Flora of Pakistan with its descriptions, Scientific name, common name, Characteristics , habitat, importance and cultural meaning.

1. PLANTS/TRESS/FLOWERS/S
HRUBS OF PAKISTAN
Shahana Jabeen
Beijing Forestry University, China
School of Landscape Architecture

2. OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
 Geography and climate of Pakistan
 Flora of Pakistan
 Native Flora of Pakistan
 Potential of Pakistan Native Ornamental Species
 Plants Suitable for Potohar Region

3. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
 The geography and climate of Pakistan are
extremely diverse, and the country is home
to a wide variety of wildlife. Pakistan
covers an area of
881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi),
approximately equal to the combined land
areas of France and the United Kingdom.
 The Geography of Pakistan is a profound
blend of landscapes varying from plains to
deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus ranging
from the coastal areas of the Arabian
Sea in the south to the mountains of
the Karakoram range in the north.
 Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry
winter marked by mild temperatures from
December through February; a hot, dry
spring from March through May; the
summer rainy season, or southwest
monsoon period, from June through
September; and the retreating monsoon
period of October and November.

4. FLORA OF PAKISTAN
 The diversity of the landscape and climate in Pakistan allows a
wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range
from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine,
and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains
to deciduous trees in most of the country (for example, the
mulberry-like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to
palms such as coconut and date in the southern Punjab,
southern Balochistan, and all of Sindh. The western hills are
home to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses, and scrub
plants. Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands
along the coast in the south.
 Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to
4,000 metres (3,300 to 13,100 feet) in most of the northern and
northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date
palm and Ephedra are common. In most of the Punjab and
Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and
moist broadleaf forest as well as tropical and xeric shrublands.
These forests are mostly of mulberry, acacia,
and eucalyptus. About 2.2% or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2)
of Pakistan was forested in 2010.

5. NATIVE FLORA OF PAKISTAN
Naturally occurring plants in a particular region.
Developed, naturalized or existed for many years
in an area.
Part of natural landscape of that area due to: –
Evolution – Seed dispersal by birds, animals,
wind, or water.
Many native plants are very beautiful but
underused in landscape or as cut flowers.

6. POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN NATIVE
ORNAMENTAL SPECIES
 Diversity of flora and climate of comparable size
6000 native species of flowering plants reported in
Flora of Pakistan found wildly in different
geographical regions.
 Acclimatized well in our regions.
 Easily grow with minimal care and less water,
fertilizer and pesticide.
 The only need is to collect and commercialize them.

7. EPIPHYTE
 Alternative Title:
Aerophyte, air plant
 Mythology: local
people think that if
someone have this
tree in their house, it
will swallow the peace
and happiness of that
house, and it is
usually used as bad
luck. There are many
serials with this name
and used in Urdu
literature.

8. JUJUBE
This berry is grown vastly in India and
Pakistan. The history of jujube is 4000
years old. It grows on infertile soil and is
mostly found in forests.
In terms of medication, it can be called a
sibling of apple because of the advantages
it has. Jujube can be eaten in any form,
fresh, dried or canned. All types of jujube
trees are capable of growing in any type of
soil without soil fertility being the basic
factor. They grow best in hot, dry and
humid weather. Jujube trees don’t require
any care or excessive watering.
Daily uses: helps for stress and anxiety,
helpful for treatment of cancer, beneficial
for digestion process.
Mythology: ghosts exist under the canopy
of this tree,

9. ACACIA NILOTICA
 The Arabic Gum tree
 locally known as "Kiker“
 Cultural meaning
"dukh such ka saathi": a
friend through joy and
sorrow.
 Uses List: Boundary,
barrier or support,
Revegetation, Shade
and shelter,Windbreak
Fodder/animal feed
Charcoal Fuel wood,
Wood/timber
seedpod
Flowers and foliage
Fodder and shade tree

10. CASIA FISTULA
 The Golden Shower tree
 locally known as "Amaltas”
 Description: medium sized
deciduous or semi-deciduous
tree, 10 to 15 m tall with a
straight trunk to 5 m in height
and 1 m in diameter. It has
spreading branches that form an
open crown. The stem bark is
pale grey, smooth and slender
when young and dark brown and
rough when old. tropical and
subtropical legume tree that is
used as an ornamental, for
fodder.
 Uses: provides fuel and good
quality charcoal, as well as a
hard and heavy timber suited to
make furniture, farm implements,
posts, wheels and mortars.
 Cultral meaning "umeed ka
phool": flower of hope.

