1) The document discusses different forms of criticism including aesthetic criticism, conservative criticism, constructive criticism, critical criticism, and destructive criticism.
2) It defines criticism as a critical analysis, assessment, or evaluation of a subject or work that can have positive or negative aspects and provide context.
3) The key forms of criticism are discussed as well as the differences between literary criticism, which focuses on analyzing specific works, and critical theory, which analyzes broader social and cultural issues.
The document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It discusses that a literature review allows one to gain skills in information seeking and critical appraisal. A literature review must be organized around the research question, synthesize results, identify controversies, and formulate questions for further research. The document provides questions to consider regarding the thesis, scope, quality of sources, critical analysis, discussion of contrary studies, and relevance for the reader. It notes that a literature review is a discursive prose that organizes themes and trends, rather than just listing sources.
Assessing research performance: missions and metricsPaul Wouters
1. The document discusses the use of metrics to evaluate research performance and the problems that arise when metrics are used inappropriately or without consideration of their limitations.
2. It notes that while metrics were intended to complement expert review, there is now a discrepancy between evaluation criteria and the true functions of science.
3. The document examines theories around citation behavior and how citations are influenced by persuasive and strategic motivations rather than just reflecting scientific impact or merit. This complicates the use of citations and bibliometrics as evaluation measures.
Literary criticism 2016 additional material rev (2)Jaypee010391
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in the course Literary Criticism. It discusses the definitions of literary criticism and its functions. It also distinguishes between literary theory and criticism. Specifically, it notes that:
1) Literary criticism involves the study, discussion, evaluation and interpretation of literature to examine its merits and flaws.
2) The functions of criticism include interpretation and judgment to better understand literary works within their historical and social contexts.
3) Literary theory provides theoretical frameworks and lenses for analyzing texts, while criticism is the application of theory to specific works.
4) The document examines early critics like Plato and Aristotle, noting Plato's moral criticisms of poetry in works like The Republic
Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversariesijtsrd
Discourse analysis is a branch of study that encompasses a variety of varied, primarily qualitative methods to the investigation of the interactions that exist between language in use and the social environment. Language is often viewed by researchers in the subject as a sort of social practice that has an impact on the social world and vice versa. There are many contemporary kinds of discourse analysis that have been overtly or indirectly informed by Michel Foucaults theories of power, knowledge, and discourse, which are discussed below. As a result of Foucaults work, there has been an increased interest in investigating the role that language plays in the formation and maintenance of certain knowledges and the maintenance of inequitable power relations. In order to undertake discourse analyses, human geographers often draw on one of three major schools of discourse analysis Foucauldian discourse analysis FDA , critical discourse analysis CDA , or Gramscian techniques. There are several theoretical and methodological distinctions between these approaches. While different approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, they all provide researchers with an effective means of investigating and exposing semiotic features of power relations in specific sociospatial contexts. While there are no set procedures for these techniques, researchers have recognized certain essential investigative strategies that can be used to inform the performance of any type of discourse analysis project. These strategies are included below. A brief history of Critical Discourse Analysis is offered, along with a full examination of the numerous criticisms levied at CDA and its practitioners over the previous two decades, both by scholars working within the critical paradigm and by other critical critics. Reader response and integration of contextual aspects are discussed, as well as a range of objections directed at the underlying premises and analytical technique. Additionally, there is discussion of contentious issues, such as the negative focus of much CDA work and CDAs developing standing as a intellectual orthodoxy They highlight the major criticisms that have emerged from this overview and provide some ways to overcome these shortcomings. Manna Dey "Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversaries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47701.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47701/analysis-of-the-critical-discourse-and-adversaries/manna-dey
This document provides guidance on strategies for writing effective literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and basic requirements of literature reviews, including outlining important research trends, assessing strengths and weaknesses of existing research, and identifying potential gaps. It offers tips for planning, reading and researching, analyzing, and drafting a literature review. Key steps include focusing the topic, identifying the type and scope of research sources, summarizing and synthesizing findings, comparing and critiquing studies, and determining an organizational structure. The document emphasizes analyzing sources and demonstrating a thorough understanding of the existing body of research on the topic.
This document provides an overview of various approaches to literary criticism, including historical/biographical, moral/philosophical, formalism/New Criticism, psychological, feminist, and Marxist approaches. Each approach is defined, with examples of well-known critics associated with each approach. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. Checklists of questions for each approach are also provided to guide critical analysis using that lens.
Professor Speiser English 28 ITVWeekend College Summer .docxbriancrawford30935
Professor Speiser
English 28
ITV/Weekend College
Summer 2017
Essay #1:
Rhetorical Analysis of a Visual Advertisement
Important details:
First draft and peer review: 30 points
Final Draft: 50 points
First Draft due: June 24
Second Draft due: July 1
Word count: 250-500 words (1-2 pages)
We will complete this first essay of English 28 in three to four steps, with you having to bring in the first
draft to class during Week 2. Then, after bringing in a copy of your first draft to class, we will look at
each other’s papers in a Week 2 peer review session. After peer review, you reflect on our own writing
and, after that, hand in a final draft during Week 3. Here is the assignment:
+ Find a compelling and persuasive visual advertisement and analyze HOW it could influence and
capture an audience rhetorically. Here, you will begin to use, what we call, your “rhetorical analysis”
skills. More on what that means…
Visual advertisement?
• Find either a television (or online) commercial advertisement, or a print ad in a magazine or
newspaper that particularly interests you. After reading the “Introduction,” the first 2-3
chapters of Everyone’s an Author, as well as the other readings and videos on rhetoric from
Module 2, you will utilize the terminology and ideas from the readings to analyze what the
advertisers were thinking when they aimed to persuade a specific audience about their project.
• How is the message working in terms of its utilization of specific visuals, colors, sound, words,
music, composition and placement of product and people? What is it about these elements
that makes the advertisement particularly intriguing?
• Rhetorically, how did the creators of the advertisement think of the text’s purpose, audience,
context, and subject as well as the relationship between all these elements?
Background on Rhetorical Analysis:
Every piece of writing, every painting, every movie, every article written, and every
advertisement created is produced with a specific context (or contexts) in mind, and with the creator
thinking of how he/she can reach and connect with a certain audience. An essential part of your higher
education is to increase your awareness of the creator-audience relationship that exists in any form of
writing, art, or “communication.” And with this increased awareness, you will then broaden your
understanding of what the most effective forms of communication – writing, reading, and speaking –
are, as well as know how and where you can most effectively insert yourself within our society’s various
forms of interaction. This is sometimes considered ‘critical’ reading and writing.
That being said, critical reading and viewing are essential skills for not only being an informed
and astute citizen, but also for all kinds of writing. Analysis is a more specific aim where those critical
reading and viewing skills are applied to particular subjects. Rhetorical.
The document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It discusses that a literature review allows one to gain skills in information seeking and critical appraisal. A literature review must be organized around the research question, synthesize results, identify controversies, and formulate questions for further research. The document provides questions to consider regarding the thesis, scope, quality of sources, critical analysis, discussion of contrary studies, and relevance for the reader. It notes that a literature review is a discursive prose that organizes themes and trends, rather than just listing sources.
Assessing research performance: missions and metricsPaul Wouters
1. The document discusses the use of metrics to evaluate research performance and the problems that arise when metrics are used inappropriately or without consideration of their limitations.
2. It notes that while metrics were intended to complement expert review, there is now a discrepancy between evaluation criteria and the true functions of science.
3. The document examines theories around citation behavior and how citations are influenced by persuasive and strategic motivations rather than just reflecting scientific impact or merit. This complicates the use of citations and bibliometrics as evaluation measures.
