GPa)
50 60 70 80 90°0
{2241}
{1012}
{1022}
{1013}
10
20
)%(ycneuqerfecnerefeR
e
a3
a2
a1
e
2
3
4
3
14
10
11
12
6
7
8
9
5
1 (0001) 0.00° 6 {1122} 47.73° 11 {2241} 77.20°
2 {1013} 22.95° 7 {1121} 65.56° 12 {3141} 77.91°
3 {1012} 32.42° 8 {2131} 73.71° 13 {4041} 78.87°
4 {1011} 51.79° 9 {5161} 82.07° 14 {5160} 90.00°
5 {1010} 90.00° 9 {1120} 90.00° e {1014} 17.62°
Pole angle
to c axis
Plane
Indexed
Not indexed
250 m
D F
C
E
Crossed polarizers EMP-BSE imagePlane polarized light
Plane
polarized
light
Fig. 2. Shocked quartz grains from glaciofluvial sediment sample HW21-2016. (A to C) Microphotographs and backscattered electron (BSE) microscope images of PDFs.
(A) Two sets, symmetrical with respect to the optical and crystallographic c axis. (B) Four sets. (C) Four closely spaced sets throughout a toasted quartz grain. (D) Orientation
measurements of 37 sets of PDFs in 10 quartz grains, divided into 2° bins. Reference distribution is for 10 Canadian impact structures with inferred shock pressures
16 GPa (10). (E) Crystallographic indices of 37 PDF setsin 10 shocked quartz grains, with an average of 3.7 measurable sets per grain. (F) Measured quartz PDF orientations in the
10grains, plotted on a reference net (9). The groups of measurements from each grain were rotated on the c axis to demonstrate an excellent overall three-dimensional (3D)
fit with the 350 reference orientations. Only three sets of PDFs could not be indexed in 3D, although they have permissible angles from the c axis.
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5. Fig. 3. Impact-related sediment grains from glaciofluvial sediment sample HW21-2016. (A) Grain 21C-v32: Pale yellow glass grain of biotite (Bt)–like composition with
possibly inherited prismatic sillimanite (Sil) crystals and beginning devitrification in its lower part. (B) 21D-u28: Pale green glass grain of garnet (Grt)–like composition with dark rim
and beginning devitrification around small trapped mineral fragments. (C) 21C-t26: Black glass grain of felsic-like composition with new microporphyritic clinopyroxene (Cpx) and
ilmenite (Ilm). (D to F) 21B-12a: Microperthitic K-feldspar (Kfs) (D) and brown glass of K-feldspar–like composition (E). Inclusions of quartz (Qtz) have acted as nucleation centers for
devitrification (F). (G and H) 21C-z08: Dark brown, ellipsoid glass particle of garnet-like composition with a central contraction crack and beginning crystallization of slender
prismatic, radial crystallites. (I and J) 21C-x20: Pale glass grain of aluminous felsic composition with new microporphyritic orthopyroxene (Opx), zoned cordierite (Crd), and skeletal
plagioclase (Pl). (K) 21C-u05: Devitrified glass of felsic-like composition with four quartz fragments with PDFs. Arrows indicate prominent PDF orientations. (L) 21C-w29: Pale brown
glass of K-feldspar–like composition; quartz inclusion with PDFs (top left) and two round inclusions lined with pale micaceous material, possibly former vesicles in the impact
mineral melt. (M) 21C-z22: Lozenge-shaped, toasted quartz fragment with PDFs throughout, rimmed by black amorphous carbonaceous material. (N and O) 21D-r06: Quartz
fragment with ballen structure (O), set in a matrix of feldspar-like composition with tiny micaceous crystallites. (P and Q) 21E-p08: Microbreccia with matrix of minute ternary
feldspar grains and numeroustiny voids (Q)and inclusions of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, garnet, and ilmenite, and larger elongate, cuspate voids, and channels in quartz (black
arrows) with interior linings of clayey material. White arrow in enlargement pointing at a hole from sample preparation, clearly distinguishable from the neighboring original void.
(R) 21D-u01: Black ellipsoidal grain comprising numerous target mineral fragments and dust in a carbonaceous matrix identified with scanning electron microscopy–energy-
dispersive spectrometry and indicated by microprobe totals of only 40 to 70 wt %. (S) The entire 21D-u01 grain with hole from polishing.
