The document provides an overview of 4G technology, its key features, challenges, and applications. It discusses that 4G aims to provide high speed wireless connectivity for mobile users. It allows seamless switching between networks for continuity of service. Technologies like LTE and WiMAX are part of 4G. Challenges include ensuring security of information and reducing handoff delay during network switching. Applications discussed include using multimode software to access different networks simultaneously and using network coding techniques to efficiently transmit video content over 4G networks. The document also proposes a design for an efficient battery charger to address the short battery life issue in 4G devices.
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to
fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with dierent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of ecient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to
fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with dierent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of ecient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
Customer needs more from the innovation. The innovation which are use resemble TV, Clothes washer, cooler, Mobile Phones. The most needed element of web is acceptable execution and quicker access. The Cellular Subscriber pay extra for the moment include and the entrance of web on their telephones. To help such ground breaking framework we need fast remote network. A remote innovation is bow quick nowadays. An as of late wired system was expected to get on the web. These days, Mobile systems are progressed in last four decades. The cell idea which was present with 1G where G represents age organize. It has increments quicker from age to age, which are 1G,2G,3G, lastly come to 4G. Pradnya Pramod Mohite "5G System-Trends & Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30411/5g-systemtrends-and-development/pradnya-pramod-mohite
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
Mobile technology g, e, 3 g, 3g +, h, h + or 4g _4g bd _ third and fourth gen...www.4g-bd.com
Those who use a smartphone ( especially those who do it for the first time ) at some time have wondered who those letters ( G, E, 3G, 3G +, H, H + or 4G ) displayed next to the time in top, which also shows other information such as call coverage, time, battery, etc ...
http://www.4g-bd.com/2014/09/mobile-technology-g-e-3g-h-4g.html#sthash.kDJLtxcq.dpbs
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
Depiction Optimization of Overdue Wi-Fi Offloading in Heterogeneous SystemsIJASRD Journal
The fast growing mobile data traffic causes the deficiency of cellular network capacity. To mitigate this problem, Wi-Fi offloading techniques where the mobile data traffic is offloaded through sparsely deployed Wi-Fi networks have been extensively investigated. Wi-Fi offloading techniques can be classified into: 1) auction game-based offloading and 2) congestion game-based offloading. To proposed system inventing a Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) to make offloading decisions efficiently. The existing approach use two algorithms such as; 1) Hybrid offloading algorithm and 2) Monotone offloading algorithm. But the previous work of hybrid offloading algorithm and monotone offloading algorithm was not efficient. Based on the Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) mechanism. The proposed mechanism of offload cellular network traffic of vehicular users through carrier Wi-Fi networks based on the game theory approach. It computes the mobile network offloading performance. In this design of offloading mechanism in order to improve the overall offloading performance. By reducing the number of vehicular users contending for the channel and prioritizing high WIFI data rates and thus the offloading performance can be improved. In the proposed approach is reducing the accessing cost, time and improve the Wi-Fi offloading performance.
5G–“connect anytime, anywhere, anyhow” promising everywhere network access at high speed to the end users, has been a topic of great interest mainly for the wireless telecom industry. 5G seems to be the solution for the growing user necessities of wireless broadband access and the boundaries of the existing wireless communication system. The wireless industry is busy with the standardization of the 4th generation (4G) cellular networks. 4G wireless system cannot exist in today’s market without standardization. The 4G concept shave already moved to the standardization phase, we must begin to work on the structure blocks of the 5G wireless networks. The major difference, from a user point of view, between current generations and expected 5G techniques must be something else than increased maximum throughput; other requirements include low battery consumption, more secure. We refer to this goal as enabling the 4A’s paradigm i.e. Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable. In particular, this paper focuses on the features such as broadband internet in mobile phones with a possibility to provide internet facility in the computer by just connecting the mobile and with a speed of 10Gbps and more. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World.