Literary criticism 2016 additional material rev (2)Jaypee010391
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in the course Literary Criticism. It discusses the definitions of literary criticism and its functions. It also distinguishes between literary theory and criticism. Specifically, it notes that:
1) Literary criticism involves the study, discussion, evaluation and interpretation of literature to examine its merits and flaws.
2) The functions of criticism include interpretation and judgment to better understand literary works within their historical and social contexts.
3) Literary theory provides theoretical frameworks and lenses for analyzing texts, while criticism is the application of theory to specific works.
4) The document examines early critics like Plato and Aristotle, noting Plato's moral criticisms of poetry in works like The Republic
Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversariesijtsrd
Discourse analysis is a branch of study that encompasses a variety of varied, primarily qualitative methods to the investigation of the interactions that exist between language in use and the social environment. Language is often viewed by researchers in the subject as a sort of social practice that has an impact on the social world and vice versa. There are many contemporary kinds of discourse analysis that have been overtly or indirectly informed by Michel Foucaults theories of power, knowledge, and discourse, which are discussed below. As a result of Foucaults work, there has been an increased interest in investigating the role that language plays in the formation and maintenance of certain knowledges and the maintenance of inequitable power relations. In order to undertake discourse analyses, human geographers often draw on one of three major schools of discourse analysis Foucauldian discourse analysis FDA , critical discourse analysis CDA , or Gramscian techniques. There are several theoretical and methodological distinctions between these approaches. While different approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, they all provide researchers with an effective means of investigating and exposing semiotic features of power relations in specific sociospatial contexts. While there are no set procedures for these techniques, researchers have recognized certain essential investigative strategies that can be used to inform the performance of any type of discourse analysis project. These strategies are included below. A brief history of Critical Discourse Analysis is offered, along with a full examination of the numerous criticisms levied at CDA and its practitioners over the previous two decades, both by scholars working within the critical paradigm and by other critical critics. Reader response and integration of contextual aspects are discussed, as well as a range of objections directed at the underlying premises and analytical technique. Additionally, there is discussion of contentious issues, such as the negative focus of much CDA work and CDAs developing standing as a intellectual orthodoxy They highlight the major criticisms that have emerged from this overview and provide some ways to overcome these shortcomings. Manna Dey "Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversaries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47701.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47701/analysis-of-the-critical-discourse-and-adversaries/manna-dey
This document provides guidance on strategies for writing effective literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and basic requirements of literature reviews, including outlining important research trends, assessing strengths and weaknesses of existing research, and identifying potential gaps. It offers tips for planning, reading and researching, analyzing, and drafting a literature review. Key steps include focusing the topic, identifying the type and scope of research sources, summarizing and synthesizing findings, comparing and critiquing studies, and determining an organizational structure. The document emphasizes analyzing sources and demonstrating a thorough understanding of the existing body of research on the topic.
This document provides an overview of various approaches to literary criticism, including historical/biographical, moral/philosophical, formalism/New Criticism, psychological, feminist, and Marxist approaches. Each approach is defined, with examples of well-known critics associated with each approach. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. Checklists of questions for each approach are also provided to guide critical analysis using that lens.
Professor Speiser English 28 ITVWeekend College Summer .docxbriancrawford30935
Professor Speiser
English 28
ITV/Weekend College
Summer 2017
Essay #1:
Rhetorical Analysis of a Visual Advertisement
Important details:
First draft and peer review: 30 points
Final Draft: 50 points
First Draft due: June 24
Second Draft due: July 1
Word count: 250-500 words (1-2 pages)
We will complete this first essay of English 28 in three to four steps, with you having to bring in the first
draft to class during Week 2. Then, after bringing in a copy of your first draft to class, we will look at
each other’s papers in a Week 2 peer review session. After peer review, you reflect on our own writing
and, after that, hand in a final draft during Week 3. Here is the assignment:
+ Find a compelling and persuasive visual advertisement and analyze HOW it could influence and
capture an audience rhetorically. Here, you will begin to use, what we call, your “rhetorical analysis”
skills. More on what that means…
Visual advertisement?
• Find either a television (or online) commercial advertisement, or a print ad in a magazine or
newspaper that particularly interests you. After reading the “Introduction,” the first 2-3
chapters of Everyone’s an Author, as well as the other readings and videos on rhetoric from
Module 2, you will utilize the terminology and ideas from the readings to analyze what the
advertisers were thinking when they aimed to persuade a specific audience about their project.
• How is the message working in terms of its utilization of specific visuals, colors, sound, words,
music, composition and placement of product and people? What is it about these elements
that makes the advertisement particularly intriguing?
• Rhetorically, how did the creators of the advertisement think of the text’s purpose, audience,
context, and subject as well as the relationship between all these elements?
Background on Rhetorical Analysis:
Every piece of writing, every painting, every movie, every article written, and every
advertisement created is produced with a specific context (or contexts) in mind, and with the creator
thinking of how he/she can reach and connect with a certain audience. An essential part of your higher
education is to increase your awareness of the creator-audience relationship that exists in any form of
writing, art, or “communication.” And with this increased awareness, you will then broaden your
understanding of what the most effective forms of communication – writing, reading, and speaking –
are, as well as know how and where you can most effectively insert yourself within our society’s various
forms of interaction. This is sometimes considered ‘critical’ reading and writing.
That being said, critical reading and viewing are essential skills for not only being an informed
and astute citizen, but also for all kinds of writing. Analysis is a more specific aim where those critical
reading and viewing skills are applied to particular subjects. Rhetorical.
Part 1Globalization is the motivating force behind the busines.docxdanhaley45372
Part 1
Globalization is the motivating force behind the business environment in the 21st century.
Debate the following the veracity of the following statement:
Globalization only significantly affects the CEOs of multinational corporations and high-net-worth individuals.
If your last name begins with A-M you are to argue that the statement is true. If your last name begins with N-Z you are to argue that the statement is false. Reference your reading material. Remember that any debate requires that you try to persuade the reader to your point of view. Here are a few hints for your success:
· Make sure to end your discussion with your best argument.
· Use stronger definitive word choice for your best arguments.
· Open your argument with you second best supporting point.
· Put your weakest point in the middle and choose words which are descriptive to make it more interesting.
· NEVER USE “I think”, “I believe,” “I feel” or personal pronouns of any kind. Unfortunately unless you are an expert your opinions are not very convincing.
· Be creative with your ideas to keep the reader interested in your point of view.
· Do not make this a presentation, report or quotes.
· USE YOUR OWN WORDS AND SELECT THEM PURPOSEFULLY.
The category for the argument is to be true in nature for the last name begins with A-M
References
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=36&ved=0CDYQFjAFOB4&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.saylor.org%2fsite%2ftextbooks%2fFundamentals%2520of%2520Global%2520Strategy.docx&ei=8bxsVKfJNoKyogTfpICwAQ&usg=AFQjCNHlvHlxI7dvdIWPmXi2YVjeGmRiLg
http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2010/06/the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization
http://www.slideshare.net/efendievaz/globalization-29110435
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/03/03/285335070/in-the-new-globalized-diet-wheat-soy-and-palm-oil-rule
http://www.n2growth.com/blog/the-impact-of-globalization-on-business/
Part 2
Remember our up and coming leader in the multinational organization from last week?
What advice would “you” give “you” about how globalization affects your job? What skills and characteristics do you need to know to continue your success?
FYI:Organization Situation
A North America division (approximately 400 employees) of an international company is experiencing rapid growth through it success strategies and through a series of acquisitions. The leadership team has doubled and the next level of management has tripled with further increases expected to support overall growth of the company. You have
been told that you will be promoted to the next level of management. You want to “stand out” and keep moving up the ladder in your career.
