A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output. It consists of basic components like a case, motherboard, processor, memory, drives, monitor, keyboard and mouse. Computers come in various sizes and types including desktops, laptops, and tablets. They can also be classified as mainframes, microcomputers, and supercomputers depending on their processing power and size.
The document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, storage devices like hard disk drives, optical drives, and peripherals. It also covers the motherboard, bus architecture, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, RAM, the system clock, cache memory, and the bus. Printers, monitors, video cards, modems, network interface cards, air conditioners, uninterruptible power supplies, and RAID devices are also briefly described.
The document discusses the gap between desired behaviors and what electronic devices can actually do. Early computers attempted to assemble raw devices into purpose-built machines for each behavior. A general purpose computer helps bridge this gap by using software to organize basic electronic components and allow for varied applications.
The hard drive is the computer's main storage device that permanently stores all data. It uses rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital information electromagnetically. A hard drive consists of stacked disks with data recorded in concentric circles, read and written by heads on each side of the disks as they spin. Hard drive performance is measured by data rate and seek time. Common interfaces include ATA, SATA, and SCSI.
The document discusses the motherboard BIOS and CMOS. It describes how the BIOS is used to control and troubleshoot hardware before an operating system loads. It contains information on BIOS chips, updating the BIOS, using the BIOS setup utility to modify settings stored in CMOS, and troubleshooting hardware issues using BIOS beep codes.
This document is a presentation about memory and storage. It begins by defining memory as temporary storage used to run programs and defining storage as long-term storage like a hard drive. It then discusses the structure of storage and memory, including primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The main types of memory - RAM and ROM - are described. RAM is volatile and used for active programs, while ROM is non-volatile and holds startup programs. Various storage devices like optical discs, magnetic disks, and flash memory are also outlined.
Multiple choice quiz for introductions to computersKate Bailey
The document contains 8 lessons that introduce basic concepts about computers and the Internet. It covers early calculating machines, computer components and their functions, input/output devices, storage types, uses of microprocessors, ways computers output information, limitations of artificial intelligence, components of the Internet, factors affecting webpage loading, wireless connections, and information about the creator of COBOL programming language Dr. Grace Hopper.
The document discusses several key components of a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer and explains that CPU speed is measured in GHz, with higher speeds allowing more data to be processed. It also discusses different types of memory like ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, and RAM (including SDRAM and DDR). The document outlines internal storage devices like hard disk drives, describing technologies like SATA, PATA, and SSD. It also covers adapter cards, motherboards, and other essential computer parts.
The document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, storage devices like hard disk drives, optical drives, and peripherals. It also covers the motherboard, bus architecture, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, RAM, the system clock, cache memory, and the bus. Printers, monitors, video cards, modems, network interface cards, air conditioners, uninterruptible power supplies, and RAID devices are also briefly described.
The document discusses the gap between desired behaviors and what electronic devices can actually do. Early computers attempted to assemble raw devices into purpose-built machines for each behavior. A general purpose computer helps bridge this gap by using software to organize basic electronic components and allow for varied applications.
The hard drive is the computer's main storage device that permanently stores all data. It uses rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital information electromagnetically. A hard drive consists of stacked disks with data recorded in concentric circles, read and written by heads on each side of the disks as they spin. Hard drive performance is measured by data rate and seek time. Common interfaces include ATA, SATA, and SCSI.
The document discusses the motherboard BIOS and CMOS. It describes how the BIOS is used to control and troubleshoot hardware before an operating system loads. It contains information on BIOS chips, updating the BIOS, using the BIOS setup utility to modify settings stored in CMOS, and troubleshooting hardware issues using BIOS beep codes.
This document is a presentation about memory and storage. It begins by defining memory as temporary storage used to run programs and defining storage as long-term storage like a hard drive. It then discusses the structure of storage and memory, including primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The main types of memory - RAM and ROM - are described. RAM is volatile and used for active programs, while ROM is non-volatile and holds startup programs. Various storage devices like optical discs, magnetic disks, and flash memory are also outlined.