Abstract:The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.There are high expectations that Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is known as 3.9G wireless system will be a new service platform that can support a huge amount of mobile data traffic. This paper describes the features, technology and network architecture of LTE & also provides an overview of next generation telecommunication network LTE, which is started commercially in December 2010 in Japan (started by DOCOMO), realizing high speed wireless access. It also outlines the further trends towards a further speed increase. Keywords-Circuit Switching, GSM, HSPA, LTE, Packet Switching, WiMAX
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Applications of Artificial Neural Network in Forecasting of Stock Market Indexpaperpublications3
Abstract: Prediction in any field is a challenging and unnerving process. Stock market is a promising financial investment that can generate great wealth. However, under the impact of Globalization Stock Market Prediction (SMP) accuracy has become more challenging and rewarding for the researchers and participants in the stock market. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been found to be an efficient tool in modeling stock prices and quite a large number of studies have been done on it. ANN modeling of stock prices of selected stocks under NSE is attempted to predict the next day’s price. The network developed consists of one input layer, hidden layer and output layer with four, nine and one nodes respectively. The input being the closing price of the previous four days and output being the price for the next day. In the first section the adaptability of neural networks in stock market prediction is discussed, in the second section we discuss the traditional methods that were being used earlier for stock market prediction, in the third section we discuss the justification for using neural networks and how it is better over traditional methods, in the fourth section we discuss the basics of neural networks, section five gives an overview of data and methodology being used, in section six we have discussed the various forecasting errors methods to calculate the error, in section seven we have presented our results. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of artificial neural network in stock market prediction.
Command Transfer Protocol (CTP) for Distributed or Parallel Computationpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, an improved version of a new networking protocol CTP for distributed or parallel computations is presented. In common, it is suitable just for fast, reliable and feature full interchange of small messages. CTP is a transport level API which helps in incrementing the speed of interchange. CTP is designed to allow general configurability, enabling its use in a wide range of general purpose and specialized applications. CTP covers a number of layers, from transport layer to application layer, proves that the area of its responsibility starts from relatively low level and goes to a high one.
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
Customer needs more from the innovation. The innovation which are use resemble TV, Clothes washer, cooler, Mobile Phones. The most needed element of web is acceptable execution and quicker access. The Cellular Subscriber pay extra for the moment include and the entrance of web on their telephones. To help such ground breaking framework we need fast remote network. A remote innovation is bow quick nowadays. An as of late wired system was expected to get on the web. These days, Mobile systems are progressed in last four decades. The cell idea which was present with 1G where G represents age organize. It has increments quicker from age to age, which are 1G,2G,3G, lastly come to 4G. Pradnya Pramod Mohite "5G System-Trends & Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30411/5g-systemtrends-and-development/pradnya-pramod-mohite
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
Mobile technology g, e, 3 g, 3g +, h, h + or 4g _4g bd _ third and fourth gen...www.4g-bd.com
Those who use a smartphone ( especially those who do it for the first time ) at some time have wondered who those letters ( G, E, 3G, 3G +, H, H + or 4G ) displayed next to the time in top, which also shows other information such as call coverage, time, battery, etc ...
http://www.4g-bd.com/2014/09/mobile-technology-g-e-3g-h-4g.html#sthash.kDJLtxcq.dpbs
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
Depiction Optimization of Overdue Wi-Fi Offloading in Heterogeneous SystemsIJASRD Journal
The fast growing mobile data traffic causes the deficiency of cellular network capacity. To mitigate this problem, Wi-Fi offloading techniques where the mobile data traffic is offloaded through sparsely deployed Wi-Fi networks have been extensively investigated. Wi-Fi offloading techniques can be classified into: 1) auction game-based offloading and 2) congestion game-based offloading. To proposed system inventing a Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) to make offloading decisions efficiently. The existing approach use two algorithms such as; 1) Hybrid offloading algorithm and 2) Monotone offloading algorithm. But the previous work of hybrid offloading algorithm and monotone offloading algorithm was not efficient. Based on the Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) mechanism. The proposed mechanism of offload cellular network traffic of vehicular users through carrier Wi-Fi networks based on the game theory approach. It computes the mobile network offloading performance. In this design of offloading mechanism in order to improve the overall offloading performance. By reducing the number of vehicular users contending for the channel and prioritizing high WIFI data rates and thus the offloading performance can be improved. In the proposed approach is reducing the accessing cost, time and improve the Wi-Fi offloading performance.