References
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7324.html
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6839.html
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6761.html
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/leading_in_the_21st_century/developing_global_leaders
http://www.ddiworld.com/DDI/media/trend-research/global-leadership-forecast-2014-2015_tr_ddi.pdf?ext=.pdf
Research Essay Plan
.
The document summarizes a book review of "The Sociology of the Economy" edited by Frank Dobbin. In 3 sentences:
The book provides an overview of the diverse field of economic sociology through 11 empirical chapters examining topics like hostile takeovers and organ donations using various methods. While diverse, the chapters share a goal of uncovering the social foundations of economic processes and challenging the idea that economics is only about self-interest. The reviewer praises the volume as stimulating material for sociology students and researchers interested in how the social shapes different economic phenomena.
This article introduces a cognitive process theory of writing that views writing as a set of distinctive thinking processes organized hierarchically that writers use during composition. It argues stage models are inadequate as they focus on the development of the written product rather than the cognitive processes. The theory proposes three main elements: the task environment including the writing prompt and text, the writer's long-term memory storing topic and audience knowledge, and the writing processes of planning, translating, and reviewing guided by a monitor.
Contextual ApproachesWhat is a literary approachA literary apAlleneMcclendon878
Contextual Approaches
What is a literary approach?
A literary approach is a "lens" by which we interpret literature. There are three elements in a literary exchange one might consider when making meaning from the text: the source, the text, and the receiver. Some approaches to literature focus on only the material that is contained in the text, separate from external contexts. Conversely, others believe that the text should be interpreted in the context of, for instance, the speaker's identity, the text's time period, the particular reader's experiences, and so forth. There are various approaches to literature, but below is just one to consider as you read a work.
What are some contextual approaches?
Contextual approaches encompass biographical, historical, and New Historical criticism. In contrast to New Criticism, these approaches are based on the premise that important information exists outside the text. Most readers cannot help but wonder about who wrote the text, when it was written, and the circumstances under which it was written. Contextual criticism insists that knowing this outside information will make a reading of a text more informed.
Biographical Criticism looks for direct connections between an author’s life and beliefs and his or her writing, although it recognizes that not all works are autobiographical. Biographical criticism does not assume the writer recognized the connections between his/her life and the text, but the critic will.
Historical Criticism (Historical Approach) looks at the way the historical context of the work itself (the time period during which it was written or which it depicts) can inform our reading of the text. For instance, the social, cultural, economic, scientific, intellectual, military, and literary history (among others) would be considered in order to determine how what was going on at the time affected what the author wrote, whether he or she recognized it or not.
New Historicism begins with the assumption that history is not an objective reality since it, too, is no more than a "text." That is, a New Historicist recognizes that even history is merely a “story” about the past, someone’s versions of the facts, which means history can be read as subjectively as any text. So, on the one hand, a New Historicist would look for ways to undermine conventional views on history or historical events. Yet the impulse behind a New Historicist reading is to discover how “knowledge” is produced at any particular time and place. Thus, a New Historical reading would look at other texts, such as magazines and newspapers from the period, texts from other disciplines (such as architecture, psychology, criminology, etc), and popular literature from the time. The goal would be to expand our understanding of a text by developing a greater understanding of the cultural, sociological, political, and ideological context of the text, linking the text to the culture of its time.
Cultural Criticism looks a ...
English as a Global LanguageAround the world, the English languaeleanorabarrington
English as a Global Language
Around the world, the English language is being used for communication among people who come from various language backgrounds—in fact, a majority of English users today grew up speaking other languages. As a result of these language contacts, the English language itself is changing its shape. While some people resist change, there is not much any individual—or a group of people—can do to reverse the trend. In fact, no one owns the language. Yet, people have various views about what English is or should be.
One way to understand different perspectives on an issue is to conduct a rhetorical analysis of texts--spoken or written.
Rhetorical analysis
is a way of analyzing what the text can tell us not only about the subject and argument strategies but also about the interrelationship among the writer, the audience, the genre and arguments as well as the cultural values of the writer and of the knowledge community.
For this writing project, write a rhetorical analysis essay (a kind of critical analysis essay) that examines an argument about English as a global language. Start by identifying a text that presents an argument about global English. The text can be of any genre—including newspaper editorial, opinion sections of newspapers or magazines, blogs, websites, advertisements, signs, posters, and so on. (Keep in mind that analyzing short texts could require more effort in interpreting and explaining the text and its context.)
Once you have identified the text for analysis, explore the text and its context by considering the following questions: What is the writer’s purpose in writing the text? What kind of situation is the text responding to? Who is the writer? How does the writer establish his or her credibility? What is the writer’s attitude toward the subject? How do you know? Who is the primary audience? Who is the secondary audience? What is the major argument and how is it being built? What are some of the supporting arguments? What other arguments or perspectives are represented? What is the genre and what are some of the characteristic features that are expected? What are the characteristics that are actually found in the text? Is the text effective in communicating the main point to the audience? What can you say about the values and assumptions that are shared by members of the knowledge community?
In addition to analyzing the text itself, you may also find it useful to find out about the medium in which the text was presented. Explore these and other related questions thoroughly to generate ideas for your writing.
Learning Objectives
In this project, you will learn to
Analyze persuasive texts by examining the rhetorical context, argument strategies and textual features
Understand how to analyze the rhetorical features of various types of texts and images
Understand various perspectives on the global spread of the English language
Examine how arguments can be developed and presented to a ...
Annotated BibliographyDue Nov 2829GenreMediumAnnotated .docxdurantheseldine
Annotated Bibliography
Due: Nov 28/29
Genre/Medium: Annotated Bibliography
Purpose: The writer of an annotated bibliography uses the bibliography to compile a list of sources to build research. The form includes a brief summary of the source and your own critical assessment of its relevance, objectivity, appropriateness, and usefulness. It is a tool that helps you keep an organized and thoughtful record of the research process and relevant information about the topic.
To this end, you will put together an annotated bibliography in preparation for Assignment 3. In addition to the primary text (Whistling Vivaldi) the bibliography will include three types of textual information: 1) a mainstream news/ magazine article, 2) a scholarly/academic “peer reviewed” article, and 3) a web-based multimedia or blog-style article.
Format: Your annotated bibliographies must paragraphs must contain a topic sentence, clear evidence from the reading, and coherent sentences on a topic. It will use transitions affectively to cohere the overall piece together. It must answer: 1) What is the information in the article you are summarizing? and 2) What is your critical assessment of the article?
Instructions:
1. Cite in MLA-citation format the name of the article.
2. Draft one or two paragraphs for each of the sources you list in your annotated bibliography.
3. Review the information in the bibliographies with your classmates to improve the grammar of the text and consider points that might help you build your argument in Assignment 3.
Grading Rubric:
25-20
20-15
15-10
10-5
5-0
Content & evidence
Excellent annotated bibliographies. It lays out the aspects of the topic well and evaluates the sources effectively.
Good annotated bibliographies. It lays out the aspects of the topic well and evaluates the sources.
It is an adequate annotated bibliographies. It lays out the aspects of the topic well, but does not evaluates the sources.
Does not fulfill the requirements of an annotated bibliographies.
Paragraphs are too poorly written to be useful.
Information Literacy
Citation is correct. It also provides specific evaluations about the appropriateness of the medium and the information for academic research.
Citation is correct. It provides specific evaluations about the appropriateness of the medium.
Citation is correct. Citation is accurate. It needs to speak to the appropriateness of the medium and the information for academic research.