Multiple choice quiz for introductions to computersKate Bailey
The document contains 8 lessons that introduce basic concepts about computers and the Internet. It covers early calculating machines, computer components and their functions, input/output devices, storage types, uses of microprocessors, ways computers output information, limitations of artificial intelligence, components of the Internet, factors affecting webpage loading, wireless connections, and information about the creator of COBOL programming language Dr. Grace Hopper.
The document discusses several key components of a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer and explains that CPU speed is measured in GHz, with higher speeds allowing more data to be processed. It also discusses different types of memory like ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, and RAM (including SDRAM and DDR). The document outlines internal storage devices like hard disk drives, describing technologies like SATA, PATA, and SSD. It also covers adapter cards, motherboards, and other essential computer parts.
The BIOS is boot firmware that is the first code run when a PC powers on. It initializes hardware like the display, disk drives, and other devices. The BIOS comes pre-installed on the motherboard and acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. It runs startup programs and drivers to get the system running. When turned on, the BIOS performs a power-on self-test of major components and allows the user to configure settings like date/time in CMOS memory.
This document provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a personal computer, including input devices, the processing unit, storage devices, and output devices. It discusses what each component is and examples such as keyboards, mice, and monitors as input devices; CPUs from Intel and AMD as the processing unit; hard disks, flash drives, and DVDs as storage devices; and monitors, printers, and speakers as output devices. It also provides some specifications and considerations for different components.
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
RAM, or volatile memory, is used by the CPU to store and process data. It is measured in megabytes and gigabytes and uses DMA for data movement. Memory modules use PCB boards with trace layers and contact fingers to connect memory chips. Chips use various packaging styles like DIP, SOJ, and CSP and can be stacked internally or externally on the module. Common RAM types include DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR SDRAM, each offering increased speeds and capacities over time. Error checking methods like parity and ECC are used to detect and correct memory errors.
Contents
What is booting ?
Diagram of booting process.
What is post ?
About boot loader .
BSL (boot strap loader).
MBR ( Master boot record ).
Booting files.
About win boot loader .
Types of booting.
• Booting :- Booting is a process which helps the to get desktop after power on.
• After power on the pc , which process occurs for get a desktop .
This document discusses different types of RAM. It begins by introducing RAM as random access memory that can be accessed in any order and location. The two main types are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM is more expensive but has very low access times, while DRAM is lower cost but needs periodic refreshing. The document then describes different variants of DRAM over time that provide faster access, including FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and RDRAM.
The document discusses the major components of a computer motherboard. It begins by explaining that the motherboard acts as the central connection point for major computer components. It then describes some of the key components attached to the motherboard like the CPU, RAM, BIOS, chipsets, expansion slots, and others. It provides details on the function of each component and how they work together to power the computer.
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes the data according to stored instructions, and provides output. It can store, process, display, and print a variety of data. Computers range in size from microcomputers like personal computers to larger mainframes and supercomputers. They have various components including a microprocessor, memory, storage devices, input devices like a keyboard, and output devices like a monitor.
The document discusses the key components of a computer system, including hardware, software, and liveware. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer and explains that CPU speed is measured in instructions processed per second. It also discusses main memory (RAM), storage devices like hard drives, and input/output devices. Multi-core processors are mentioned as a way to increase processing performance. RAM is described as volatile memory that holds instructions and data, with its capacity and frequency affecting software usage and multitasking ability. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, and touchscreens, while monitors are typically the main output device.
The document discusses computer memory, including random access memory (RAM) and how it works. It provides three key points:
1) RAM is the computer's temporary storage area that allows the CPU to access data more quickly than from permanent storage like a hard drive. When applications, files, or programs are opened they are loaded into RAM.
2) The CPU continuously requests data from RAM, processes it, and writes new data back to RAM in a cycle that happens millions of times per second.
