This document provides a summary of a project on green structures using non-conventional materials. The project will study bricks and concrete made with fly ash as a partial replacement for conventional materials like clay. Tests will be conducted to evaluate the dimensional tolerance, water absorption, compressive strength, and efflorescence of fly ash bricks. Additional tests will examine the bulk density, specific gravity, water absorption, aggregate crushing value, aggregate impact value, and aggregate abrasion value of fly ash concrete. The project aims to determine if green materials can provide comparable or improved strength parameters over conventional materials while reducing costs and environmental impacts.

1. 1
A
SYNOPSIS
Of
PROJECT
On
GREEN STRUCTURES USING NON-CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS
By:
Layak Singh (12BTCENG024)
Ajay Pal (12BTCENG034)
Riteshmani Tripathi (12BTCENG040)
Baiju Kumar (12BTCENG047)
Anoop Kumar (12BTCENG069)
Amaan Ahmad (12BTCENG071)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Vikas Srivastava
Department of Civil Engineering
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences
Allahabad-211007

2. 2
ABSTRACT
Green structures madeby the use of wastematerials such as fly ash, rice husk and
micro silica fly ash. Green materials helps in saving energy , emissions , waste
water is often helpful to produce it uses waste products directly as a partial
substitute for cement thus saving energy consumption in production of per unit
of cement. Brick made fromfly ash as partial replacement of clay were studied for
compressive strength, dimensional tolerance, Water absorption test of brick in
this project. Fly ash is a good replacement of clay in caseof brick and also used for
concrete.

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
Green structure as the name suggests is eco friendly and saves the environment
by using waste products generated by industries in various forms like rice husk
ash , micro silica fly ash etc.
To make resource - saving structures.
Use of green materials helps in saving energy, emissions, waste water is often
helpful to produce it uses waste products directly as a partial substitute for
cement thus saving energy consumption in production of per unit of cement.
Green construction materials are composed of renewable, rather than non-
renewable resources.
Green structures are environmentally responsible because impacts are
considered over the life of product.

4. 4
Sources
Selection process is followed by characterizing the strength parameters of green
materials .Starting from very first step of process of determining cost
consideration of green materials which can cause a reduction of cost.
Important task is to assess the possible pathway of increasing use of green
materials.
To decrease the time span of construction of structures such that using the fly ash
brick and concrete using fly ash.
Construction materials, components found locally, saving energy and resources in
transportation to the project site.

5. 5
MATERIALS & METHOD
Tests to be performed on Fly ash brick and conventional brick.
1. Dimensional tolerance of bricks.
2. Water absorption of bricks.
3. Compressive strength of bricks.
4. Efflorescence of bricks.
By changing the various ratios of constituents we will determine the
strength parameter of green materials over conventional materials.
1.Dimensional Tolerance of Bricks:
A brick is rectangular in shape and size that can be conveniently
handled with one hand. Brick may be made of burnt clay or mixture of
sand and lime or of Portland cement concrete. Clay bricks are
commonly used
But our focus is to replace it with green material like fly ash brick.
Standard size of bricks are 19*9*9 cm .Tolerance on the size of bricks
are fixed by giving maximum and minimum dimensions , not on
individual bricks but on batches of 20 bricks chosen at random . If the
bricks are outside the prescribed limit of tolerance then such lots from
which sample bricks are taken should be rejected.

6. 6
2.Water Absorption Test
The existence of minute pore confers marked capillary properties on
brick ceramics. In particular all bricks absorbed water by capillary
action. The % of water absorption is a very valuable indication of
burning.
First class bricks : 12-15% of its dry weight.
Second class bricks : 16-20% of its dry weight.
Third class bricks : 25% of its dry weight.
3.Compressive strength of Bricks:
Brick has a brittle behavior. Its strength is predominantly governed by
its porosity and maximum sizes of pores present in it, apart from
bonding introduced during its manufacturing. Since, Tensile strength,
shear strength and modulus of elasticity also depend on porosity, the
measured compressive strength gives an indication of these properties
too . Tensile strength, vary from 30-40 % of the compressive strength.
The modulus of elasticity is about 700 times the compressive strength
for the brick of crushing strength up to 300 kg/cm2 and remains more
or less constant for stronger brick.
Tests to be performed on concrete
1. Bulk density of Coarse aggregate.
2. Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate.
3. Aggregate crushing value.

7. 7
4. Aggregate impact value.
5. Aggregate abrasion value.
1. Bulk density of aggregate
The bulk density of aggregate depends upon their packing, the particles
shape and size, the grading and the moisture content. For a given
specific gravity the angular aggregates show a lower bulk density.
The higher the bulk density the lower is the void content to be filled by
sand and cement.
The bulk density is measured in kilograms per litre.
The parameter of bulk density is also used in concrete mix design.
2. Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate
The specific gravity of most of the natural aggregate lies between 2.6 –
2.7.
The specific gravity and porosity of aggregate greatly influence the
strength and water absorption of concrete.
Specific gravity of aggregate generally is indicative of its quality.
The low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and therefore poor
durability and low strength.
The density will greatly depend on specific gravity.
3. Aggregate crushing value
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance
of the aggregate in bulk to crushing under a gradually applied

8. 8
compressive load. However, it does not give a true picture of crushing
strength of aggregate.
Larger sizes of aggregates have generally been found to be higher
aggregate crushing value.
The crushing value varies even for the same aggregates.
For aggregates of crushing value 30 or above, the result may be
anomalous.
4. Aggregate impact value
Toughness is an important property of aggregate, may be defined as
its resistance to failure be by impact.
It is characterized by the energy absorbed before failure.
Aggregate in bulk is used in structural concrete pavements or in the
railway tracks.
Impact forces may result from moving vehicles or falling weights.
For majority of aggregate the aggregate impact value and the
aggregate crushing value are numerically similar within fairly close
limits.
If the aggregate impact value of the given aggregate is high, there is
a probability of breakdown of the wearing layers of the concrete
using such aggregate. The impact value should be less than or equal
to 30 %.

9. 9
5. Aggregate abrasion value
The abrasion of resistance to wear is an important property of aggregate used
in roads and in the floor surface subjected to heavy vehicles.
Concrete surface made of coarse aggregate can be subjected to various types
of abrasive wear.
The action of abrasive solids carried by water generally lead to erosion of
concrete.
The aggregate abrasion value is define in terms of the percentage loss in mass
on abrasion.
The abrasion value should not be greater than 30 for wearing surfaces and not
more than 50 for concrete other than wearing.

10. 10
WORKPLAN
S.NO. WORK MONTH
Odd Semester
1. Literature review November -April
2. Explore the sources of green materials November 24th
-27th
3. Finalization of work and review Till 15th
December
Work plan for Even Semester:
S.No. WORK MONTH
1. Procurement of material January
2. Casting of specimen February
3. Testing of specimen March
4. Preparation of write up April

11. 11
Work progress chart
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
literature review
explore the soure of green material
finalization of work and review
completetion in %
completetion in %

12. 12
Tasks to be completed
1. Replacement of conventional materials by green materials and project
scheduling.
2. Cost estimation of conventional materials and green materials.
3. Strength comparison by trial of various compositions.
4. Project finalization and submission.

13. 13
REFERENCES
IS 3495: Part-I: 1992
IS: 1077
IS: 3495: Part: III: 1992
IS: 3495: Part: III
www.flyash.com
Building Materials by S K Duggal