Citation is not correct. Does not include any information about the medium and appropriateness for academic research.
Citation and assessment are not adequate.
Summary Questions – Aristotle, Confucius
Put things in your own words unless the question asks for a direct quote.
Answer each question in 8-12 sentences.
1. How does Aristotle describe the relation between virtue and pleasure? Give and
explain one direct quote from the reading as part of your response.
2. Think of a famous person (politician, celebrity.
This document provides an overview of critical theories and how they can be applied when writing critiques. It defines critical theories as frameworks that allow deeper examination of society and texts by uncovering power dynamics and assumptions. The purpose of critical theories in critiques is to promote critical thinking and more nuanced understanding by questioning dominant narratives. Some examples of theories discussed are feminist theory, postcolonial theory, Marxist theory, queer theory, and critical race theory. The document also covers how to consider context, power relations, and gain new perspectives when using critical theories in analysis.
This document provides resources and guidance on conducting and writing a literature review. It includes links to websites that describe the purpose of a literature review, which is to critically evaluate and synthesize relevant scholarship and demonstrate knowledge in a particular area. The document offers questions to consider when reviewing literature, such as defining the research topic or question and scope, and ensuring all relevant sources were considered and critically analyzed. It also notes that a literature review discusses major themes, trends and concepts in studies rather than just listing or summarizing individual sources. The resources can help writers properly conduct and structure an effective literature review.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including what they are, their purpose, types, and components. A literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic, identifies current knowledge and gaps, and situates the author's own research within the existing literature. It allows the reader to grasp the subject in-depth and demonstrates the author's understanding. The sources, objectives, and format of literature reviews are also outlined.
Thinking architecture (arc60603 arc2323 arc12312) pvs - central six and exa...Preston Liew
The document provides instructions for students to write a Personal Values Statement (PVS) outlining their personality and defining values that will influence their design work. Students are asked to complete a personality survey, read about influential architects, and undertake introspection to discover their values. They must then write a 3-4 page narrative essay establishing their worldview and stating how their personal values will apply to and impact their major in architecture. The document includes an outline and three sample PVS essays to serve as examples.
An introduction: What is a Literature Review? What is Library Research? How can you find a dissertation in order to look at its literature review? Databases? EndNote?
read the following resources on Dr. Loïc researchHabitus a.docxfterry1
read the following resources on Dr. Loïc : research:
“Habitus as Topic and Tool: Reflections on Becoming a Prizefighter”
“A Fleshpeddler at Work: Power, Pain, and Profit in the Prizefighting Economy”
“
Whores, Slaves, and Stallions: Languages of Exploitation and Accommodation Among Professional Boxers
”
“
UC’s ‘boxing sociologist’ / Combative French Professor Spent 3 Years in Ring (Links to an external site.)
”
A Professor Who Refuses To Pull His Punches (Links to an external site.)
Boxing Proves a Hit for French Sociologist (Links to an external site.)
An important part of analyzing research approaches includes understanding the positive and negative aspects of varied forms of social research. Ethnography as an approach allows a researcher to immerse in a unique social world in order to experience the lives of those who live there. The most intriguing aspects of this type of qualitative research is how the researcher maintains an ethical and neutral stance, how the experience can impact them, and how they use the experience for positive social change.
In your paper, you will present the benefits of ethnographical research in terms of understanding a unique social world, as well as understanding the qualitative researcher’s role in performing and reporting on ethnographic research. You will do this through the resources provided, your own research of immersive ethnographical approaches, and also through critiquing Dr. Loïc Wacquant’s work.
In your paper, include the following sections/components:
Role of Researcher (One to two pages)
Explain the researcher’s role in qualitative research in general and specifically in an ethnographic approach.
Discuss the unique issues that researchers should be concerned about in qualitative research.
Explain the challenges researchers face in ethnographical research.
Discuss specific actions researchers can take to ensure they retain their ethical and neutral stance in performing qualitative research and reporting their qualitative research results.
Loïc Wacquant’s Research (One to two pages)
Summarize what Loïc Wacquant’s research was about.
Determine whether or not Wacquant maintained an ethical and neutral stance.
Justify the research approach Wacquant chose to take.
Explain whether or not this could have been possible with a quantitative research study.
Impact of Research (One page)
Discuss how qualitative research and, in particular, ethnographic research, can inform our understanding of unique social worlds.
Describe the potential impact of research in supporting positive social change through public policy.
The Value of Qualitative Research paper
Must be five double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s
APA Style (Links to an external site.)
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Ins.
This document provides an overview of 22 qualitative data analysis methods: Typology, Grounded Theory, Analytic Induction, Logical Analysis, Quasi-Statistics, Narrative Event Analysis, Domain Analysis, Taxonomic Analysis, Thematic Analysis, Metaphorical Analysis, Hermeneutical Analysis, Content Analysis, Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Semiotic Analysis, Phenomenology, Heuristic Inquiry, Ethnography, Case Study Research, Historical Analysis, Action Research, and Feminist Research. Each method is briefly defined and includes a reference for further information. The document aims to help students, practitioners, and academics with their qualitative research projects.
Here is an in-depth presentation that overviews twenty two (22) qualitative data methods that can be used in marketing research. For more great FREE resources, join us on facebook today at www.facebook.comb2bwhiteboard.
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Introduction to Theory and Criticism - Copy.pptxSabeenFatima23
This presentation covers the basics concept of literary criticism. It covers some important points and interesting aspects of literary criticism and it's theory.
A Matter Of Facts L2 Writers Use Of Evidence And Evaluation In Biographical...Amy Isleb
This document summarizes a research study that explored the evaluative language used in high- and low-graded historical biography essays written by university students in a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) course. The study examined the types of explicit evaluations used in concluding sections and how implicit evaluations were used to provide evidence and support for explicit claims. It found little difference between high- and low-graded essays in their use of evaluative subtypes or positive/negative evaluations. The findings suggest that how evidence is presented and integrated with evaluations through grammar patterns is more important than the types of evaluations alone. A pedagogical framework called 'FACTS' is proposed to teach students how to effectively present evidence to support claims and develop
Literature reviews & literature searchesKaimrc_Rss_Jd
This document discusses conducting literature reviews and searches. It begins by defining a literature review and outlining important steps, including selecting research questions, choosing search terms, applying screening criteria, and critically appraising sources. Several databases and types of sources are identified for literature searches. Key steps in the search process involve breaking questions into concepts, identifying subject headings and synonyms, and combining searches with Boolean operators. Criteria for critically evaluating search results from journals, articles, and websites are also provided.
No One Can Write My Essay For Me Freely. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The book of Esther takes place in the Persian Empire during King Ahasuerus' reign. Esther, a Jew whose parents had died, was taken in by her cousin Mordecai. At the king's command, a beauty pageant was held to find a new queen. Esther entered and won. Meanwhile, the king's prime minister Haman plotted to kill all Jews, including Mordecai and Esther. Through Esther's intervention with the king, the Jews were spared and Haman was executed.
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1. Earth is the only known planet capable of supporting life. It has the necessary conditions like a temperature range conducive to liquid water, abundant water, and other elements essential for life like carbon and oxygen.
2. Life plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate and atmosphere. Plants and algae produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, keeping temperatures stable.
3. All of humanity relies on Earth's living systems like forests and oceans for survival. We depend on ecosystems for food, medicine, clean air and water. The extinction of species threatens our own existence on the planet.
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Part 1Globalization is the motivating force behind the busines.docxdanhaley45372
Part 1
Globalization is the motivating force behind the business environment in the 21st century.