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6. in HW21-2016. The only two recovered spinels are one Cr-poor mag-
netite and one ilmenite, which have significantly lower MgO, Cr2O3,
and NiO than spinels found in impact ejecta (13). Combinations of
PGE ratios in HW21-2016 [e.g., (Rh/Pt)N 1.2, (Rh/Ru)N 0.3, and
(Pd/Pt)N 2.5] effectively rule out terrestrial rocks and carbonaceous,
ordinary, or enstatite chondrites as likely sources, whereas some iron
meteorites contain high Rh and Pd concentrations. Modeling indicates
that the best fit for the siderophile element data is a mixture between
local crust and 0.01 to 0.05% of a component similar in composition to
the strongly fractionated Duchesne (type IVA) iron meteorite (fig. S4).
Our examination of the HW21-2016 glaciofluvial sediment sample
allows us to conclude three things about its source. First, the shocked
quartz grains with multiple PDF orientations very likely originate from
a large impact crater upstream from the sampling site. Second, the
glassy particles, microbreccias, carbonaceous materials associated with
shocked quartz and microbreccias, and grains that are likely ejecta that
require a rapidly cooled surficial environment can only be derived from
an intact or largely intact crater. Third, the PGE anomalies suggest that
these metals derive from a highly fractionated iron asteroid.
Radiostratigraphy of Hiawatha Glacier
In addition to mapping bed topography, the 2016 radar survey also re-
vealed the internal structure of the ice itself. Three major radiostrati-
graphic units were mapped within and near Hiawatha Glacier (Fig. 5
and movie S1). The upper unit is reflection rich and typically constitutes
the upper two thirds of the ice column, with stratigraphic layering that is
continuous and conformable across the structure and is observed
throughout the Greenland Ice Sheet (movies S2 and S3). Where dated
in Greenland ice cores, this radiostratigraphic unit unambiguously rep-
resents a complete sequence of Holocene ice [11.7 to 0 thousand years
(ka)ago](fig.S5)(4).Wherethebaseofthisradar-identifiedunitoutcrops
at the ice surface along the margin of Hiawatha Glacier, it corresponds
to the top of a distinct, visually dark, and debris-rich band previously
identified isotopically as representing the Younger Dryas cold period
(12.8 to 11.7 ka ago) at multiple sites across the northern Greenland
ice-sheet margin (figs. S2H and S6) (14). Above this band, cleaner ice
at the surface represents the beginning of the Holocene epoch.
This Holocene ice overlies the second radiostratigraphic unit, which
has either poorly expressed or absent stratigraphic layering in the radar
data. This reflection-poor unit constitutes the remainder of the ice col-
umn outside of the circular bedrock structure and the middle part of the
column within it (Fig. 5). This unit must include ice from the Last
Glacial Period (LGP; ~115 to 11.7 ka ago). In radar profiles in the north-
east corner of the study area, outside the crater, this unit corresponds to
late LGP ice exposed at the surface (fig. S6). To the northeast of and
within the structure, this unit sits conformably below the Holocene unit,
but within the structure, it does not contain any reflection-rich Bølling-
Allerød ice (14.7 to 12.8 ka ago), from the period immediately before the
Younger Dryas, or the trio of distinct LGP reflections observed through-
out the northern Greenland Ice Sheet, the youngest of which is ~38 ka
old (fig. S5) (4). Instead, those LGP reflections fade and dip noticeably
toward Hiawatha Glacier and are absent within ~100 km of it (movies
S2 and S3). This second unit does not conform uniformly to the
overlying Holocene unit across the entire survey area. In the southern
portion of the survey area, its upper interface is exceptionally rough and
undulating (movie S1 and fig. S6, C and F to H).