5G–“connect anytime, anywhere, anyhow” promising everywhere network access at high speed to the end users, has been a topic of great interest mainly for the wireless telecom industry. 5G seems to be the solution for the growing user necessities of wireless broadband access and the boundaries of the existing wireless communication system. The wireless industry is busy with the standardization of the 4th generation (4G) cellular networks. 4G wireless system cannot exist in today’s market without standardization. The 4G concept shave already moved to the standardization phase, we must begin to work on the structure blocks of the 5G wireless networks. The major difference, from a user point of view, between current generations and expected 5G techniques must be something else than increased maximum throughput; other requirements include low battery consumption, more secure. We refer to this goal as enabling the 4A’s paradigm i.e. Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable. In particular, this paper focuses on the features such as broadband internet in mobile phones with a possibility to provide internet facility in the computer by just connecting the mobile and with a speed of 10Gbps and more. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World.
Abstract:The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.There are high expectations that Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is known as 3.9G wireless system will be a new service platform that can support a huge amount of mobile data traffic. This paper describes the features, technology and network architecture of LTE & also provides an overview of next generation telecommunication network LTE, which is started commercially in December 2010 in Japan (started by DOCOMO), realizing high speed wireless access. It also outlines the further trends towards a further speed increase. Keywords-Circuit Switching, GSM, HSPA, LTE, Packet Switching, WiMAX
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Applications of Artificial Neural Network in Forecasting of Stock Market Indexpaperpublications3
Abstract: Prediction in any field is a challenging and unnerving process. Stock market is a promising financial investment that can generate great wealth. However, under the impact of Globalization Stock Market Prediction (SMP) accuracy has become more challenging and rewarding for the researchers and participants in the stock market. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been found to be an efficient tool in modeling stock prices and quite a large number of studies have been done on it. ANN modeling of stock prices of selected stocks under NSE is attempted to predict the next day’s price. The network developed consists of one input layer, hidden layer and output layer with four, nine and one nodes respectively. The input being the closing price of the previous four days and output being the price for the next day. In the first section the adaptability of neural networks in stock market prediction is discussed, in the second section we discuss the traditional methods that were being used earlier for stock market prediction, in the third section we discuss the justification for using neural networks and how it is better over traditional methods, in the fourth section we discuss the basics of neural networks, section five gives an overview of data and methodology being used, in section six we have discussed the various forecasting errors methods to calculate the error, in section seven we have presented our results. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of artificial neural network in stock market prediction.
Command Transfer Protocol (CTP) for Distributed or Parallel Computationpaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, an improved version of a new networking protocol CTP for distributed or parallel computations is presented. In common, it is suitable just for fast, reliable and feature full interchange of small messages. CTP is a transport level API which helps in incrementing the speed of interchange. CTP is designed to allow general configurability, enabling its use in a wide range of general purpose and specialized applications. CTP covers a number of layers, from transport layer to application layer, proves that the area of its responsibility starts from relatively low level and goes to a high one.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The modern communication system is aimed to reach the real world one environment from virtual world via connecting resources of one with another through social network system. The communication process is aggravated various infrastructural development to reach in this current level such as 3G and 4G communication system.
The term 4G is used by several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G
systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication.
Get up to date with the latest 5G knowledge.
The 80 page guide covers the following information and more:
5G mobile broadband objective
5G requirements
Air interfaces for high data rates
Future testing intruments
Introduction to the 5G waveform
Detailed analysis of FBMC waveforms
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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4G Technology and Its Application
An Overview
Dr. Vidyaa Thulasiraman1
, Mr.G.Manikandan2
1
Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science, Govt Arts and Science College for Women,
Bargur – 635 104
2
Research Scholar, Periyar University, Salem -11
Abstract: With the expanding requests in the field of versatile and information interchanges, the sole point is to
associate clients as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. 4G gives high portability fast information
rates furthermore underpins high limit IP-based administrations and applications while it too keeps up full in
reverse similarity. It is additionally in light of remote correspondence that is IP construct and is slated in light of
Advanced MIMO innovation. WiMAX, LTE, Advanced LTE Technologies, and so forth are part of 4G. In this
paper, we depict what the 4G innovation really is counting its Technical perspectives, Key Features, Challenges,
and so forth and how simple it is to execute 4G demonstrating its Cost viability. A few suggestions has been made
with a specific end goal to comprehend the best possible focal points and difficulties of 4G System for powerful
usage, for e.g.: 4G Network access requires expansive number of Transmitters and Collectors in the Device which
bring about substantial utilization of battery. This paper underscores on such obliges and its evacuation. Further,
use of multimode programming is clarified by which diverse systems can be kept up. Another proposition of
Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks if there should be an occurrence of Video is specified in the paper. At
last, a depiction of Future Technologies, for example, 5G, 6G and 7G has been given which has monstrous degree
for creative examination and improvement.