Debate the following the veracity of the following statement:
Globalization only significantly affects the CEOs of multinational corporations and high-net-worth individuals.
If your last name begins with A-M you are to argue that the statement is true. If your last name begins with N-Z you are to argue that the statement is false. Reference your reading material. Remember that any debate requires that you try to persuade the reader to your point of view. Here are a few hints for your success:
· Make sure to end your discussion with your best argument.
· Use stronger definitive word choice for your best arguments.
· Open your argument with you second best supporting point.
· Put your weakest point in the middle and choose words which are descriptive to make it more interesting.
· NEVER USE “I think”, “I believe,” “I feel” or personal pronouns of any kind. Unfortunately unless you are an expert your opinions are not very convincing.
· Be creative with your ideas to keep the reader interested in your point of view.
· Do not make this a presentation, report or quotes.
· USE YOUR OWN WORDS AND SELECT THEM PURPOSEFULLY.
The category for the argument is to be true in nature for the last name begins with A-M
References
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=36&ved=0CDYQFjAFOB4&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.saylor.org%2fsite%2ftextbooks%2fFundamentals%2520of%2520Global%2520Strategy.docx&ei=8bxsVKfJNoKyogTfpICwAQ&usg=AFQjCNHlvHlxI7dvdIWPmXi2YVjeGmRiLg
http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2010/06/the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization
http://www.slideshare.net/efendievaz/globalization-29110435
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/03/03/285335070/in-the-new-globalized-diet-wheat-soy-and-palm-oil-rule
http://www.n2growth.com/blog/the-impact-of-globalization-on-business/
Part 2
Remember our up and coming leader in the multinational organization from last week?
What advice would “you” give “you” about how globalization affects your job? What skills and characteristics do you need to know to continue your success?
FYI:Organization Situation
A North America division (approximately 400 employees) of an international company is experiencing rapid growth through it success strategies and through a series of acquisitions. The leadership team has doubled and the next level of management has tripled with further increases expected to support overall growth of the company. You have
been told that you will be promoted to the next level of management. You want to “stand out” and keep moving up the ladder in your career.
References
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7324.html
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6839.html
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6761.html
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/leading_in_the_21st_century/developing_global_leaders
http://www.ddiworld.com/DDI/media/trend-research/global-leadership-forecast-2014-2015_tr_ddi.pdf?ext=.pdf
Research Essay Plan
.
The document summarizes a book review of "The Sociology of the Economy" edited by Frank Dobbin. In 3 sentences:
The book provides an overview of the diverse field of economic sociology through 11 empirical chapters examining topics like hostile takeovers and organ donations using various methods. While diverse, the chapters share a goal of uncovering the social foundations of economic processes and challenging the idea that economics is only about self-interest. The reviewer praises the volume as stimulating material for sociology students and researchers interested in how the social shapes different economic phenomena.
This article introduces a cognitive process theory of writing that views writing as a set of distinctive thinking processes organized hierarchically that writers use during composition. It argues stage models are inadequate as they focus on the development of the written product rather than the cognitive processes. The theory proposes three main elements: the task environment including the writing prompt and text, the writer's long-term memory storing topic and audience knowledge, and the writing processes of planning, translating, and reviewing guided by a monitor.
Contextual ApproachesWhat is a literary approachA literary apAlleneMcclendon878
Contextual Approaches
What is a literary approach?
A literary approach is a "lens" by which we interpret literature. There are three elements in a literary exchange one might consider when making meaning from the text: the source, the text, and the receiver. Some approaches to literature focus on only the material that is contained in the text, separate from external contexts. Conversely, others believe that the text should be interpreted in the context of, for instance, the speaker's identity, the text's time period, the particular reader's experiences, and so forth. There are various approaches to literature, but below is just one to consider as you read a work.
What are some contextual approaches?
Contextual approaches encompass biographical, historical, and New Historical criticism. In contrast to New Criticism, these approaches are based on the premise that important information exists outside the text. Most readers cannot help but wonder about who wrote the text, when it was written, and the circumstances under which it was written. Contextual criticism insists that knowing this outside information will make a reading of a text more informed.
Biographical Criticism looks for direct connections between an author’s life and beliefs and his or her writing, although it recognizes that not all works are autobiographical. Biographical criticism does not assume the writer recognized the connections between his/her life and the text, but the critic will.
Historical Criticism (Historical Approach) looks at the way the historical context of the work itself (the time period during which it was written or which it depicts) can inform our reading of the text. For instance, the social, cultural, economic, scientific, intellectual, military, and literary history (among others) would be considered in order to determine how what was going on at the time affected what the author wrote, whether he or she recognized it or not.
New Historicism begins with the assumption that history is not an objective reality since it, too, is no more than a "text." That is, a New Historicist recognizes that even history is merely a “story” about the past, someone’s versions of the facts, which means history can be read as subjectively as any text. So, on the one hand, a New Historicist would look for ways to undermine conventional views on history or historical events. Yet the impulse behind a New Historicist reading is to discover how “knowledge” is produced at any particular time and place. Thus, a New Historical reading would look at other texts, such as magazines and newspapers from the period, texts from other disciplines (such as architecture, psychology, criminology, etc), and popular literature from the time. The goal would be to expand our understanding of a text by developing a greater understanding of the cultural, sociological, political, and ideological context of the text, linking the text to the culture of its time.
Cultural Criticism looks a ...
English as a Global LanguageAround the world, the English languaeleanorabarrington
English as a Global Language
Around the world, the English language is being used for communication among people who come from various language backgrounds—in fact, a majority of English users today grew up speaking other languages. As a result of these language contacts, the English language itself is changing its shape. While some people resist change, there is not much any individual—or a group of people—can do to reverse the trend. In fact, no one owns the language. Yet, people have various views about what English is or should be.
One way to understand different perspectives on an issue is to conduct a rhetorical analysis of texts--spoken or written.
Rhetorical analysis
is a way of analyzing what the text can tell us not only about the subject and argument strategies but also about the interrelationship among the writer, the audience, the genre and arguments as well as the cultural values of the writer and of the knowledge community.
For this writing project, write a rhetorical analysis essay (a kind of critical analysis essay) that examines an argument about English as a global language. Start by identifying a text that presents an argument about global English. The text can be of any genre—including newspaper editorial, opinion sections of newspapers or magazines, blogs, websites, advertisements, signs, posters, and so on. (Keep in mind that analyzing short texts could require more effort in interpreting and explaining the text and its context.)
Once you have identified the text for analysis, explore the text and its context by considering the following questions: What is the writer’s purpose in writing the text? What kind of situation is the text responding to? Who is the writer? How does the writer establish his or her credibility? What is the writer’s attitude toward the subject? How do you know? Who is the primary audience? Who is the secondary audience? What is the major argument and how is it being built? What are some of the supporting arguments? What other arguments or perspectives are represented? What is the genre and what are some of the characteristic features that are expected? What are the characteristics that are actually found in the text? Is the text effective in communicating the main point to the audience? What can you say about the values and assumptions that are shared by members of the knowledge community?
In addition to analyzing the text itself, you may also find it useful to find out about the medium in which the text was presented. Explore these and other related questions thoroughly to generate ideas for your writing.
Learning Objectives
In this project, you will learn to
Analyze persuasive texts by examining the rhetorical context, argument strategies and textual features
Understand how to analyze the rhetorical features of various types of texts and images
Understand various perspectives on the global spread of the English language
Examine how arguments can be developed and presented to a ...