The third unit is basal ice that is thickest in the western half of the
survey area, downstream of the center of the structure. This unit
contains numerous point scatterers and contiguous bed-originating re-
flections that tend to initiate at the protruding central peaks within the
structure and along its rim (Fig. 5, A, B, E, and F, and movie S1). Radar
sounding of the northern Greenland Ice Sheet sometimes detects strong
deep reflections that are unlikely to contain significant concentrations of
non-ice debris (4). However, we interpret the present observations to
indicate unusually thick and debris-laden basal ice due to active sub-
glacial erosion and englacial entrainment of mechanically weak sub-
glacial sediment. In support of this interpretation, we note that this
unit is mostly detected above the structure itself, and that debris-rich
ice outcrops at the front of Hiawatha Glacier, indicating active erosion
beneath at least part of the glacier (fig. S2H). We cannot yet directly con-
nect the radar-interpreted top of the basal ice (Fig. 5J) with ground ob-
servations of the glacier margin itself (fig. S2H), because this basal ice
typically thins substantially as it flows towardthe structure’s rim (movie S1).
The combination of these features, along with the increased small-scale
roughness of the bed within the circular structure itself, has not been
previously reported by any other radar-sounding survey of an ice sheet.
The ice overlying the downstream half of the structure displays full-
column folding of Holocene layering. This folding includes shallow
(100 m depth) and thus recent near-surface layering, and the fold am-
plitudes are nearly uniform with depth, indicating that active basal pro-
cesses drive this ice deformation (Fig. 5 and movie S1). Deep synclines
in this internal layering (up to ~150 m drawdown relative to adjacent
ice) indicate either active and localized basal melting (15) or lateral
changes in basal drag, but deformation caused by spatial change in basal
drag would generate a strain field whose effect upon internal layering
would likely decrease in amplitude toward the ice surface (16). These
full-column synclines correspond to fold patterns at the surface visible
where seasonal melting exposes bare ice. These surface patterns show
that the hinge line of the most prominent englacial syncline is oriented
along ice flow, beginning roughly above the center of the structure and
continuing to within a few kilometers of the glacier terminus (Figs. 1B
and 5).
Southwest and downstream of the central synclines, an unusual
subglacial reflection is observed beneath Hiawatha Glacier that is
21C-x20
(Fig. 3F)
21C-v32
(Fig. 3A)
21C-z08
(Fig. 3E)
Intensity(arbitraryunit)
300020001000
Mica
bands
Carbon
(inpartorwholly
fromcoating)
OrganicC–H
OH(mica)
H2O
0
Raman shift (cm–1)
Fig. 4. Raman spectra of glassy matrix of selected grains. Spectra from three
grains shown in Fig. 3, with labeled band peaks.
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7. Fig. 5. Radiostratigraphy of Hiawatha Glacier. (A and B) Example radargrams across Hiawatha Glacier. See movie S1 for all radargrams. The radargram in (A) passes through
the subglacial troughs that enter the crater, so the rim there has been fully eroded. (C) Map of study area showing location of (A) and (B) overlain on local bed topography. (D to
G) Examples of mapped radiostratigraphic units within Hiawatha Glacier with key features labeled. (H to J) Thickness of Holocene, LGP, and basal ice within and near Hiawatha
Glacier. Background is a natural-color composite Landsat-8 scene from 11 August 2015. Black lines are survey tracks. Units are mapped only where identification is un-
ambiguous. Holocene ice thins as ice flows toward the glacier and is extensively exposed at the ice margin. The incomplete LGP ice sequence thins significantly downstream
of the center of the Hiawatha impact crater. Conversely, the apparently debris-rich basal ice thickens significantly downstream of the structure’s center. Inset panels show
mean, SD, and distribution of the absolute value of crossover thickness differences.
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8. remarkably flat, specular, and clearly not an off-nadir reflection
(Fig. 5E and movie S1). This reflection, typically ~15 m beneath
the uppermost debris that generates the ice-bed reflection and
previously unobserved beneath an ice sheet, is most simply interpreted
as the local groundwater table, indicating that the structure’s subglacial
sediment is water saturated below this level and sufficiently dry above
it to permit radar penetration. From examination of high-resolution
satellite imagery, most supraglacial rivers that drain into moulins
reach close (3 to 8 km) to the Hiawatha Glacier terminus (fig. S7),
indicating limited supraglacial meltwater input into the subglacial hy-
drologic system across most of the structure. On the basis of the above
observations and the likely subglacial drainage basin for our survey
area (Fig. 1), we conclude that the area beneath Hiawatha Glacier
and within the circular structure very likely constitutes the primary
sediment source region for the floodplain, where we retrieved the gla-
ciofluvial sediment sample HW21-2016.