Keywords: 4G; LTE; LTE Advanced; MIMO; WiMAX ; 5G ; 6G ; 7G; Coding Strategies.
1. INTRODUCTION
4G is the Fourth Generation of mobile communication. A successor to 3G standards, it promises higher speed and better
performance. ITU-Advanced specifications state that it should be able to provide 1Gbps speed for low mobility and at
least 100Mbps for high mobility. With this feature, users will have access to different services, increased coverage, the
convenience of a single device, one bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the
failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G technology follows Multiple Input Multiple Output Technology that uses
signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency. In Figure 1, the
successive generations have been shown. The following sections in this paper attempt to focus on the features of 4G and
also its challenges.
This new technology can be made to work on the existing platforms (towers and available antennae) quite proficiently,
thus eliminating new hardware investment costs. But, with the onset of 4G, the problem of availability of network in
remote places would become more than prominent as this technology is far more advanced than the previous standards.
[16] Also, 4G network access requires substantial increase in the number of transmitters and receivers in the device,
which means lowering of available battery backup which can be removed by efficient charger design for 4G device. The
applications of 4G are many, amongst which multimode software, video coding strategies are the ones that are discussed
in this paper. As it is widely known and accepted, that every new technology enhances scope for betterment and
improvement, thus leading to innovation of a newer one. Following the same queue, valid ideas will be shared that leave
room for creation of more advanced standards following 4G such as 5G, 6G and 7G.
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2. KEY FEATURES OF 4G TECHNOLOGY
A. Network Detection and Network Selection — A mobile terminal that features multiple radio technologies or possibly
uses software-defined radios if economical, allows participation in multiple networks simultaneously, thereby connecting
to the best network with the most appropriate service parameters (cost, QoS and capacity among others) for the
application.
B. Seamless Handover and Service Continuity — A ―base station‖ that features intra- and inter-echnology handovers,
assuring service continuity with zero or minimal interruption, without a noticeable loss in service quality. Support for this
function requires continuous transparent maintenance of active service instances and inclusion of various access
technologies, from WiFi to OFDMA.[1]
WIMAX, LTE & MIMO as Next Generation Technologies:
The emergent 4G technologies such as WiMAX and LTE are stronger as compared to Wi-Fi. These technologies are
having strong QOS and wider coverage. In some key aspect WiMAX and LTE resemble each other including operating in
licensed spectrum bands, strong QOS support, wider coverage range. Based on point-to-multipoint connections, both
WiMAX and LTE telecommunications technologies provide broadband wireless service. Through Base Station (BS),
mobile subscribers (MS) such as smart phones/laptops get connected to internet, while BS controls the channel access of
mobile subscribers. Frequency-division duplex (FDD) as well as time-division duplex (TDD) systems are being supported
by both WiMAX and LTE. MU-MIMO (Multiple User MIMO) is a technology that deals in transmitting parallel &
unique data streams in the same frequency-time to multiple users. (Spatial multiplexing) and also thereby improves
sector/site capacity throughput.
3. CHALLENGES OF 4G
A. Security: The first step in analyzing cellular wireless security is to identify the security objectives. The goals that the
security policy and corresponding technology should achieve are to ensure that information generated by or relating to a
user is adequately protected against misuse or misappropriation. It is to be ensured that the level of protection afforded to
users and providers of services is considered to be better than that provided in contemporary fixed and mobile networks.
Further, it is to be seen that the implementation of security features and mechanisms can be extended and enhanced as
required by new threats and services.[2]
B. Hand off Delay: Handoff delay poses another important QoS-related issue in 4G wireless networks. During the
handoff process, the user may experience a significant drop in QoS that will affect the performance of both upper-layer
protocols and applications. Deploying a priority-based algorithm and using location-aware adaptive applications can
reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability. When there is a potential for considerable variation between senders’ and
receivers’ device capabilities, deploying a receiver-specific filter in part of the network close to the source can effectively
reduce the amount of traffic and processing, perhaps satisfying other users’ QoS needs.[9]
C. 4G supportive devices showing less Battery Backup: In 4G supportive Devices due to presence of large number of
Transmitters & Receivers, the battery of the device runs off quite quickly. With technological developments the devices
are getting smaller in size due to Large Scale Integration and micro architecture. Hence in 4G devices if we want to
enhance the battery life by designing a much powerful Li-on Battery ,then the backup would increase no doubt but also
the size o the device would increase i.e. not highly recommended. Thus, we have discussed about solving this problem in
the following section.