Annotated BibliographyDue Nov 2829GenreMediumAnnotated .docxdurantheseldine
Annotated Bibliography
Due: Nov 28/29
Genre/Medium: Annotated Bibliography
Purpose: The writer of an annotated bibliography uses the bibliography to compile a list of sources to build research. The form includes a brief summary of the source and your own critical assessment of its relevance, objectivity, appropriateness, and usefulness. It is a tool that helps you keep an organized and thoughtful record of the research process and relevant information about the topic.
To this end, you will put together an annotated bibliography in preparation for Assignment 3. In addition to the primary text (Whistling Vivaldi) the bibliography will include three types of textual information: 1) a mainstream news/ magazine article, 2) a scholarly/academic “peer reviewed” article, and 3) a web-based multimedia or blog-style article.
Format: Your annotated bibliographies must paragraphs must contain a topic sentence, clear evidence from the reading, and coherent sentences on a topic. It will use transitions affectively to cohere the overall piece together. It must answer: 1) What is the information in the article you are summarizing? and 2) What is your critical assessment of the article?
Instructions:
1. Cite in MLA-citation format the name of the article.
2. Draft one or two paragraphs for each of the sources you list in your annotated bibliography.
3. Review the information in the bibliographies with your classmates to improve the grammar of the text and consider points that might help you build your argument in Assignment 3.
Grading Rubric:
25-20
20-15
15-10
10-5
5-0
Content & evidence
Excellent annotated bibliographies. It lays out the aspects of the topic well and evaluates the sources effectively.
Good annotated bibliographies. It lays out the aspects of the topic well and evaluates the sources.
It is an adequate annotated bibliographies. It lays out the aspects of the topic well, but does not evaluates the sources.
Does not fulfill the requirements of an annotated bibliographies.
Paragraphs are too poorly written to be useful.
Information Literacy
Citation is correct. It also provides specific evaluations about the appropriateness of the medium and the information for academic research.
Citation is correct. It provides specific evaluations about the appropriateness of the medium.
Citation is correct. Citation is accurate. It needs to speak to the appropriateness of the medium and the information for academic research.
Citation is not correct. Does not include any information about the medium and appropriateness for academic research.
Citation and assessment are not adequate.
Summary Questions – Aristotle, Confucius
Put things in your own words unless the question asks for a direct quote.
Answer each question in 8-12 sentences.
1. How does Aristotle describe the relation between virtue and pleasure? Give and
explain one direct quote from the reading as part of your response.
2. Think of a famous person (politician, celebrity.
This document provides an overview of critical theories and how they can be applied when writing critiques. It defines critical theories as frameworks that allow deeper examination of society and texts by uncovering power dynamics and assumptions. The purpose of critical theories in critiques is to promote critical thinking and more nuanced understanding by questioning dominant narratives. Some examples of theories discussed are feminist theory, postcolonial theory, Marxist theory, queer theory, and critical race theory. The document also covers how to consider context, power relations, and gain new perspectives when using critical theories in analysis.
This document provides resources and guidance on conducting and writing a literature review. It includes links to websites that describe the purpose of a literature review, which is to critically evaluate and synthesize relevant scholarship and demonstrate knowledge in a particular area. The document offers questions to consider when reviewing literature, such as defining the research topic or question and scope, and ensuring all relevant sources were considered and critically analyzed. It also notes that a literature review discusses major themes, trends and concepts in studies rather than just listing or summarizing individual sources. The resources can help writers properly conduct and structure an effective literature review.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including what they are, their purpose, types, and components. A literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic, identifies current knowledge and gaps, and situates the author's own research within the existing literature. It allows the reader to grasp the subject in-depth and demonstrates the author's understanding. The sources, objectives, and format of literature reviews are also outlined.
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The document provides instructions for students to write a Personal Values Statement (PVS) outlining their personality and defining values that will influence their design work. Students are asked to complete a personality survey, read about influential architects, and undertake introspection to discover their values. They must then write a 3-4 page narrative essay establishing their worldview and stating how their personal values will apply to and impact their major in architecture. The document includes an outline and three sample PVS essays to serve as examples.
An introduction: What is a Literature Review? What is Library Research? How can you find a dissertation in order to look at its literature review? Databases? EndNote?
read the following resources on Dr. Loïc researchHabitus a.docxfterry1
read the following resources on Dr. Loïc : research:
“Habitus as Topic and Tool: Reflections on Becoming a Prizefighter”
“A Fleshpeddler at Work: Power, Pain, and Profit in the Prizefighting Economy”
“
Whores, Slaves, and Stallions: Languages of Exploitation and Accommodation Among Professional Boxers
”
“
UC’s ‘boxing sociologist’ / Combative French Professor Spent 3 Years in Ring (Links to an external site.)
”
A Professor Who Refuses To Pull His Punches (Links to an external site.)
Boxing Proves a Hit for French Sociologist (Links to an external site.)
An important part of analyzing research approaches includes understanding the positive and negative aspects of varied forms of social research. Ethnography as an approach allows a researcher to immerse in a unique social world in order to experience the lives of those who live there. The most intriguing aspects of this type of qualitative research is how the researcher maintains an ethical and neutral stance, how the experience can impact them, and how they use the experience for positive social change.
In your paper, you will present the benefits of ethnographical research in terms of understanding a unique social world, as well as understanding the qualitative researcher’s role in performing and reporting on ethnographic research. You will do this through the resources provided, your own research of immersive ethnographical approaches, and also through critiquing Dr. Loïc Wacquant’s work.
In your paper, include the following sections/components:
Role of Researcher (One to two pages)
Explain the researcher’s role in qualitative research in general and specifically in an ethnographic approach.
Discuss the unique issues that researchers should be concerned about in qualitative research.
Explain the challenges researchers face in ethnographical research.
Discuss specific actions researchers can take to ensure they retain their ethical and neutral stance in performing qualitative research and reporting their qualitative research results.
Loïc Wacquant’s Research (One to two pages)
Summarize what Loïc Wacquant’s research was about.
Determine whether or not Wacquant maintained an ethical and neutral stance.
Justify the research approach Wacquant chose to take.
Explain whether or not this could have been possible with a quantitative research study.
Impact of Research (One page)
Discuss how qualitative research and, in particular, ethnographic research, can inform our understanding of unique social worlds.
Describe the potential impact of research in supporting positive social change through public policy.
The Value of Qualitative Research paper
Must be five double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s
APA Style (Links to an external site.)
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Ins.
This document provides an overview of 22 qualitative data analysis methods: Typology, Grounded Theory, Analytic Induction, Logical Analysis, Quasi-Statistics, Narrative Event Analysis, Domain Analysis, Taxonomic Analysis, Thematic Analysis, Metaphorical Analysis, Hermeneutical Analysis, Content Analysis, Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Semiotic Analysis, Phenomenology, Heuristic Inquiry, Ethnography, Case Study Research, Historical Analysis, Action Research, and Feminist Research. Each method is briefly defined and includes a reference for further information. The document aims to help students, practitioners, and academics with their qualitative research projects.
Here is an in-depth presentation that overviews twenty two (22) qualitative data methods that can be used in marketing research. For more great FREE resources, join us on facebook today at www.facebook.comb2bwhiteboard.
Or visit our website: www.b2bwhiteboard.com
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms.pdf
1. ISSN: 2456-8104 JRSP-ELT, Issue 17, Vol. 4, 2020,
Impact Factor: 1.025 (IIFS) www.jrspelt.com
_____________________________________________________________________________________
A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
1
A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao (csrao46@gmail.com)
Professor of English, Hyderabad, India
______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Criticism is a critical study of some subject or theme which seems as: an interpretation, assessment,
analysis, judging merits, unfavorable opinions and systematic inquiry. It also gives the opportunity for
context setting. Literary criticism may have a positive or a negative inclination as well as an investigation
of someone’s work of literature. Critical theory is the philosophical appraisal and analysis of society and
culture and it keeps up that philosophy is the main snag to human freedom. There are various forms of
criticism occurring in the day-to-day life.