11. TERMINALIA ARJUNA
 The White Marudha
 Morphological characteristics:
Arjuna is a large deciduous tree with
spreading crown and drooping
branches. It attains a height of up to 35
m. Its bark is thick, grey to pinkish
green, smooth, thin, coming off in
irregular sheets. Leaves are usually
sub-opposite, 10–15 cm long, and 4–7
cm broad; base is rounded or heart
shaped, often unequal sided; veins are
reticulate.
 Floral Characteristics: Flowers are
sessile and occur in simple or panicle
spikes. Calyx is glabrous and has five
short triangular lobes. Fruit is a fibrous-
woody drupe, about 2.5–5 cm in size. It
is dark brown when mature and has
five hard, projecting, veined wings.
Flowering occurs from May to June,
while fruits mature from January to
March.
 Cultural Meaning: "baaghon ka
muhafiz": protector of gardens.
Arjuna lower trunk
Middle trunk

12. BOMBAX CEIBA
 The Silk Cotton tree
 Description: grows to an average of 20 meters, with
old trees up to 60 meters in wet tropical regions.
 Uses: Flowers - cooked. They are highly valued as a
curry vegetable. The flower buds and the calyx of not
fully opened flowers are eaten cooked as a vegetable.
Young leaves - cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
Ripe seeds are eaten roasted. An oil is obtained from
the seed. Young roots - raw or roasted. Rich in starch
 The young roots are diuretic and tonic. They are used
in the treatment of cholera, tubercular fistula, coughs,
urinary complaints, nocturnal pollution, abdominal pain
due to dysentery, and impotency. The greyish, dark-
streaked wood is coarse-textured, straight-grained,
light in weight, very soft and pithy.
 It can be used to make packing cases, toys, matches,
pencils etc, Large trunks are often hollowed out to
make canoes.The wood has been recommended as a
source of cellulose.
 A tree that matches its name in beauty,
bark
Leafless tree in
full flower
Flowering
branches
Fruits opening to
reveal the seed
floss

13. TAMARIX APHYLLA
 English name: Salt Cedar
 locally known as "Okan“
 Cultural Meaning: "meherban
dost": the considerate friend.
 Distribution: It is found along
watercourses in arid areas. It is
very resistant to saline and alkaline
soil .The latitudinal range ranges
from 35 N to 0 N, and it ranges
from Morocco and Algeria in North
Africa eastwards to Egypt and
south to the Horn of Africa and into
Kenya. It is found in the Middle
East and the Arabian Peninsula,
east through Iran and into India,
Pakistan and Afghanistan.
 Description: grows as a tree to 18
metres (60 ft) high. The tiny leaves
are alternately arranged along the
branches, and exude salt, which
can form a crusted layer on the
surface, and drip onto the ground
beneath.
 Uses; used as a windbreak and
shade tree in agriculture
and horticulture for decades,
especially in dryer regions

14. OLEA EUROPAEA
 English name: Olive tree
 The fruit called the olive comes
from the branch known as Olea
Europaea.
 The olives cannot be eaten
straight from the tree – they need
some preparation before they
are palatable.
 Description: This much-
branched evergreen tree varies
in size from 2 to 15 metres (7 to
50 ft) high. The leaves have an
opposite, decussate
arrangement, and are entire, 3 to
7 centimeters (1.2 to 2.8 in) long
and 8 to 25 millimeters (0.3 to
1 in) wide; the apex is acute with
a small hook or point, and the
base is attenuate to cuneate.
 Distribution: An extensive
native range from South Africa,
through Africa, the Middle East,
Pakistan, India to China.
 Cultural Meaning: ideals of
peace, wisdom and victory,

15. COCOSNUCIFERA
 English Name:
Coconut Palm
 Origin:
South Pacific Islands
 Growth:
fast growing palm
 Uses:
Commonly cultivate
True coastal beauty u
sed extensively for frui
t and landscape purp
ose. Very elegantly col
ored yellowish fronds
and long exposed ste
m make it really rema
rkable.