DISCUSSION
Identification of the Hiawatha impact crater
We conclude that Hiawatha Glacier is underlain by an impact crater
based on the characteristic complex crater morphology beneath the
ice (including a subdued central uplift), the rim-tangent structures
superimposed on bedrock foliations next to the ice margin, and the
fresh, recently deposited glaciofluvial sediment that contains shocked
quartz, other impact-related grains, and elevated siderophile element
concentrations that our observations strongly suggest originates from
beneath Hiawatha Glacier. Other diagnostic impact features, such as
shatter cones, are expected to be subglacial in this case; we also have
not yet performed a gravity survey across Hiawatha Glacier. Beyond
the grains in the sediment sample that we interpret to be possible ejecta,
no ejecta layer associated with this structure has yet been identified. De-
spite the absence of such additional evidence, an impact origin for the
structure beneath Hiawatha Glacier is the simplest interpretation of our
observations, which we explicitly accept for the remainder of this dis-
cussion. This crater is potentially one of the 25 largest impact structures
on Earth, and it is the only one of this size that still has a significant
portion of its original surface topographic expression.
Preliminary estimates of impactor and ejecta properties
The diameter of an impact crater constrains the kinetic energy of the
impactor. The formation of a 31-km-wide impact crater in crystalline
target rock requires ~3 × 1021
J of energy (17). Assuming that the
Hiawatha impactor was iron with a density of 8000 kg m−3
and its
impact velocity was 20 km s−1
, the required impactor diameter was
~1.5 km (17). The impact would initially produce a bowl-shaped cavity
~20 km in diameter and ~7 km deep, which would quickly collapse
(within ~1 min) to form a complex crater more than 31 km in diameter
and ~800 m deep with a central uplift (17). This impact scenario would
have melted and vaporized up to ~20 km3
of target rock, approximately
half of which would have remained within the crater, forming a melt
sheet up to ~50 m deep.
No ejecta layer that might be associated with the Hiawatha impact
crater has yet been identified in either Greenland’s rock or ice records. If
no ice was present at the time of a high-angle (45°) impact, then the
symmetric ejecta layer would be ~200 m thick at the rim, thinning to
less than 20 m at a radial distance of 30 km from the rim (17). However,
during most of the Pleistocene, an ice sheet covered the impact area
(18). If ice was present and its thickness was comparable to the impac-
tor’s diameter, then a more energetic projectile is required to produce a
crater of the observed size, and the fraction of non-ice debris in the ejec-
ta would be smaller than if the impact hit ice-free land (19). Further-
more, regionally extensive ice cover at the time of impact could have
resulted in a significant fraction of the ejecta landing on the ice-sheet
surface of the Greenland or Innuitian ice sheets, rather than on bare
ground. As the crater is situated very close to the present ice margin,
the site has almost certainly been ice free during one or several short
(~15 ka) interglacial periods during the Pleistocene, such as predicted
for the Eemian ~125 ka ago (20). On the basis of present ice-flow speeds
(Fig. 1B), most impact ejecta deposited onto the ice sheet would have
been transported to the ice margin within ~10 ka. Similarly, based on
Holocene vertical strain rates (21), any such ejecta would be less than
half of its original thickness within 10 ka.
If the Greenland Ice Sheet was present at the time of impact and a
high-angle impact occurred during the late Pleistocene (LGP), then
ejecta ought to be present in the four deep ice cores from central and
northern Greenland that span the majority of the LGP (fig. S5), but
none has yet been identified. At two of the ice cores (GISP2 and GRIP)
located farthest (1000 km) from the crater (fig. S5), the expected initial
thickness of a symmetric ejecta layer for a Hiawatha-sized impact on
rock is ~0.7 mm with an average particle diameter of ~0.4 mm (17).
In the closer ice cores (fig. S5), this thickness increases roughly twofold.
