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- 1. Wilson Cycles andthe Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian – Greenland Sea Chris Parry DEA Norge AS EAGE, Vienna, June 1st, 2016
- 2. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 2 - The Wilson Cycle: Continental Rifting, Ocean Spreading, Continental Collision. - North Atlantic – Eastern Seaboard USA: Tectonic Inheritance, Onshore/Offshore Fracture Zone Linkage. - Norwegian-Greenland Sea Asymmetric Conjugate Margins: Upper/Lower Plate Polarity, Fracture Zones. - Onshore/Offshore Fracture Zone Linkage - Interplay between Structure and Sedimentation Conclusions Key Message Fracture Zones control: Coarse clastic sediment entry points (source to sink), Provide hydrocarbon migration routes, Create structural trapping geometries and Allow for the development of new models for exploration June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Presentation Outline
- 3. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 3 Pre-Rift Configuration of the Atlantic Ocean African Plate North American Plate Eurasian Plate The Wilson Cycle: the cyclical opening and closing of ocean basins caused by movement of the Earth's plates, named after the Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson (1908-1993) 1 2 3 Simplified and modified after Torsvik et al., 2010, Plate tectonics and net lithosphere rotation over the past 150 My. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 106 – 112. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Did the Atlantic Close and then Re-Open? Nature, 211, 676-681, 13 August 1966 4
- 4. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 4 Continental Crust Accretion Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (~2890 - <1970 Ma) Amalgamation of many smaller Archean terranes to form the earliest supercontinent Bergh et al., 2012. Was the Precambrian Basement of Western Troms and Lofoten-Vesterålen in Northern Norway Linked to the Lewisian of Scotland? A Comparison of Crustal Components, Tectonic Evolution and Amalgamation History. Intech. Tectonics – Recent Advances, Chapter 11, 283 – 330. Lower Plate Upper Plate June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 5. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 5 Wilson Cycle: Continental Rifting Hot Spot related Triple Junction Terrane boundary: zone of intense deformation • Continental crust starts to rupture along rifts that meet at triple junctions located over hot spots, which are characterized by alkaline volcanism. • Archean basement terrane boundaries are zones of intense deformation which are subsequently reactivated during the crustal rupture. • Failed rift arms form major continental drainage systems and control the location of delta development. Modified after Dewey & Burke,1974, Hot Spots and Continental Break-up: Implications for Collisional Orogeny. Geology, 57 – 60. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 6. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 6 Wilson Cycle: Ocean Spreading Rivers flow down failed rift arm Mid Ocean Ridge Ridge Transform Zone Fracture Zone June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Modified after Dewey & Burke,1974, Hot Spots and Continental Break-up: Implications for Collisional Orogeny. Geology, 57 – 60.
- 7. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 7 Wilson Cycle: Continental Collision Orogenic Belt June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Modified after Dewey & Burke,1974, Hot Spots and Continental Break-up: Implications for Collisional Orogeny. Geology, 57 – 60.
- 8. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 8 Collision – Grenville Orogeny Mesoproterozoic (~1250 – 980 Ma) Assembly of Rodina Simplified and modified from Thomas, 2006, GSA Today, 4 – 11. 1 June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 9. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 9 Rifting – Iapetus Ocean Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (~760 - ~530 Ma) 1 Break up of Rodina June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Simplified and modified from Thomas, 2006, GSA Today, 4 – 11.
- 10. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 10 Collision – Appalachian-Ouachita Orogeny Ordovician to Permian (~450 - ~270 Ma) Assembly of Pangea 1 June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Simplified and modified from Thomas, 2006, GSA Today, 4 – 11.
- 11. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 11 Rifting – Opening of Atlantic Ocean Triassic to Recent (251 – 0 Ma) Final breakup ~180 Ma Modern Fracture Zones inherit Iapetus Fracture Zones 1889 Charleston Earthquake (magnitude 6.6 - 7.3) located on Pangea break up fault. Similar faults found along entire East Coast, which are active due to present day plate movements. 1929 Grand Banks Earthquake (magnitude 7.2) 2011 Virginia Earthquake (magnitude 5.8). Reverse fault formed during Taconic and Alleghenian Orogenies, reactivated during Pangea breakup in Mesozoic and further reactivated during Cenozoic 1 Break up of Pangea June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Simplified and modified from Thomas, 2006, GSA Today, 4 – 11.