3) When an application closes, it and any files are purged from RAM to free up space, so they must be saved to permanent storage or the changes will be lost.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory like RAM and ROM, and secondary memory like magnetic disks, magnetic drums, CD-ROMs, and hard disks. It defines a hard disk drive as using rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital data in a random-access manner. The document also covers optical discs which encode data in the form of pits and lands on a circular disc, and defines common units of data storage like kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes in terms of bytes.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
This document provides instructions for basic computer use, including starting up a computer, logging in, using a mouse and keyboard, opening programs from the start menu like Calculator and Paint, and shutting down. It explains that hardware are physical computer components while software are programs and applications. It also outlines topics to be covered in future sessions such as laptops vs desktops, internal computer components, and word processing.
This document outlines standards and objectives for a computer maintenance and repair certification exam. It covers topics like hardware components, operating systems, installation, configuration, and troubleshooting. The exam focuses on entry-level IT skills like identifying parts, installing upgrades, using diagnostic tools, and solving common issues. It aims to teach competency in maintaining, optimizing, and repairing personal computers and operating systems.
The primary reasons for using parallel computing:
Save time - wall clock time
Solve larger problems
Provide concurrency (do multiple things at the same time)
System software is a type of software that operates basic computer functions and provides a platform for running other application software. There are different types of system software including operating systems, device drivers, and programming software. The most important system software is the operating system, which acts as an interface between users and hardware and manages other programs. Major operating systems include Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. Windows 7 was developed by Microsoft as an improved version of earlier Windows operating systems with enhanced features, speed, and resource usage. As technology has evolved, operating systems and devices have shifted from desktop computers to mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
The CPU diagram shows the main components of a computer including the processor, storage, input and output devices, cache, and main memory. The input device sends instructions to the processor to retrieve applications from main memory, which are then displayed on the output device monitor. The cache acts as a buffer to temporarily store applications and processes for faster access. Processors have multiple cores that operate at gigahertz speeds to process instructions. The fetch-execute cycle continuously loops to fetch instructions from storage into memory, decode them, and execute the decoded operations. The arithmetic logic unit performs calculations and logical comparisons on input data from the control unit and outputs results.
Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. They are composed of hardware and software and exist in a variety of sizes, from embedded computers inside devices to supercomputers used for highly complex tasks. A basic computer system includes input devices like a keyboard, a central processing unit that performs calculations, and output devices like a monitor that present results.
The three main components of an internal computer system unit are the processor, motherboard, and power supply. The processor acts as the computer's brain and carries out instructions. The motherboard brings all the components together and contains ports for adding peripherals. The power supply converts main power to lower voltages needed to run the computer safely.
Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers, used to solve complex science and engineering problems through parallel processing of up to ten trillion calculations per second. Mainframes are similar but perform many concurrent operations for large organizations, while servers store data and applications to solve smaller problems for many users simultaneously. Workstations are high-end computers for one user for complex science, math, and engineering tasks. Personal computers are smaller computers designed for individual use in homes and small offices. Microcontrollers are embedded processors that control machinery. Smartphones perform computer-like functions with touchscreens and apps.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols according to a set of instructions. Modern computers are electronic and digital, with hardware components like the CPU, memory, mass storage, and input/output devices, as well as software. Computers can be classified based on their size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, or supercomputers. Personal computers are small, single-user machines that are now commonly based on Intel microprocessors and used for tasks like word processing, games, and internet browsing.
The BIOS is boot firmware that is the first code run when a PC powers on. It initializes hardware like the display, disk drives, and other devices. The BIOS comes pre-installed on the motherboard and acts as an interface between the operating system and hardware. It runs startup programs and drivers to get the system running. When turned on, the BIOS performs a power-on self-test of major components and allows the user to configure settings like date/time in CMOS memory.
This document provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a personal computer, including input devices, the processing unit, storage devices, and output devices. It discusses what each component is and examples such as keyboards, mice, and monitors as input devices; CPUs from Intel and AMD as the processing unit; hard disks, flash drives, and DVDs as storage devices; and monitors, printers, and speakers as output devices. It also provides some specifications and considerations for different components.
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
RAM, or volatile memory, is used by the CPU to store and process data. It is measured in megabytes and gigabytes and uses DMA for data movement. Memory modules use PCB boards with trace layers and contact fingers to connect memory chips. Chips use various packaging styles like DIP, SOJ, and CSP and can be stacked internally or externally on the module. Common RAM types include DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR SDRAM, each offering increased speeds and capacities over time. Error checking methods like parity and ECC are used to detect and correct memory errors.