16. SALVADORA PERSICA
 Common name: toothbrush
tree, mustard tree, Miswak
 Used for centuries as a natural
toothbrush, its fibrous branches have
been mentioned by the World Health
Organization for oral hygiene use.
 Description: is a small tree or shrub with
a crooked trunk, typically 6–7 metres (20–
23 ft) in height.[1][3] Its bark is scabrous
and cracked, whitish with pendulous
extremities. The root bark of the tree is
similar in colour to sand, and the inner
surfaces are an even lighter shade of
brown. It has a pleasant fragrance, of
cress or mustard, as well as a warm and
pungent taste. The leaves break with a
fine crisp crackle when trodden on. popular
teeth cleaning stick throughout the Arabian
Peninsula, as well as the wider Muslim
world.[1The fresh leaves can be eaten as part of
a salad and are used in traditional medicine.[The
flowers are small and fragrant and are used as a
stimulant and are mildly purgative.
 The berries are small and barely noticeable;
they are eaten both fresh and dried.

17. PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA
 English name: Date palm
 Growth: it is the third most important
fruit crop after citrus and mango in
Pakistan. This crop is found in all
four provinces of Pakistan on 90,000
ha with a production of around
600,000 mt yr−1. Pakistan’s position
is always among the seven largest
producers and exporters of dates in
the
world. Large growing palm with fair g
rowth rate
 Distinguishing features and uses:
fruit is eaten as dates
Widely grown for edible fruits. Used i
n the landscape as accent or specim
en plant
Looks very beautiful when planted al
ong avenues.

18. MANGIFERA INDICA
 English name: Mango
 Description: Mango trees grow to 35–
40 m (115–131 ft) tall, with a crown radius
of 10 m (33 ft). The trees are long-lived, as
some specimens still fruit after 300
years. In deep soil, the taproot descends to
a depth of 6 m (20 ft), with profuse, wide-
spreading feeder roots and anchor roots
penetrating deeply into the soil.
 Mango is the national fruit of Pakistan, King
of fruits
 From Alexander to the Mughal emperors of
the sub-continent, mango was the fruit of
the royals. It is said that the obsessive love
for mangoes was the only legacy that
flowed from one generation to the next in
the Mughal dynasty. In fact, during his rule,
Akbar had planted over 100,000 mango
trees.

19. GWARIKH (WILD TULIP)
 B.N: Tulipa uniflora
 Family: Liliaceae
 Diagnostic features: Herb
annual, bulbiferous, 2-6
strap shape waxy leaves,
12-20 inch plant, cup shape
flower, 3 sepals, 5 petals,
red and yellow of colors
 Habitat: Climate with long
cool spring and dry
summers, Dormancy period,
3-4ft deep
 Distribution: Salt range
and Baluchistan (Quetta)
 Uses: Cut flower, bedding
plant, salad, bulbs for
cooking, dry bulb powder

20. PLANTS SUITABLE FOR POTOHAR REGION

21. JACARANDA MIMOSIFOLIA
 Jacaranda
 Deciduous
 Small Columnar Tree
 Spread And Height 20-30
Ft
 Lavender Blue Flowers
 Subtropical Attractive
Plant

22. BAUHINIA VARIEGATA
 Kachnar
 Height 20-25 Ft
 Much Less Vigorous In
Growth
 The Flowers Are Deeper
In Colors
 Growing In Mixed Group

23. PRUNUS ‘KANZAN’
 Ornamental Peach
 Deciduous
 Vase Shaped Tree
 Height 12-15 Ft
 Large Double Pink-
Purple Flowers
 Blooms In Spring

24. SALMELIA MALABARICA
 Simble
 Deciduous
 Height 40-50 Ft
 Growth Is Fast
 Gives Beautiful Flowers In Spring
 Suitable For Plantation On
Roadsides And Border

25. SAPIUM SEBIFERUM
 Tallow Tree
 Deciduous
 Height 40-60 Ft
 Big Umbrella Shaped
 Possess Beautiful Leave And
Flowers
 Suitable As Garden tree

26. CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS
 Saroo
 Evergreen
Columnar Tree
 Height 35-50 Feet
 Gives Long
Avenues
 Used As Border
And Welcome Tree
On Entrances

27. PRUNUS PERSICA
 Ornamental Peach
 Deciduous
 Height 15-20 Ft
 Profuse Blooming
 Suitable For Temperate And
Subtropical Zones

28. ARAUCARIA EXCELSA
 Evergreen
 Height 20-30 Ft
 Tall, Suitable For Dry Climate,
Slow Growing
 Upper Branches Upward
Growing Lower Horizontal,
Spiny Lange Leaves Suitable
For Planting Individually Or In
Groups