If ice were present at the impact site, then a significant fraction of the
ejecta would also be ice (19), but the presence of any rock ejecta should
be unambiguous in an ice core. A possible complicating factor to inter-
preting the absence of ejecta in ice cores south of the structure is the
presently unknown angle of impact. Modeling indicates that oblique
impacts (45°) produce asymmetric ejecta predominantly downrange
of the crater with an ejecta-free shadow zone up range and that this ef-
fect becomes more pronounced as the impact angle decreases (22). The
Hiawatha impact crater is located farther north (78.72°N) than any
other known impact crater, a position that increases the probability of a
northward-directed oblique impact given the majority of Earth-crossing
asteroids that move in or near the ecliptic plane. Such a scenario might
be analogousto the late-Jurassic Mjølnircrater,whichisalso large (40km
diameter), is high latitude (73.8°N), and produced an asymmetric
(northward focused) ejecta layer (23).
Because it is not yet known whether the Greenland Ice Sheet
covered this region at the time of the impact, or its thickness at that
time or the impact angle, our estimates of impactor size, initial crater
size, impact melt volume, and ejecta thickness and extent should be
considered preliminary.
Age of the Hiawatha impact crater
Impact craters on Earth are often dated using radiometric decay
systems, but so far, no samples suitable for an absolute age determina-
tion have been recoveredfromthe Hiawathaimpactcrater. We can con-
fidently assume that the structure is younger than the 1.985 to 1.740 Ga
old Paleoproterozoic bedrock that outcrops in the immediately adja-
cent foreland. Furthermore, multiple lines of indirect evidence derived
mostly from our radar-sounding survey provide independent, albeit
tentative, constraints on the crater’s age.
The crater’s depth (320 ± 70 m) is muted compared to that predicted
for a fresh, subaerial terrestrial crater of the same diameter (~800 m)
(17, 24), which could result from either fast erosion over a short period
or slower erosion over a longer period. Reported fluvial and subglacial
erosion rates span a range of ~10−5
to 10−2
m year−1
(25–28). An erosion
rate at the upper endof that range implies aminimumperiod of ~5 ka to
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9. erode the rim and central uplift and partially fill the crater floor to form
the present morphology, assuming that ice has covered the crater for
nearly all of its existence. A lower-end erosion rate yields a loosely con-
strained maximum erosion period of ~50 Myr. Our radar evidence of
active subglacial erosion at present (movie S1) and active sediment dep-
osition at the glacier front (fig. S2) appear to favor a faster subglacial
erosion rate and hence a younger age.
The structure’s rim cross-cuts and effectively terminates the north-
ern channel east of the crater. The rim also redirects part of the southern
channel to its southeast, so we infer that both channels predate the for-
mation of this structure. These two channels are comparable to the pa-
leofluvial channel networks of the neighboring Humboldt Glacier (29)
and central Greenland’s mega-canyon (30), which are believed to pre-
date the Pleistocene inception of the Greenland Ice Sheet (~2.6 Ma ago)
(18). We note that this interpretation requires that the subsequently
merged channels later breached the rim itself.
Radar evidence of active basal melting (full-column radiostrati-
graphic synclines) and subglacial water storage (groundwater table)
within and beneath Hiawatha Glacier, respectively, appear to be anom-
alous as compared to grounded ice-marginal settings across northern
Greenland. Possible basal melting could be due to an anomalous sub-
glacial heat source and is consistent with, but not conclusive of, residual
heat from the impact itself. Previous modeling of hydrothermal systems
within martian subaerial impact craters suggests that such systems have
a life span of ~100 ka for a 30-km-wide crater (31). For the terrestrial
Hiawatha impact crater, the overlying ice sheet would have provided
an ample supply of water for such a hydrothermal system during the
Pleistocene and Holocene, but it would have also exported heat more
efficiently from that system than for a subaerial crater, which suggests a
shorter life span of any possible post-impact hydrothermal system than
on Mars.