Contents
What is booting ?
Diagram of booting process.
What is post ?
About boot loader .
BSL (boot strap loader).
MBR ( Master boot record ).
Booting files.
About win boot loader .
Types of booting.
• Booting :- Booting is a process which helps the to get desktop after power on.
• After power on the pc , which process occurs for get a desktop .
This document discusses different types of RAM. It begins by introducing RAM as random access memory that can be accessed in any order and location. The two main types are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM is more expensive but has very low access times, while DRAM is lower cost but needs periodic refreshing. The document then describes different variants of DRAM over time that provide faster access, including FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and RDRAM.
The document discusses the major components of a computer motherboard. It begins by explaining that the motherboard acts as the central connection point for major computer components. It then describes some of the key components attached to the motherboard like the CPU, RAM, BIOS, chipsets, expansion slots, and others. It provides details on the function of each component and how they work together to power the computer.
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes the data according to stored instructions, and provides output. It can store, process, display, and print a variety of data. Computers range in size from microcomputers like personal computers to larger mainframes and supercomputers. They have various components including a microprocessor, memory, storage devices, input devices like a keyboard, and output devices like a monitor.
The document discusses the key components of a computer system, including hardware, software, and liveware. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer and explains that CPU speed is measured in instructions processed per second. It also discusses main memory (RAM), storage devices like hard drives, and input/output devices. Multi-core processors are mentioned as a way to increase processing performance. RAM is described as volatile memory that holds instructions and data, with its capacity and frequency affecting software usage and multitasking ability. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, and touchscreens, while monitors are typically the main output device.
The document discusses computer memory, including random access memory (RAM) and how it works. It provides three key points:
1) RAM is the computer's temporary storage area that allows the CPU to access data more quickly than from permanent storage like a hard drive. When applications, files, or programs are opened they are loaded into RAM.
2) The CPU continuously requests data from RAM, processes it, and writes new data back to RAM in a cycle that happens millions of times per second.
3) When an application closes, it and any files are purged from RAM to free up space, so they must be saved to permanent storage or the changes will be lost.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory like RAM and ROM, and secondary memory like magnetic disks, magnetic drums, CD-ROMs, and hard disks. It defines a hard disk drive as using rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital data in a random-access manner. The document also covers optical discs which encode data in the form of pits and lands on a circular disc, and defines common units of data storage like kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes in terms of bytes.
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
This document provides instructions for basic computer use, including starting up a computer, logging in, using a mouse and keyboard, opening programs from the start menu like Calculator and Paint, and shutting down. It explains that hardware are physical computer components while software are programs and applications. It also outlines topics to be covered in future sessions such as laptops vs desktops, internal computer components, and word processing.
This document outlines standards and objectives for a computer maintenance and repair certification exam. It covers topics like hardware components, operating systems, installation, configuration, and troubleshooting. The exam focuses on entry-level IT skills like identifying parts, installing upgrades, using diagnostic tools, and solving common issues. It aims to teach competency in maintaining, optimizing, and repairing personal computers and operating systems.
The primary reasons for using parallel computing:
Save time - wall clock time
Solve larger problems
Provide concurrency (do multiple things at the same time)
System software is a type of software that operates basic computer functions and provides a platform for running other application software. There are different types of system software including operating systems, device drivers, and programming software. The most important system software is the operating system, which acts as an interface between users and hardware and manages other programs. Major operating systems include Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. Windows 7 was developed by Microsoft as an improved version of earlier Windows operating systems with enhanced features, speed, and resource usage. As technology has evolved, operating systems and devices have shifted from desktop computers to mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
The CPU diagram shows the main components of a computer including the processor, storage, input and output devices, cache, and main memory. The input device sends instructions to the processor to retrieve applications from main memory, which are then displayed on the output device monitor. The cache acts as a buffer to temporarily store applications and processes for faster access. Processors have multiple cores that operate at gigahertz speeds to process instructions. The fetch-execute cycle continuously loops to fetch instructions from storage into memory, decode them, and execute the decoded operations. The arithmetic logic unit performs calculations and logical comparisons on input data from the control unit and outputs results.
Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. They are composed of hardware and software and exist in a variety of sizes, from embedded computers inside devices to supercomputers used for highly complex tasks. A basic computer system includes input devices like a keyboard, a central processing unit that performs calculations, and output devices like a monitor that present results.
The three main components of an internal computer system unit are the processor, motherboard, and power supply. The processor acts as the computer's brain and carries out instructions. The motherboard brings all the components together and contains ports for adding peripherals. The power supply converts main power to lower voltages needed to run the computer safely.
Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers, used to solve complex science and engineering problems through parallel processing of up to ten trillion calculations per second. Mainframes are similar but perform many concurrent operations for large organizations, while servers store data and applications to solve smaller problems for many users simultaneously. Workstations are high-end computers for one user for complex science, math, and engineering tasks. Personal computers are smaller computers designed for individual use in homes and small offices. Microcontrollers are embedded processors that control machinery. Smartphones perform computer-like functions with touchscreens and apps.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols according to a set of instructions. Modern computers are electronic and digital, with hardware components like the CPU, memory, mass storage, and input/output devices, as well as software. Computers can be classified based on their size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, or supercomputers. Personal computers are small, single-user machines that are now commonly based on Intel microprocessors and used for tasks like word processing, games, and internet browsing.
There are three main types of computers based on their principles of operation: analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. Digital computers are the most common today and operate using binary numbers. Computers can also be classified based on their size, memory capacity, and processing speed into supercomputers, mainframe computers, mini computers, and microcomputers (personal computers). Microcomputers are the most ubiquitous. Computers also have different functions and configurations including servers, workstations, information appliances, and embedded systems. Buses and ports allow for communication between different computer components. A modem facilitates data transmission over telephone or cable lines by converting between digital and analog formats.
The document defines and describes different types of computers based on their size, power, and intended uses. It discusses personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also covers different form factors for personal computers including desktop models, tower models, notebooks, subnotebooks, handhelds, palmtops, and PDAs. The key characteristics and components of all computers are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of computers classified by their capabilities and applications. It covers five types: supercomputers designed for complex problems, mainframes for multiple intensive tasks, servers/minicomputers for small businesses, desktop computers like PCs and workstations, and mobile computers like laptops and palmtops. It also outlines the essential components of all computers: input, processor, memory, storage, and output.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from mechanical to modern transistor-based machines. It describes the major components of a computer including the processor, memory, storage, and input/output devices. It also classifies different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframes, servers, desktops, and portables based on their capabilities and applications.
This document provides an overview of computers, including their basic components and functions. It discusses hardware such as the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, storage, and communication devices. It also covers software types including system software and application software. Key points covered include how computers process data, examples of input and output devices, different types of memory and storage, and definitions of compilers and types of application software.
This document provides an overview of computers, including their basic components and functions. It discusses hardware such as the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, storage, and communication devices. It also covers software types including system software and application software. Specific topics like random access memory, read only memory, and compilers are described at a high level.
This document provides an overview of different types of computers and their components. It discusses desktop computers, workstations, notebook computers, tablet PCs, handheld computers, smartphones, network servers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and supercomputers. It also describes the basic parts of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. Finally, it explains the information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage.
Hello Friends this is my first ppt on slide share . This ppt is all about types of computer. You can make some changes in it if you want otherwise it is superb ppt. Thanks you pls like and share with yours friends
Computers can be categorized by size and performance. Personal computers like desktops and laptops are microcomputers commonly used by individuals. Larger systems include minicomputers and mainframes used by large organizations. A computer contains a processor, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software. It executes programs to perform tasks like banking, weather forecasting, and medical diagnosis. Hardware components communicate via the motherboard and work together under the instruction of software.