4. IMPLEMENTING 4G IN A COST EFFECTIVE MANNER
Embedding broadband in all types of consumer devices is a goal of 4G. To achieve the vision, of cost effective application
of 4G ITU defines access layers of network such as Fixed (i.e.,DSL, cable, fiber) — fixed wireline networks, Personal
(i.e., Bluetooth, UWB) —cars, cell phones ,Hot-spot (i.e., Wi-Fi/802.11) , Cellular (i.e.,UMTS, WiMAX) —highly-
mobile users.These include higher speeds and more advanced network integration and enablement for service offerings. In
terms of 4G Network cost and affordability, there are a number of issues to consider that reflect some degree of risk.
Developing a successful 4G Network platform is a positive step towards the creation of a wireless and broadband
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environment that possesses rapid transmission speeds, data integrity modules, and other related events that encourage
users to take additional risks in promoting successful utilization of these 4G tools.
5. PROPOSED DESIGN OF EFFICIENT BATTERY CHARGER FOR 4G ENABLED DEVICE
5.1. LI-ion charging Information:
A Li-Ion battery is unique, as it is charged from a fixed voltage source that is current limited (this is usually referred to as
constant voltage charging). We have designed an efficient single cell 150 mA charger which can be implemented in large
scale thereby resulting in Li-on 4G device compatible charger that can charge a 1500-1800 mAh battery at ease and that
too very fast. This can be done by changing the circuit parameters and also using 3cell Li-on. Figure 2 gives shows the
proposed design or circuitry for the charger[12].
5.2. Constant Voltage Charging:
A constant voltage (C-V) charger sources current into the battery in an attempt to force the battery voltage up to a pre-set
value (usually referred to as the set-point voltage or set voltage). If the voltage is too low, the cell will not be fully
charged. The design presented next shows a simple solution for slow charging a single Li-Ion cell. An LP2951 regulator
was selected because it has an output voltage that is very stable over temperature. The LP2951 is set for an output voltage
of 4.20V using the resistors shown. The C1 capacitor is needed to prevent instability due to noise at the highimpedance
feedback node. Large resistor values are used in this design to keep the "OFF" current drain below 2mA. A blocking
diode is used at the output of the LP2951 to prevent battery current from flowing back into the LP2951 output pin if the
input power source is removed.
6. APPLICATIONS OF 4G
A. Multimode Software Application: 4G technology has an unique application of accessing several wireless networks. It
is capable of high level of customization at the user-level end. This feature integrates the infrastructure of all available
networks and steadily it will be easier for users to access services and applications regardless of the environment. One can
easily access different mobile and wireless networks simultaneously. Multimode software is a software that allows the
user device to adapt itself to various wireless interfaces networks in order to provide constant net access with high data
(packet based) rate. how multiple networks are accessed through multimode operation. All the networks will be
compatible once the switch is completed, eliminating roaming and areas where only one type of phone is supported. Once
the voice and data networks are superposed there will suddenly be millions of new devices on the network cloud. This
will require either reconstruction of the address space for the entire Internet or using different address spaces for the
existing wireless networks. The multimode device architecture may improve call completion and expand effective
coverage area.[2]
B. Video Network Coding for 4G Wireless networks: High Definition (HD) demand is increasing day by day more
than that of the bandwidth support available. Network Coding allows to reduce the required number of packets to
complete a transmission over noisy or unreliable networks compared non coded version, hence increasing throughput.