Last, Hiawatha Glacier’s radiostratigraphy is highly anomalouscom-
pared to the rest of the Greenland Ice Sheet (movies S1 to S3). LGP ice is
neither complete nor conformable across the entire crater. Given mod-
ern surface velocities (~10 to 30 m year−1
) (Fig. 1B), it would only take a
few millennia for deeper ice to flow across the crater, so the glacier’s age
structure cannot yet be clearly explained by steady, uninterrupted ice
flow from the ice sheet into the crater. We interpret the deformed radio-
stratigraphy of this deeper and older ice as indicating that there was a
transient that strongly affected ice flow there after most of the LGP ice
was deposited. A candidate regional perturbation of ice flow is the re-
treat of Humboldt Glacier around 9 to 8 ka, which unblocked the Nares
Strait (19, 32, 33). However, surface mapping and dating of moraines, as
well as coring in the strait, have not yet shown that this perturbation
significantly affected ice flow at the retreating margin (32, 34), so there
is no clear reason why that event’s effect upon ice flow appears to be
focused within and to the south of the Hiawatha impact crater. The
anomalous radiostratigraphy could be explained by water pooling sub-
glacially within the topographic depression formed by the preexisting
crater, which then outburst catastrophically (and possibly repeatedly)
through the rim breach (i.e., a jökulhaup), ultimately affecting local
ice flow. Such a scenario requires a significant local or upstream
meltwater source, either from basal melting beneath thick ice or from
surface melting. Alternatively, the apparent change in ice flow could re-
flect the ice-sheet response to the impact that formed the crater—if it
occurred when ice was present there. Such an impact would have
melted, vaporized, and excavated ice locally and would have provided
a local heat source that would have continued to melt ice flowing into
the crater for an as-of-yet undetermined period post-impact. Between
the crater and the localice divide ~100 km upstream, the ice sheet would
have responded to this impact by accelerating, thinning, and
transporting the resulting ice and rock ejecta toward the ice margin.
At present, we do not have enough evidence to favor one of these
hypotheses on the origin of the anomalous LGP radiostratigraphy over
the other.
The sum of these tentative age constraints suggests that the
Hiawatha impact crater formed during the Pleistocene, as this age is
most consistent with inferences from presently available data. An
impact before the Pleistocene cannot clearly explain the combination
of the relative freshness of the crater’s morphology and the ice sheet’s
apparently ongoing equilibration with the presence of the crater. We
emphasize that even this broad age estimate remains uncertain and that
further investigation of the age of the Hiawatha impact crater is neces-
sary. Regardless of its exact age, based on the size of the Hiawatha
impact crater, this impact very likely had significant environmental
consequences in the Northern Hemisphere and possibly globally (35).
Significance of the Hiawatha impact crater
No well-preserved impact craters in the upper crust have been found
previously in Greenland, partly due to the ice sheet that covers 80%
of the island. Our study provides multiple lines of evidence, including
high-resolution radar-sounding data and macro- and microscale geo-
logic evidence, of a large crater hidden beneath the ice sheet. The energy
needed to generate a 31-km-wide crater could have been produced by a
kilometer-scale iron asteroid. While the overall appearance of the
Hiawatha impact crater is relatively fresh, its morphological deviations
fromatypicalcomplexcraterarelikelyduetoacombinationofglaciofluvial
and subglacial erosion of the rim and central uplift, sediment deposition
within the crater, and post-impact rim collapse. This crater is the only
known terrestrial crater of this size that retains aspects of its original
surface topographic expression. The age of the crater is presently un-
known, but an impact sometime during the Pleistocene is consistent
with presently available geological and geophysical data.
This study suggests several avenuesfor further research into both the
nature and age of the Hiawatha impact crater and other possible sub-
glacial impact craters. In particular, an improved geochronology for this
impact event awaits the discovery and analysis of additional samples,
from either within the crater itself or the surrounding area. One of
the most promising regions is southwest of the crater itself, which
appears to be debris rich both englacially and subaerially (36). Evidence
of ejecta (or lack thereof) north of the structure and its chronostratigra-
phy could test at least part of the Pleistocene age range and the oblique
impact scenario we infer. The consequences of possible impacts into ice
masses are sometimes considered for extraterrestrial bodies, but rarely
so for Earth. Modeling of both the dynamics of large impacts into an ice
sheet, the post-impact modification of crater morphology by flowing ice
masses, and the internal structure of those ice masses could help better
understand the evolution of the Hiawatha impact crater.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Radar system, data acquisition, and processing
The ultrawideband chirp radar, developed by the Center for Remote
Sensing of Ice Sheets, was operated on AWI’s Polar 6, a Basler BT-67
aircraft. The system hardware is an improved version of a previous de-
sign (37). It consists of three eight-element antenna arrays, operating in
the frequency range of 150 to 520 MHz, with a 10-kHz pulse repetition
frequency. One array is mounted under the fuselage, and the two others
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10. under each wing. The center array both transmits and receives signals,
while the wing arrays receive only. The total transmit power is 6 kW.