Keywords: Criticism, Critical theory, Forms of Criticism, Literary Criticism
Introduction
The word, criticism, is gotten from the French word, critique; it was long, thinking back to the
fourteenth century. Criticism is a word utilized in two identifies; at first, it implied "an academic
investigation and adjusted judgment". The words "critic" and "critical" existed in the English
language from the middle of sixteenth century. The word "criticism" first showed up in English
in the middle of seventeenth century. A while later in mid-twentieth century, it came to connote
"an unfriendly assault" pointing out the terrible features of the topic. The following are the
definitions of criticism taken from the contemporary dictionaries:
1. the act of criticizing usually unfavorably; the art of evaluating or analyzing works of art
or literature also : writings expressing such evaluation or analysis; the scientific
investigation of literary documents (such as the Bible) in regard to such matters as origin,
text, composition, or history. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/)
2. an opinion given about something or someone, esp. a negative opinion, or the activity of
making such judgments; Criticism is also a careful discussion of something in order to
judge its quality or explain its meaning. (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/)
3. the act or an instance of making an unfavourable or severe judgment, comment, etc; the
analysis or evaluation of a work of art, literature, etc.
(https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/)
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
2
Criticism is a critical study of some subject or theme which seems as: an interpretation,
assessment, analysis, judging merits, unfavorable opinions and systematic inquiry. It also gives
the opportunity for context setting.
“For all criticism is based on that equation: KNOWLEDGE + TASTE = MEANINGFUL
JUDGMENT.” - Mendelsohn, D (2012). The New Yorker
In this equation, the word, ‘meaningful’ is significant. The above cited equation indicates that
criticism should be meaningful by juxtaposing knowledge and taste. Like some other sort of
writing, criticism is a type that one must have a talent for. Individuals who have a skill for it are
those whose knowledge crosses strikingly and powerfully with their taste.
Moreover, criticism is the investigation, assessment, and understanding of literature, work of art,
film, and social patterns. The objective is to comprehend the potential implications of cultural
wonders, and the setting. Thus, it is frequently assessed how social preparations identify with
other social creations, and what their place is inside a specific kind, or a specific social
convention. The initial English meaning of criticism was chiefly literary criticism, judging and
understanding literature. Over the span of the seventeenth century, it obtained the broader feeling
of disapproval, just as the more specific significance of the "insight of taste", for example the
specialty of evaluating the characteristics and character of scholarly or creative works.
Literary criticism and Critical theory
Literary criticism and Critical theory are juxtaposed to make individuals confused to comprehend
both the expressions. But, there is a lot of variance between the two: Literary Criticism and
Literary Theory. Literary Criticism is an exceptionally focused critique of a piece of literature,
cultural texts, appreciations, literary theories, psychology, linguistics and so forth. Literary
Theory normally deals with the issues containing to literature, such as: the way of composing or
writing, understanding the literary text and author and so on.
Literary criticism is the investigation, contrast, understanding, as well as assessment of works of
literature. Literary criticism is basically a view, bolstered by proof, identifying with subject,
style, setting or authentic or political setting. It for the most part incorporates dialog of the work's
3. ISSN: 2456-8104 JRSP-ELT, Issue 17, Vol. 4, 2020,
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
3
substance and coordinates the thoughts with different experiences from research. Literary
criticism may have a positive or a negative inclination and might be an investigation of
someone’s work of literature or art.
On the other hand, Critical theory is the philosophical appraisal and analysis of society and
culture. It applies information from the sociologies and the humanities to uncover and challenge
control structures. Critical theory has starting points in sociology and furthermore in literary
criticism. In human society and political way of thinking, the expression "Critical Theory"
depicts the Western Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, which was developed in
Germany during the 1930s. Critical theory keeps up that philosophy is the main snag to human
freedom.
Different Forms of Criticism
After having studied and understood what Criticism, Literary criticism and Critical theory, one
has to know the different forms of criticism. There are various forms of criticism occurring in the
day-to-day life. Here are the Different Forms of Criticism for one’s knowledge:
Aesthetic Criticism:
Aesthetic Criticism is viewed as a piece of aesthetics concerning about making a decision about
the excellence and mindfulness style and design and different issues of human assumption
fundamentally. Human life has a tasteful measurement in many pieces of life significance there
will be a great deal of potential for analysis. Design analysis is viewed as the most noteworthy
type of tasteful analysis on account of the way that engineering is a mix of three distinct fields,
such as: arts science and Technology. An aesthetic critic would not say it's wonderful or it's
awful, and somewhat, plan to expound on the significance of the work and the explanation for
why something is lovely or appalling. He would likewise expound on how the importance of a
structure ought to be deciphered.
Conservative Criticism:
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
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Conservative criticism is fundamentally concerned about adjustment to a standard or guideline,
and coherence with the previous a custom or legacy or the like. Conservative critics think about
that everything on the planet has its appropriate and legitimate place; individuals should realize
what that place is, to their benefit; individuals should remain in their very own legitimate place,
since they have a proper place there. They depend more on the techniques for the past instead of
expecting more from the future since future is as a general rule inconsistent and past is
increasingly solid since it has additionally testing strategies. It is regularly observed that
conservative critics are senior individuals instead of the more youthful age who think about that
they have seen everything and done everything.
Constructive Criticism:
Constructive Criticism means to show the reason for something which is yet accomplished by an
alternate methodology. Making analysis isn't really erroneous and its explanation is additionally
regarded yet it is guaranteed that is a comparative objective can be accomplished by an alternate
strategy. Such type of criticisms are regularly considered as tips for development that is the
means by which could things be better and be done in a progressively worthy manner.
Constructive criticism alongside negative analysis has numerous utilizations what are viewed as
utilized all together.
Critical Criticism:
Critical Criticism which is accomplished for Criticism is said to be critical criticism. This kind of
Criticism was made well known by Karl Marx in the book, The Holy Family. To be critical is the
most elevated constructive estimation of a critic and it is additionally a lifestyle for that
individual. For inspirational purposes, such a position is frequently reprimanded and individuals
regularly feel that for being important that ought to be an excellent explanation and being critical
basically for being critical is certainly not a substantial explanation.
Destructive Criticism:
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
5
Destructive criticism is planned to destroy the criticized objective by making ruinous analysis.
This type of criticism might be valuable to spare assets and lives in political and military
settings. A thought isn't viewed as risky however a thought which is proposed in a specific
setting can be hazardous. The term destructive criticism additionally infers that the power or
extent of Criticism is to the degree that it gets dangerous. Destructive criticism from specialists
like guardians will cause mental mischief the youngsters for kids, disturbing their confidence,
conduct lead, social acknowledgment and they will grow up with less fortunate self-observations.
Factual Criticism:
At the point when a complaint what a contention is raised about a thought circumstance watches
something incorrectly in it with the verification which is important to it is called as Factual
criticism. It is frequently observed that when important certainties are alluded as off-base and
these realities are said not to be valid that is their fact has not been set up and furthermore the
way that is referenced infer various stories which can't be accommodated. Facts are the
perceptions making with five faculties and is itself has an issue in view of the way that they are
never totally lacking explanation. For factual criticism, the fact of the matter is of significance.