29. (WILD NARCISSUS)
 B.N: Narcissus poeticus
 Locally known: Gul-e-
Nargis
 Diagnostic features:
Herbs perennial,
bulbiferous, Leaves basal,
linear, 12-20 inch plant,
hollow stem,
actinomorphic solitary
flower, white and yellow,
 Habitat: Temperate
climate, Dormancy period,
low marshes to rocky
hillsides
 Distribution: Northern
areas, Murree, Islambad,
 Importance: Cut flower,
bedding plant, fragrant,
salad, bulbs for cooking,
medicine

30. WASHINGTONIA FILFERA
 Washingtonia Palm
 Evergreen Palm
 Height And Spread 75-80
Ft
 Fan Shaped Grey Green
Leaves
 Creamy White Flowers
 Good Avenus
 Distribution: They are
found in desert riparian
habitats at spring-fed
oases in the Colorado
Desert (Low Desert) and
throughout a major portion
of the Mojave Desert. It is
also found near
watercourses along river.

31. ACONITUM CHASMANTHUM
 Local Name: Beshmolo
 English name: Aconite
 Habitat: E. Asia – Western
Himalayas from Chitral to Kashmir at
2100 – 3500 metres. Mountains at
elevations around 4600 metres. In
Gilgit/ Baltistan this herb usually
grow wild. It occurs in Rattu Cant,
Kalapani, Kamri, Ghuraz, Tarshing,
Rupal and almost in all Nullahs of
Astore. It is also found in Kargh
Nullah, Nalter, and Chaprote Nagar.
 Description: Perennial growing to
0.5m.It is in flower in September.
The flowers are hermaphrodite
(have both male and female organs)
and are pollinated by Bees.
 Importance: Landscape plant,
roots provide poison, use for
hunting, use in medicines

32. FLOWERING BULBS:

33. DELPHINIUM
 B.N: Delphinium roylei
 Diagnostic features: 4 m tall herb
perennial, leaves deeply lobed , blue
flowers, erect racemed inflorence,
 Habitat: Temperate, well-draining soils
 Distribution: Sawat, Hazara, Kaghan,
Chitral, Murree in august, plains of
punjab in march.
 Importance Landscape plant, Cut
flower, roots provide poison, treat
intestinal worms, as a sedative to cause
relaxation
 WIT & WISDOM: Very young
delphinium plants and delphinium seeds
are poisonous. If ingested, they can
cause nausea, twitching muscles,
paralysis, and even death.

34. Hyacinthus orientalis
Type: Bulb
Height: 0.50 to 1.00 feet
Spread: 0.25 to 0.50 feet
Bloom Time: April
Bloom Description: Blue,
purple, pink, red, and white
Culture: Easily grown in
average, medium moisture,
well-drained soils in full sun.
Prefers organically rich soils.
Tolerates some light shade.
Plant bulbs 4-6” deep and 4-
6” apart in mid fall. Best
planted in mass or in clusters
(e.g., 6-15 bulbs).

35. Agapanthus orientalis

36. Allium species

37. JASMINUM OFFICINALE
 It is the common Jasmine flower plant. It is in the family
Oleaceae. It is famous for its scent. It is also known as
"Poet's Jasmine", True Jasmine or Jessamine.
 It belongs to the coffee family of plants and has about 250
species of variation flowering plants.
 It appears on the Floral wreath
 of Jasmine shrubs representing the National Shield of
Pakistan respectively.
 "National flower of Pakistan".
 It is native to the foothills of the Western Himalayas and the
Indus Valley plains of the Pakistan Punjab.
 It is sweet, pure, attractive, decorative, innocent and pure
flower.
 In Pakistan Both the bride and groom wear garlands of white
jasmine and red roses on their wedding day
 In countries like India, this plant is commonly used to honor
gods and the dead, making it ideal for flower offerings
because it symbolizes hope and spirituality. Jasmine is also
used to make Gajra garlands in India, which are worn on
special occasions as a charm.
 For Westerners, white jasmine is a symbol of emotion, of
eternal love and sensuality, making it an ideal gift for a loved
one, especially a partner. It’s beautiful and delicious smell
makes it a sophisticated and beautiful alternative. In some
cultures, Jasmine represents appreciation and good luck.
The name is actually derived from the
Persian word Yasmeen (“gift from
God“) through Arabic and Latin.
In religious ceremonies this flower
shows purity.
The meaning of jasmine changes with
respect to culture and setting
As a symbol it uses in different
environment and ceremonies.
It is also used to share love and
knowledge. The flower also commonly
use in green teas, herbal medicine,
skin creams and perfumes, soaps and
air freshener. In food and different
dishes it is use as decorative material
and scent.

38. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!