Three flights were performed out of Thule Air Base on 12, 16, and 17
May 2016 (movie S1) at a height of ~350 m over the ice sheet,
corresponding to an elevation range of 1000 to 2000 m. Before the
flights, the amplitude, time delay, and start phase of each element of
the transmit array were adjusted to correct for system amplitude, time
delay, and phase errors (37). The received return signals were filtered at
radio frequencies before digitization at 1600 MHz. Each channel was
digitally down-converted to complex baseband, decimated to 400
MHz, and then stacked in hardware. For this survey, each of the 24
channels recorded 19,612 complex samples at 294 Hz.
Post-flight processing included a matched filter application for pulse
compression in the vertical range direction, equalization to minimize
sidelobes, focused synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing in the
along-track direction using an f-k migration adapted for radar sounding
of ice (38), and array processing in the across-track direction after time,
amplitude, andphaseequalization of each SARimage (37). We assumed
that the value for the real part of the relative permittivity of ice is 3.17 to
convert englacial travel times to depth.
To detect the ice-bed interface and visualize coherent and in-
coherent backscatter, we used fully SAR and array-processed data
from the central eight elements. This process results in a range res-
olution of 0.5 m and an azimuth resolution of 15 m. Bed topogra-
phy was calculated by subtracting the ice thickness from the surface
elevation available from the Greenland Ice Mapping Project (39).
To improve the detection and visualization of coherent and in-
coherent internal backscatter, data from four segments were fully
SAR and array processed using the center array, resulting in an im-
proved range resolution (0.5 m) and azimuth resolution (~2.5 m)
near the ice-bed interface.
Raman spectroscopy of glaciofluvial sediment
The Raman spectra were obtained with a WITec alpha300 R system,
using a 488-nm laser, an UHTS300 spectrometer with a grating of
600 grooves mm−1
, a Peltier-cooled electron multiplying charge-
coupled device detector, and a long working distance 50× microscope
objective with a numerical aperture of 0.35. The instrument was cali-
brated using the Raman spectrum of a monocrystalline silicon wafer.
Laser power was adjusted individually for each sample to prevent
heat-induced damage. Acquisition times ranged between 5 and 30 s
per spectrum, with 5 to 10 spectra combined for each spot, depending
on the signal intensity.
Geochemistry of glaciofluvial sediment
Three glaciofluvial sediment samples were collected from the outwash
plain in front of Hiawatha Glacier (HW12-2016, H13-2016, and
HW21-2016). All three samples were geochemically analyzed for ma-
jor elements, trace elements, PGEs, and Au using existing instrumen-
tation and methods (40).
Three typesof material were provided from the originalHW21-2016
bulk sample. HW21-2016(1) was a subsample of ~60 g, which had al-
ready been processed for petrographic work, HW21-2016(2) was a sub-
sample of ~30 g of the untreated sediment, and HW21-2016(3) was a
subsample of 50 g of untreated sediment that had been sieved to be-
tween 63 and 200 mm. A fraction of this latter subsample was split into
125-mm and 125-mm sub-subsamples to determine the major and
trace element chemistry of both the fine and coarse material separately.
From samples HW12-2016 and HW13-2016, we took ~30 g of un-
treated subsamples of the original bulk sediment collected at these lo-
calities. Each subsample was crushed and homogenized to fine powder
at Cardiff University in an agate planetary ball mill. Aliquots of 12 to
15 g of each crushed and homogenized sample were taken to deter-
mine PGE and Au concentrations. For each subsample, 0.1-g portions
were analyzed for major and trace elements. Major and trace element
data, PGE data, and Au data are all provided in data file S2. Subsample
HW21-2016(1)B* has significantly higher PGE concentrations than
the other HW21-2016 subsamples, pointing to the heterogeneous na-
ture of the siderophile-rich component inthe sediment. Mean concen-
trations are calculated with and without this sample included in data
file S2.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/
content/full/4/11/eaar8173/DC1
Supplementary Text
Fig. S1. Bedrock type and lineations across Inglefield Land near Hiawatha Glacier.