Liberal criticism:
Liberal criticism is basically concerned about individuals' privileges (counting human rights) and
freedoms, with whether individuals are assuming liability for their decisions or not, and with the
points of confinement of toleration. Liberal criticism centers around ensuring that every one of
the conditions exist in which people can create, thrive and flourish effectively, as self-directed
individuals, with at least limitations. Liberals along these lines reprimand whatever impedes this.
Individuals' privileges, security and decisions ought to be regarded however much as could
reasonably be expected, and snags to a free life ought to be assaulted and expelled.
Logical Criticism:
Logical criticism implies a complaint is raised about a thought, contention, activity or
circumstance on the ground that it doesn't make rational sense. Such a protest for the most part
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
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alludes to presumptions, rationality, suggestions, and plan. Consistent analysis is established in
the essential intellectual rules that guide the conduct of people. Logical criticism likewise
surmises that individuals concur about probably some essential realities and suspicions about the
circumstance, or share for all intents and purpose probably a few convictions. It is absurd to
expect to contend about a logical criticism with someone with whom one doesn't share any
presumptions whatsoever, or who is reluctant to consider in any event the likelihood that a given
suggestion may be valid.
Moral Criticism:
Moral Criticism is deals with the rights and wrongs of morals are qualities and standards of
individuals who maintain about what is good and what is evil or rights and wrongs of the
conditions that are looked by others. Ethical quality is fundamentally concerned with what is
good and bad. This type of Criticism depends on the possibility that individuals ought to be dealt
with comparably in comparable circumstances and similar standards ought to be applied to every
one of the individuals in a comparable circumstance. The special case demonstrates that there
exists a specific module which is an exemption for reasons unknown and such ethical quality is
expected on the grounds that human conduct would be phenomenal without it.
Negative Criticism:
At the point when an observation is seen and voiced out as wrong, erroneous, offensive or
dishonest it is named as negative criticism. The target of the criticism is to propose
dissatisfaction or difference of something since it underscores the negative purposes of
something. Negative criticism may badly affect individuals who pay attention to it. Individuals
who offended respond gravely to it. A lot of it relies upon the amount of contrary analysis that is
moved to the next individual since certain individuals can deal with negative analysis up partially
past which it is resented.
Positive Criticism
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
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Positive criticism causes to notice a decent part of something which isn't being thought about. It
might be disregarded by individuals who see mainly the negative side of something that is the
reason it becomes foremost significance to feature the positive side. Positive criticism may
likewise be viewed as a kind of self-protection and it is additionally utilized as helpful criticism.
The essential point of positive criticism is to give a reference edge to better conduct and
direction. It encourages individuals to act better on a circumstance and gives numerous decisions
to their conduct which thus expands their social opportunity.
Practical Criticism:
Practical criticism is a protest or evaluation of the sort, that something "does or doesn't work" in
down to earth reality, because of some explanation or cause. The attention is on valuable impact.
Practical criticism is only some knowledge acquiring first hand which discloses the motive
behind why an action is erroneous and what are the circumstances under which it might succeed.
Frequently questions and concerns are raised about the reasonableness and appropriateness of a
thought when somebody voices it out. It is seen that practical criticism was progressively viable
when individuals are concerned about the reasonable idea of the issue.
Private and Public Criticism:
Criticism can be communicated privately (secretly) or publicly (freely). The most private
criticism is just in the brains of the critic just as the most evident explanation of not
communicating a criticism is that the critic accepts open information on a specific criticism
would be hurtful either for him or for other people. The main distinction among private and
public criticism is unclear and there are different understandings of completely public and totally
private. The level of Criticism which is made private or public relies upon the legitimate
standards for communicating criticism.
Professional criticism
Someone may offer a criticism in his expert limit dependent on his expert involvement or
professional experience in the subject of the criticism; so, it is said Professional criticism.
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
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Someone is being criticized, as he has flouted a professional standard. Typically, a talented
occupation or a profession has a lot of models, aiming to ensure the nature of work. In the event
that the standards were not there, the products and enterprises provided would be trashy,
pointless or risky. Professionals realize what the standard is, through preparing and training, and
they clarify pertinent parts of that standard to the individuals they manage.
Religious Criticism:
Religious Criticism is identified with passing judgment on activities and thoughts identified with
the presence of God and whether they are positive or negative for people. A religion would
regularly have Holy messages which fill in as a manual for decipher the activities are instill the
thoughts and true them as positive or negative.
Theologians frequently posed inquiries, for example, how would we realize what God needs for
individuals which are frequently attempted to answer dependent on strict standards and laws and
by divine motivation by the way of appeal or meditation. Numerous religious authorities may
condemn the conduct of individuals on the off chance that it clashes with the precept endorsed by
the religious messages anyway the intention of religious criticism is significant since if the
criticism is offered in right soul it can have a decent impact as opposed to a negative impact.
Revolutionary and Radical criticism:
Revolutionary criticisms are likewise utilized in manners which are beforehand inconceivable
and these reactions are related with youth or new age for finding the personality among the more
established age. Central suspicions are normally focused by radical critics to show a definitive
motivation behind it. Radical critics are perpetually discontent with them shallow thoughts.
Revolutionary or radical criticism is frequently compared with political fanaticism, however may
not be the situation each time since these kinds of Criticism primary just demonstrated to be
exceedingly easy to demonstrate that specific thing is true or false which is opposing to the well-
known view of individuals.
Scholarly criticism:
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
9
Scholarly Criticism is considered "insightful" just in the event that it complies with academic
standards. Frequently scholarly criticisms are observed by others to find faults and advise
possible substitutes and in this way, they confirm to sustain the value of criticism all over. The
principal objective of the scholarly critic is to improve the understanding of a subject with the
assistance of investigation. Scholarly criticism is not neutrality yet the very fact that somebody
has built up an insightful criticism implies they're taking a partisan position.
Scientific Criticism:
The scientific criticism is not concerned with ethical values but with quantitative qualities. The
essential focal point of scientific criticism is on whether a thought can be refuted valid or what
are the breaking points of climate application independent of whether individuals like them or
not. Thus, scientists use rationale and pertinent evidence, which is offered by understanding just
as experimentation and focus on the reason for the movement that is significant.
Speculative Criticism:
Speculative criticism is grounded on speculation or things that might be caused or what cause is
known as speculative criticism. At the point when enough proof isn't there, then speculative
criticism happens. Individuals need to manage vulnerabilities a large portion of the occasions in
their lives and they need to decipher things without knowing the subtleties and that is when
speculative thoughts happen as a main priority. Speculative criticism happens when things are
accepted in a specific way then the results would be someone or other.
Theoretical Criticism:
Theoretical Criticism deals with the importance of thoughts dependent on practicality. It is
concerned with the importance of a theory and its application to reality alongside its legitimacy,
confinements and its motivation. The theory is criticized from the perspective of others or inside
or regarding investigational proof or likewise its utility for modern suggestions to the activity
and human conduct.
Conclusion
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A Brief Study of Criticism and Its Forms
Dr. V. Chandra Sekhar Rao
10
Considering the dictionary definitions, Criticism is an opinion (especially negative) about
something/someone, or the activity, and also a careful discussion of something. Literary
Criticism is an exceptionally focused critique of a piece of literature, cultural texts, appreciations,
literary theories, psychology, linguistics and so forth; whereas, Critical theory is the
philosophical appraisal and analysis of society and culture, applying information from the
sociologies and the humanities to uncover and challenge control structures. There are various
forms of criticism occurring in the day-to-day life. Therefore, Criticism is the investigation,
assessment, and understanding of literature, work of art, film, and social patterns.
References
https://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_criticism
https://www.marketing91.com/18-different-types-of-criticism/
https://libguides.dickinson.edu/criticism
https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-critics-manifesto
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/