Network coding offers exciting possibilities for the efficient transmission of video over wireless and bottleneck networks
[1]. By sending combinations of packets and considering traffic as algebraic information not just bits, 4G network is
ideally suited to Network Coding i.e. they are resources, need to serve a variety of different devices and femto cells
connected to WIFI. However, it is also noted that the complexities that Network Coding can face in decoding nodes can
accelerate the capabilities of embedded systems. This problem can be discarded by use of codes defined on small Galois
Fields (GF). Thus, it is inferred that Network Coding could be doing peer to peer high definition video streaming and also
thereby can be incorporated into more consumer-oriented devices. In the next section, the proposed strategy for Video
Centric Network Coding has been briefly portrayed.[3]
6.1 Network Coding for 4G wireless Network: Proposed Strategy:
In this section, a novel proposal has been made that puts forward a variety of network coding approaches, and provides an
efficient way to resolve the issues in Network Coding by encoding at the source, the core nodes as well as decoding at the
edge. Mechanisms like progressive downloads have been designed to compensate for routing and decoding delays that
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can cause betterment to the video experience. Video streaming on the Internet heavily rely on file transfer to provide the
video end to end. The decoding delays associated with these codes can however be very ―expensive‖ for video quality. In
addition, source based solutions can burden a network along the packet route when only the edges requires added
reliability. Here a Network Coding solution can recover packets efficiently since the ―lost‖ packet is part of a linear
combination of transmitted packets. In Figure 4, the network coding principle is illustrated[2].
7. CONCLUSION
The acknowledgment of 4G tears down the divider amongst remote and wireline administrations, a testing try. Sensibly,
wide-scale accessibility of 4G is quite a while away, however administrators and measures bodies are gaining ground. 4G
remote systems not just empower more proficient, adaptable, and dependable remote administrations additionally give
more extensive assortment of administrations. These open doors accompany a requirement for reconsidering about the
security, protection, planner and charging advancements that have been utilized for past eras. [2]We accept, in any case,
that future exploration will defeat these difficulties and incorporate recently created administrations to 4G systems making
them accessible to everybody and whenever. Further proceeding onward to further interchanges eras, it is normal that
soon overall remote web will be far reaching over the globe furthermore information and voice correspondences may
happen exclusively concerning satellite interaction.[4] We trust that this Paper advances more grounded connections
between individuals working in various fields making future ideas of versatile correspondence, Internet administrations,
and so forth. We infer that it is an incredible time to put resources into new businesses. These days versatile clients have
much consciousness of the PDA (portable) innovation. The 5G, 6G &7G innovations incorporate all kind of cutting edge
highlights which makes portable innovation most intense and in immense interest in not so distant future.
REFERENCES
[1] 4G: The What, Why and When- The worldwide adoption and growth of wireless are the fastest technological
achievements in history- Tellabs. www.tellabs.com/solutions/ mobilebackhaul
[2] Future and Challenges of 4G Wireless Technology by Nikita Rawat, December-2012
[3] Video-centric Network Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks: An Overview* by Marie-José Montpetit and
Muriel Médard , MIT Research Laboratory for Electronics.
[4] The 4G Technology V/S other G Technologies by Shipra Gupta, Supriya Shakya, Dept Of CSE, R.K.G.I.T.W,UP.
[5] Analysis of SIP-based mobility management in 4G wireless networks by Nilanjan Banerjee*, Wei Wu, Kalyan Basu,
Sajal K. Das, Center for Research in Wireless Mobility and Networking (CReWMaN), Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0015, USA
[6] Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology: A Survey Mudit Ratana Bhalla, Dept. of Computer Science &
Applications, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar(M.P.)
[7] Survey of Latest Wireless Cellular Technologies for Enhancement of Spectral Density at Reduced Cost, Prof. R. K.
Jain1, Sumit katiyar2, Electronics Department, Singhania University, HIET Ghaziabad Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan
333515, India.
[8] The Future of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks, Xichun Li,Abudulla Gani Department of Computer
System and Technology Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya 50603
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[9] Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Upkar Varshney and Radhika Jain, Georgia State University
[10] Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology:A Survey, Mudit Ratana Bhalla Dept. of Computer Science &
Applications, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar(M.P)
[11] A Review on 5G Technology, Suvarna Patil, Vipin Patil, .Pallavi Bhat
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[12] Literature Number: SNVA557, Texas Instruments, Battery Charging
[13] M. Allman, G. Glover and L. Sanchez, ―Enhancing TCP over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms.‖ RFC
2488, January 1999.
[14] A. Eryilmaz, A. Ozdaglar and M. Médard, M., ―On the Delay and Throughput Gains of Coding in Unreliable
Networks‖, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Volume 54, Issue 12, December 2008, pp:5511 - 5524.
[15] Willie Lu, Fourth-generation mobile initiatives and technologies, IEEE Communications Magazine, Volume: 40
Issue: 3, Mar 2002.
[16] Amy Cole, The Future of 4G Technologies: New Opportunities and Changing Business Models for the Emergence
of LTE and WiMAX.