Fig. S2. Terminus history of Hiawatha Glacier and its transition from a floating to a grounded
tongue with a proglacial floodplain.
Fig. S3. CI-chondrite–normalized metal patterns for glaciofluvial sediment samples compared
to upper continental crust.
Fig. S4. Model mixtures of crust with mass proportions of various meteorites.
Fig. S5. Radar reflectivity at the six deep Greenland ice-core sites, as measured by predecessor
radar systems to that used for the Hiawatha Glacier survey.
Fig. S6. Relationships between surface and radar layering.
Fig. S7. Supraglacial drainage of Hiawatha Glacier.
Table S1. Location and description of Hiawatha glaciofluvial sediment samples.
Movie S1. The 2016 AWI airborne radar survey over Hiawatha Glacier.
Movie S2. Operation IceBridge radar surveys across the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Movie S3. Operation IceBridge radar surveys toward Hiawatha Glacier.
Data file S1. EMP data for grains studied from HW21-2016 samples.
Data file S2. Major element, trace element, and PGE concentrations for subsamples and
sub-subsamples of HW21-2016.
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Acknowledgments: We thank the Carlsberg and Mamont Foundations for supporting this
study and NASA Operation IceBridge, the NSF Arctic Program, Kenn Borek Air, and Thule
Air Base for helping make the AWI radar survey possible. ArcticDEM was created by the Polar
Geospatial Center from DigitalGlobe Inc. imagery. N. Henriksen (Oskar) supported the
project from the early start and provided the regional context for an impact crater to
have occurred in the region. S. T. Jørgensen of Air Greenland provided excellent support
during intense fieldwork along the Hiawatha Glacier in the summer of 2016. AWI contributed
in-kind (material, personnel, data storage, and computing) to acquiring the radar. Funding:
This work is a part of Centre for GeoGenetics supported by the Danish National Research
Foundation (DNRF94). K.K.K. acknowledges support from the Danish Council Research
for Independent research (grant no. DFF-4090-00151). A.A.B. acknowledges support from
the Danish Council for Independent Research (grant no. DFF-610800469) and by the
Inge Lehmann Scholarship from the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters. We
acknowledge NSF award 1129716 for development of the radar system and the University
of Kansas for development of the radar software. Villum Foundation and Aarhus
University Research Foundation supported N.K.L. Last, we thank the Polar Geospatial
Center for their ArcticDEM and geospatial support provided via NSF PLR awards 1043681,
1559691, and 1542736. Author contributions: N.K.L. and A.A.B. noted the conspicuous
topographic depression upstream the Hiawatha Glacier. K.H.K. led the subsequent study.
K.H.K., N.K.L., O.E., J.A.M., M.A.F., H.M., H.H., and E.W. designed the study and conducted
and interpreted the results. T.B., V.H., and J.D.P. performed the AWI radar survey and
processed the data. J.A.M., O.E., M.A.F., J.D.P., T.B., and V.H. interpreted the radar data. A.A.G.,
H.H., I.M., T.E.W., and C.W. performed the microstructural and geochemical analyses
of sediment grains. K.H.K., S.F., K.K.K., M.H.-N., A.A.G., H.H., H.M., J.M., N.K.L., and A.A.B.
conducted the ground-based and remote-sensing surveys of Inglefield Land. K.H.K.
drafted the manuscript, and all co-authors contributed, discussed, and commented on it.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data
and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper
are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this
paper may be requested from the authors.
Submitted 20 December 2017
Accepted 9 October 2018
Published 14 November 2018
10.1126/sciadv.aar8173
Citation: K. H. Kjær, N. K. Larsen, T. Binder, A. A. Bjørk, O. Eisen, M. A. Fahnestock, S. Funder,
A. A. Garde, H. Haack, V. Helm, M. Houmark-Nielsen, K. K. Kjeldsen, S. A. Khan, H. Machguth,
I. McDonald, M. Morlighem, J. Mouginot, J. D. Paden, T. E. Waight, C. Weikusat, E. Willerslev,
J. A. MacGregor, A large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland. Sci.
Adv. 4, eaar8173 (2018).
S C I E N C E A D V A N C E S | R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
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