The document classifies computers based on their mode of use and architecture. It discusses palms, laptops, desktop PCs, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Key points include: palms are small, portable computers operated via touchscreen; laptops are portable but larger than palms; desktop PCs are the most popular type of computer; workstations are more powerful desktops used for intensive tasks; servers are optimized for specific functions like storage or printing; mainframes are large, powerful computers used by large organizations; and supercomputers are the fastest computers capable of intensive calculations.
This document defines and categorizes different types of computers. It discusses mobile computers, microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers, servers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, and special purpose computers. Microcomputers are single-user devices with smaller storage and slower speeds than other types. Workstations are more powerful desktops used for tasks like engineering. Minicomputers supported up to 200 users but have become obsolete. Servers manage network resources. Mainframes can support thousands of users for organizations with large data needs. Supercomputers have extremely high processing power for complex tasks. Special purpose computers are built for dedicated functions.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to stored instructions, and provide output. It consists of hardware and software components. The hardware includes the physical parts like the central processing unit, memory, storage, ports, and input/output devices. Software provides instructions to tell the hardware what to do. There are different types of computers classified by usage, size, and purpose. When selecting a personal computer, factors to consider include intended use, budget, needed processing power and storage, and compatibility with desired software and peripherals.
1. Computers can be classified according to their purpose, the type of data they handle, and their size and capacity.
2. According to purpose, there are general-purpose computers which can handle many tasks, and special-purpose computers designed for specific functions like toll collection.
3. Based on data type, there are analog computers for continuous data, digital computers for discrete data, and hybrid computers for both analog and digital signals.
The document discusses different types of computer classification based on purpose, function, and size. General purpose computers can perform many different tasks while special purpose computers are designed to perform a single specific task. Based on function, computers are digital, analog, or hybrid. Classification by size includes microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers, with the latter being the most powerful and used for complex calculations.
The document provides an overview of computer systems and their components. It discusses the input-process-output cycle that computers follow and describes the main hardware components - the input, processing, output and storage units. It also discusses different types of memory, CPUs and their components. The document then summarizes system and application software, different operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed, real-time and network operating systems.
These Notes from the class of BS EDUCATION 1st Semester (Spring) Session 2023-2027 Teacher :Ch Naveed Afzal
semester started in march 2023 and end in july 2023
There are several types of computers:
1) Personal computers (PCs) which are designed for general use by individuals, including desktops which are intended to stay in one place, and laptops which are portable.
2) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and handheld computers which are smaller and more portable than laptops.
3) Workstations which are more powerful desktop computers intended for specialized tasks like graphics or gaming development.
Computers can be classified based on their speed, power, and intended use. Personal computers (PCs) are designed for individual use and have moderate power. Workstations are similar to PCs but more powerful and intended for engineering, publishing, and software development. Mini computers support up to 250 users simultaneously while mainframes support hundreds to thousands of users and execute many programs concurrently. Supercomputers are extremely fast and capable of hundreds of millions of instructions per second, used for specialized applications requiring immense calculations.