- 12. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 12 Continental Crust Accretion Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (~2890 - <1970 Ma) Amalgamation of many smaller Archean terranes to form the earliest supercontinent Bergh et al., 2012. Was the Precambrian Basement of Western Troms and Lofoten-Vesterålen in Northern Norway Linked to the Lewisian of Scotland? A Comparison of Crustal Components, Tectonic Evolution and Amalgamation History. Intech. Tectonics – Recent Advances, Chapter 11, 283 – 330. 2 Lower Plate Upper Plate June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 13. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 13 Continental collision leads to upper plate over-riding lower plate forming the suture zone Collision – SvecoNorwegian Orogeny Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic (~1250 - ~960 Ma) 2 Lower Plate Upper Plate June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea Bergh et al., 2012. Was the Precambrian Basement of Western Troms and Lofoten-Vesterålen in Northern Norway Linked to the Lewisian of Scotland? A Comparison of Crustal Components, Tectonic Evolution and Amalgamation History. Intech. Tectonics – Recent Advances, Chapter 11, 283 – 330.
- 14. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 14 Suture zone (zone of weakness) reversed to become detachment fault Rifting – Iapetus Ocean Neoproterozoic to Ordovician (~600 - ~460 Ma) 2 Lister et al.,1986. Detachment Faulting and the Evolution of Passive Continental Margins. Geology, 246 – 250. Lower Plate Upper Plate June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 15. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 15 Detachment fault reversed to become Caledonian suture zone Collision – Caledonian Orogeny Ordovician to Lower Devonian (~600 - ~460 Ma) 2 Henriksen & Higgins, 2008, Geological research and mapping in the Caledonian orogen of East Greenland, 700N - 820N. In: Higgins et al., (eds), The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia. Geol. Soc. Am., Mem. 202, 1 – 27. Lower Plate Upper Plate June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 16. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 16 Rifting – Opening of Norwegian-Greenland Sea Triassic to Recent (251 – 0Ma) Final breakup 56 Ma 2 Caledonian suture zone reversed to become detachment fault Dinkelman et al., 2010, The NE Greenland Continental Margin. Geo Expro, December, 36 – 40. Faleide et al., 2008, Structure and evolution of the continental margin off Norway and the Barents Sea. Episodes, 31, 82 – 91. Lower Plate Upper Plate June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 17. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 17 Convergent Strike Slip or Transform Motion Upthrust Zone 3 Modified after Lowell,1972 Spitzbergen Tertiary Orogenic Belt and Fracture Zone. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 3091 – 3102. Eurasian Plate North American Plate • Two plates moving at low convergent angle causes space problem. • Easiest direction for relief is upwards. • Upthrusts are not necessarily symmetrical. • Faults coalesce and anastomose with depth. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 18. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 18 Detachment-Fault Model of Passive Continental Margins Upper Plate or Lower Plate Characteristics 2 Complex Structure, Bowed up Detachment Faults, Wide Continental Shelf. Lower Plate Upper Plate Relatively Unstructured, Underplating Uplift, Narrow Continental Shelf. Lister et al.,1986. Detachment Faulting and the Evolution of Passive Continental Margins. Geology, 246 – 250. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 19. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 19 North Atlantic Asymmetric Conjugate Margins (1991) Torske & Prestvik, 1991. Mesozoic detachment faulting between Greenland and Norway: Inferences from Jan Mayen Fracture Zone system and associated alkalic volcanic rocks. Geology, 481 – 484. Lower PlateLower Plate Lower Plate: Complex Structure, Bowed up Detachment Faults, Wide Continental Shelf. Upper Plate Upper Plate Upper Plate Upper Plate: Relatively Unstructured, Uplifted Margin, Narrow Continental Shelf. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 20. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 20 Basement Terranes and Tectonic Lineaments of Norway Lower Plate Upper Plate Upper Plate NW-SE to WNW-ESE lineament populations: - clearly different from other populations, since almost evenly distributed throughout study area. - represent inherited structural grain, arising from a megafracture pattern imposed on the western Fennoscandian Shield during Proterozoic time. - evidence from northern Scandinavia and Russia shows, in fact, that several of these NW-SE to ENE-WSW lineaments originated during the Archean. Gabrielsen et al., 2002. Tectonic lineaments of Norway, Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, v. 82, 153 – 174. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 21. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 21 Lewisian Gneiss Complex (UK) - Offshore/Onshore Linkage • Accreted as series of terranes in the Precambrian • Accretion occurred before most brittle deformation Pless et al., 2010. Characterising fault networks in the Lewisian Gneiss Complex, NW Scotland: Implications for petroleum potential in the Clair Field basement, Faroe-Shetland Basin. AAPG, New Orleans – oral & poster presentation • Prominent NE-SW & NW-SE fault trends • NW-SE faults produce the longest lineaments • Originate in Archean (2490-2400 Ma): Steep NW-SE shear zones formed due to dextral transpression • Reactivated during all subsequent tectonic episodes June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 22. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 22 North Atlantic & Norwegian - Greenland Sea Deformation History 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 Iapetus Ocean Spreading Variscan Orogeny 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NE Greenland AFTA Cooling Events Break-up & early opening of Central Atlantic Regional extension in North Atlantic region Limited seafloor spreading southern North Atlantic Focus of rifting in North Atlantic region Opening of southern North Atlantic I - Main rift axis northern North Atlantic Main rift axis moved to Labrador Sea Seafloor spreading Labrador Sea Rifting in Norwegian-Greenland Sea area Break-up Norwegian-Greenland Sea area - Magmatism Seafloor spreading Ægir Ridge I - Plate reorganization Change in spreading direction Norwegian-Greenland Sea area Uplift of areas surrounding Norwegian-Greenland Sea area Glaciations – continued uplift & erosion Seafloor spreading Kolbeinsey Ridge Seafloor spreading Mohns Ridge Seafloor spreading Lena Trough - Knipov Ridge (Fram Strait) Break-up & early opening of Southern Atlantic Caledonidian Orogeny Gravitational Collapse 8 9 Principal stress/strain axes at low angle to foliation Reactivation of pre-existing ”weak” foliation planes U Cretaceous Inversion Early Cimmerian Mid Cimmerian Late Cimmerian Laramide Orogeny Extension/Seafloor Spreading Inversion/Compression Legend June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea First Wilson Cycle Second Wilson Cycle Parry, 2011. Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian – Greenland Sea Basin: Lessons from the South Atlantic. 3P Arctic Polar Petroleum Potential Conference, Halifax
- 23. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 23 Senja Shear Belt: Onshore linkage to offshore Senja Fracture Zone Simplified and modified after Bergh et al., 2012. Was the Precambrian Basement of Western Troms and Lofoten-Vesterålen in Northern Norway Linked to the Lewisian of Scotland? A Comparison of Crustal Components, Tectonic Evolution and Amalgamation History. Intech. Tectonics – Recent Advances, Chapter 11, 283 – 330. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 24. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 24 Deep intense, sub-tropical weathering of basement fracture zones during the Triassic - Jurassic Used with permission: Olesen et al., 2013. Deep weathering, neotectonics and strandflat formation in Nordland, northern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology, Vol 93, 189 – 213. Trondheim 2013, ISSN 029-196X. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 25. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 25 Basement fractures – sites of preferential weathering re-used by Plio-Pleistocene to Recent glaciers 4 June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea
- 26. DEA Deutsche ErdoelAG PAGE 26 Conclusions › Wilson Cycles and Tectonic Inheritance: › Continental collision suture zone becomes detachment zone during subsequent rifting, › Basement fractures have controlled the assembly and breakup of continents through out geologic time, › Reactivated most recently during post-glacial isostatic readjustment. › Fracture Zones have been the sites of intensely weathered since their formation: › Especially during the Triassic-Jurassic sub-tropical climates, › Most recently used by Plio-Pleistocene - Recent glaciers, › Cleaned out during the last ice age. › Fracture Zones control: › Sediment distribution, › Coarse clastic entry points (source to sink), › Provide hydrocarbon migration routes, › Create trapping geometries (strike-slip faulting geometries) & › Allow development of new models for exploration. Acknowledgements: DEA management for support for the publication of this article, Roy Gabrielsen (UiO) and John Dehls (NGU) for use of the digital lineament dataset, Odleiv Olesen (NGU) for permission to use Jurassic weathering diagram. June 1st, 2016, Chris Parry, Wilson Cycles and the Opening of the North Atlantic & Norwegian-Greenland Sea