This document outlines a B.Tech project on green structures using non-conventional materials. The project will be conducted under the guidance of Dr. Vikas Srivastava by 6 students. The objectives are to determine the strength, performance, and effects of variation in strength characteristics of green materials. Various tests will be performed on fly ash bricks and concrete to analyze properties like dimensional tolerance, water absorption, compressive strength, bulk density, specific gravity, aggregate crushing value, aggregate impact value, and aggregate abrasion value. The work plan involves literature review, exploring material sources, finalizing the work, procuring materials, casting specimens, testing specimens, and preparing a write up.

1. B.TECH PROJECT
ON
GREEN STRUCTURES USING NON-CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS
Under the guidance of
Dr. Vikas Srivastava
By:
Layak Singh (12BTCENG024)
Ajay Pal (12BTCENG034)
Riteshmani Tripathi (12BTCENG040)
Baiju Kumar (12BTCENG047)
Anoop Kumar (12BTCENG069)
Amaan Ahmad (12BTCENG071)
Department of Civil Engineering
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Allahabad-
211007

2. Introduction
 What is green material ?
 Green material as the name suggests is eco friendly and saves the
environment by using waste products generated by industries in various
forms like rice husk ash , micro silica fly ash etc.
 To make resource – saving structures.
 Use of green materials helps in saving energy , emissions , waste water is
often helpful to produce it uses waste products directly as a partial
substitute for cement thus saving energy consumption in production of per
unit of cement.
 Green construction materials are composed of renewable , rather than non-
renewable resources.
 Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are
considered over the life of product.

3. Objectives.
1. To determine the strength of Green materials.
2. To determine the performance of Green materials used in
building.
3. To determine the effect of variation of strength characteristics of
Green materials.

4. Sources
 Selection process is followed by characterizing the strength
parameters of green materials .Starting from very first step of
process of determining cost consideration of green materials
which can cause a reduction of cost.
 Important task is to assess the possible pathway of increasing
use of green materials.
 To decrease the time span of construction of structures such that
using the fly ash brick and concrete using fly ash.
 Construction materials ,components found locally ,saving energy
and resources in transportation to the project site.

5. Work Plan..
S .
No.
Description Month
Odd Semester
1. Literature review November -April
2. Explore the sources of green
materials.
November 24th
-27th
3. Finalization of work and
review
Till 15th
December

6. Work Plan..
S.No. Description
Even Semester
Month
1. Procurement of material. January
2. Casting of specimen February
3. Testing of specimen March
4. Preparation of write up April

7. Methodology..
Tests to be performed on Fly ash brick and
conventional brick.
1. Dimensional tolerance of bricks.
2. Water absorption of bricks.
3. Compressive strength of bricks.

8. Tests to be performed on concrete.
1. Bulk density of Coarse aggregate.
2. Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate.
3. Aggregate crushing value.
4. Aggregate impact value.
5. Aggregate abrasion value.

9. Methodology..
Dimensional Tolerance of Bricks
 A brick is rectangular in shape and size that can be conveniently handled
with one hand . Brick may be made of burnt clay or mixture of sand and lime
or of Portland cement concrete. Clay bricks are commonly used
 But our focus is to replace it with green material like fly ash brick.
 Standard size of bricks are 19*9*9 cm .Tolerance on the size of bricks are
fixed by giving maximum and minimum dimensions , not on individual bricks
but on batches of 20 bricks chosen at random . If the bricks are outside the
prescribed limit of tolerance then such lots from which sample bricks are
taken should be rejected.

10. Water Absorption Test
 The existence of minute pore confers marked capillary
properties on brick ceramics. In particular all bricks absorbed
water by capillary action . The % of water absorption is a very
valuable indication of burning.
 First class bricks : 12-15% of its dry weight.
 Second class bricks : 16-20% of its dry weight.
 Third class bricks : 25% of its dry weight.

11. Compressive strength of Bricks
 Brick has a brittle behavior. Its strength is predominantly governed
by its porosity and maximum sizes of pores present in it , apart
from bonding introduced during its manufacturing .Since ,Tensile
strength ,shear strength and modulus of elasticity also depend on
porosity ,the measured compressive strength gives an indication of
these properties too . Tensile strength , vary from 30 -40 % of the
compressive strength . The modulus of elasticity is about 700 times
the compressive strength for the brick of crushing strength up to
300 kg/cm2 and remains more or less constant for stronger bricks.

12. Bulk density of aggregate.
 The bulk density of aggregate depends upon their packing, the
particles shape and size, the grading and the moisture content. For
a given specific gravity the angular aggregates show a lower bulk
density.
 The higher the bulk density the lower is the void content to be filled
by sand and cement.
 The bulk density is measured in kilograms per litre.
 The parameter of bulk density is also used in concrete mix design.

13. Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse
aggregate.
 The specific gravity of most of the natural aggregate lies between 2.6 – 2.7.
 The specific gravity and porosity of aggregate greatly influence the strength and water
absorption of concrete.
 Specific gravity of aggregate generally is indicative of its quality.
 The low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and therefore poor durability and
low strength.
 The density will greatly depend on specific gravity.

14. Aggregate crushing value.
 The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of the
aggregate in bulk to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load.
However, it does not give a true picture of crushing strength of aggregate.
 Larger sizes of aggregates have generally been found to be higher aggregate
crushing value.
 The crushing value varies even for the same aggregates.
 For aggregates of crushing value 30 or above, the result may be anomalous .

15. Aggregate impact value.
 Toughness is an important property of aggregate , may be defined as its resistance to
failure be by impact.
 It is characterized by the energy absorbed before failure.
 Aggregate in bulk is used in a structural concrete pavements or in the railway tracks.
 Impact forces may result from moving vehicles or falling weights.
 For majority of aggregate the aggregate impact value and the aggregate crushing
value are numerically similar within fairly close limits.
 If the aggregate impact value of the given aggregate is high, there is a probability of
breakdown of the wearing layers of the concrete using such aggregate. the impact
value should be less than or equal to 30 %.

16. Aggregate abrasion value.
 The abrasion of resistance to wear is an important property of aggregate used in
roads and in the floor surface subjected to heavy vehicles.
 Concrete surface made of coarse aggregate can be subjected to various types of
abrasive wear.
 The action of abrasive solids carried by water generally lead to erosion of concrete.
 The aggregate abrasion value is define in terms of the percentage loss in mass on
abrasion.
 The abrasion value should not be greater than 30 for wearing surfaces and not
more than 50 for concrete other than wearing.

17. Work progress chart..
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
literature review
explore the soure of green material
finalization of work and review
completetion in %
completetion in %

18. Tasks to be completed..
 Replacement of conventional materials by green materials
and project scheduling.
 Cost estimation of conventional materials and green
materials.
 Strength comparison by trial of various composition.
 Project finalization and submission.

19. References
 IS 3495:Part-I:1992
 IS:1077
 IS:3495:Part :III:1992
 IS :3495 : Part : III
 www.flyash.com
 Building Materials by S K Duggal

20. THANK YOU