Similar to A computer is a programmable machine that receives input (20)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input
1. A computer<br />A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.<br />Computer ComponentsComputers come in all types and sizes. There are primarily two main sizes of computers. They are: Portable Desktop The portable computer comes in various sizes and are referred to as laptops, notebooks, and hand-held computers. These generally denote different sizes, the laptop being the largest, and the hand-held is the smallest size. This document will mainly talk about the desktop computer although portable computer issues are also discussed in various areas. Computer Components:Computers are made of the following basic components: Case with hardware inside: Power Supply - The power supply comes with the case, but this component is mentioned separately since there are various types of power supplies. The one you should get depends on the requirements of your system. This will be discussed in more detail laterMotherboard - This is where the core components of your computer reside which are listed below. Also the support cards for video, sound, networking and more are mounted into this board. Microprocessor - This is the brain of your computer. It performs commands and instructions and controls the operation of the computer. Memory - The RAM in your system is mounted on the motherboard. This is memory that must be powered on to retain its contents. Drive controllers - The drive controllers control the interface of your system to your hard drives. The controllers let your hard drives work by controlling their operation. On most systems, they are included on the motherboard, however you may add additional controllers for faster or other types of drives. Hard disk drive(s) - This is where your files are permanently stored on your computer. Also, normally, your operating system is installed here.CD-ROM drive(s) - This is normally a read only drive where files are permanently stored. There are now read/write CD-ROM drives that use special software to allow users to read from and write to these drives.Floppy drive(s) - A floppy is a small disk storage device that today typically has about 1.4 Megabytes of memory capacity.Other possible file storage devices include DVD devices, Tape backup devices, and some others. Monitor - This device which operates like a TV set lets the user see how the computer is responding to their commands.Keyboard - This is where the user enters text commands into the computer.Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works well in graphical environments. ROM read-only memory: (computer science) memory whose contents can be accessed and read but cannot be changed.Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether it is related to the previous piece of data<br />Pronounced ramm, acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.<br /> There are two different types of RAM: DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). The two types differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster than DRAM. DRAM supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds. Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as DRAM because it's so much more expensive. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.<br />In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory available to programs. For example, a computer with 8MB RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast, ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform diagnostics. Most personal computers have a small amount of ROM (a few thousand bytes). In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-only RAM.<br />See the quot;
DRAM Memory Guidequot;
in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia. This Webopedia Quick Reference offers general information on the two types of RAM and provide an overview on the common modules of each type. <br /> See quot;
Tips to Fix a Slow Running Computerquot;
in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.quot;
See also quot;
The Difference Between Laptop and Desktop Memoryquot;
in the Did You Know...? section of Webopedia.<br />Types of computer <br />Personal computers or microcomputers<br />Microcomputers are built to be used by one person. In fact when you talk about personal computers or its common acronym PC, you always mean microcomputers.<br />Types of mobile computers<br />If you prefer the laptop you’ll go for the mobile or portable system. Your notebook, a common name of laptop, has the advantage to have all the parts built together.<br />Types of mini computers<br /> <br />Apart the micro computers, you may consider three other types of computers: the minicomputers, the mainframes and the supercomputers.<br /> <br />Be advised that the name minicomputers does not mean it is slowest than your PC. Surely not! If you plan to build a home network the minicomputers can be used as a mid- range server to serve multiple users.<br /> <br />However with the mainframe you are able to build a large network for several hundred clients. You can process millions of transactions daily with the mainframe because of its high capacity. Most of enterprises such as large organizations, insurance businesses, industry, banking … usually use the mainframe for processing and storing enormous amounts of data every day.<br /> <br />The supercomputer is the fastest machine in the history of computer not only for its size but especially for its capacity. You won’t have to use this powerful system unless you are working with nuclear or aerodynamic companies for example.<br />Different Types of Computers<br />Electronics Classifieds Free Classifieds. Sell It Online. Sell Your Electronics For Free! www.Dealfish.com.ng<br />Durable computers? Get the world's leading computer brands at affordable prices now! www.druston.com.ng/computers<br />Buy Laptops Cheap Online Refurbished Laptops with Warranty Ship Direct to You from USA USAnotebook.com/Africa_laptops<br />A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of mankind. Thanks to the computer technology, we were able to achieve an efficient storage and processing of data; we could rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities for storage of the information. Owing to computers, we have been able speed up daily work, carry out critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in work output. The computers of the earlier years were of the size of a large room and were required to consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing powers and sizes of computers, they have been classified under various types. Let us look at the classification of computers.<br />Different types of ComputersBased on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog computers and hybrid computers.Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.Following are some of the other important types of computers.Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can thus substitute for several small servers.Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called as personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and serve as the best choices for single-user tasks.<br />Personal computers come in a variety of forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital assistants. Let us look at each of these types of computers.Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer are readily available at relative lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in workplaces and households.Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Its portability and capacity to operate on battery power have served as a boon for mobile users.Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be effectively used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. They took up the space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core memory technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was the first successful minicomputer.Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users’ hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers are consistently in operation as they do not have to be turned on and off and are constantly interacting with the user.These were some of the different types of computers available today. Looking at the rate of the advancement in technology, we can definitely look forward to many more types of computers in the near future. <br />