The document discusses various aspects of garment washing and dyeing processes. It provides answers to 90 questions on topics like: 1. The different types of garment washing processes including normal wash, silicon wash, enzyme wash, and their purposes. 2. The machines and chemicals used in washing plants for processes like desizing, softening, bleaching, and dyeing. 3. The steps involved in specific processes like normal wash, silicon wash, caustic wash, and enzyme wash of denim garments. 4. The functions of processes like desizing, bleaching, and enzyme wash and how they modify garment properties.

1. Muhammad Akhtar
90 Questions & Their Answers of Garments Washing &
Dyeing
1. Garment washing.
Ans: The technology which is used to modify the appearance, outlook comfort ability & fashion
of the garments is called garment washing.
2. Write the purpose of washing.
Ans:
 The first purpose is to remove dirt, dust, impurities of garments thus achieve wash look
appearance and softness.
 The other purpose is to bring faded look, old look, tinted or over dyed affect.
 To increase color fastness, wash fastness properties no possibility of further shrinkage of
wash garments.
3. Write different types of dry processing.
Ans: Sand blasting, Hand scraping, whiskering, overall wrinkle, permanent wrinkle, broken and
tagging, grinding and destroy, pp spray and pp sponging .
4. Write different types of wet processing.
Ans: Normal wash / Garments wash/ Rinse wash, Pigment wash, Caustic wash, Silicon wash,
Stone wash, Enzyme wash, Stone Enzyme wash, Acid wash, Bleach wash.
5. Write the machine names which are used in washing
plant.
Ans: The machine names which are used in Indigo washing Ltd:
(i) Washing machine ( No of M/c -10)
(ii) Dryer machine (No of M/c -10): gas dryer-09 and Steam dryer-01
Each m/c wt: 1300 Kg
Rated voltage: 380 V
Rated input power: 6 kw
NB: these machines are imported from China manufacture: Shenzhen Multi se Industries ltd.

2. (iii) Sample Machine (No of M/c-02)
(iv) Hydro (No of M/c -03)
(v) Spray gun (No of M/c -02)
6. Write the chemical names which are used in washing
Plant.
Ans:
(i) Sodium mete bi sulphite
(ii) per oxide
(iii) Caustic soda
(iv) Soda ash
(v) LV (pocket clear)
(vi) Bleach Kci
(vii) Caustic potash
(viii) Phosphoric acid
(ix) Pumice stone
(x) Optical Brightening agent (3 types: Red, blue, yellow )
(xi) Sodium hypo sulphite
(xii) Sodium bi carbonate
(xiii) Enzyme (Acid, Neutral , SL enzyme)
(xiv) Acetic acid
(xv) Softener
(xvi) Desizing agent
(xvii) Potassium per maganate
(xviii) Micro emulsion silicon
(xix) Buffer, stabilizer, fixing agent, catanizer , resin, anti staining agent
(xx) Dye for tinting or over dyeing.
7. What is the purpose of normal wash?
Ans:
 To remove dust, dirt, oil spot, impurities, spot, size materials, starch from the garments
surface
 To bring the soft feeling to wear.
8. Describe the 1st and 2nd step of normal / garments wash.
Ans :
1st Step:-
Lot size: -....................... 80 kg Twill/Canvas garment
Add water @ L: R = 1: 8-10 ............640 --800 Liter
Machine running

3. Add detergent @ 0.5 gm / liter ............ 320--400 gm
Temperature..... Sometime cold & sometime 40°c - 60°c
Time .............................. 5 to 10 minutes
Drop the liquor
Cold wash
2nd Step:-
Add water @ L: R = 1: 6 ......... 480 liter.
Washing machine running
Add Flax softener @ 0.6 gm / liter .......... 288 gm.
Add Acetic Acid @ 0.5 gm / liter........... 240gm.
Time................................... 5 to 10 minutes
Drop the liquor.
Unload the Garments on trolley.
9. What is the function of Hydro extractor machine?
Ans: Function of Hydro extractor machine is to squeeze the garments for removing the excess
water from the garments.
10. What is the purpose of silicon wash?
Ans: The purpose of silicon wash:
 It gives durable softness, elastic handle,
 It helps to anti pilling affects, dimensional stability, tear resistance.
 It helps to fabrics to be cut and sewn more easily allows and improving wears and easy
care properties.
11. Write difference between normal wash and silicon wash.
Ans
Normal wash Silicon wash
Removes the dust, dirt ,
impurities, spots, size material,
starch from the garments then
gives soft feeling to wear
Silicon wash gives durable
softness, elastic handle and helps
to anti pilling affects,
dimensional stability, tear
resistance and also improving
wears and easy care properties.

4. 12. Describe the Desizing process of silicon Wash.
Ans: Desizing process of silicon Wash:
Lot weight (approx 145 piecs) ............ 70 kg
Add water @ L: R = 1: 10.............. 700 Liter
Machine running
Add Desizing agent @ 0.6 gm / liter ............ 420 gm
Add Detergent @ 0.5 gm / liter.................... 350 gm
Temperature.......................... 50°c
Time...............................10-20 minutes
Drop the liquor
Rinse one time 3 minutes
13. Describe the softening process of silicon Wash.
Ans:
Lot weight (approx 145 pies) ............ 70 kg
Add water @ L : R = 1 : 8 .............. 560 Liters
Add Acetic Acid @ 0.6 gm / liter ............ 336gm
Cationic Softener @ 1 gm / liter.............. 560 gm
Silicon (ME) @ 0.5 gm / liter ................ 280 gm
Temperature.......................... 40°c
Time................................ 15 to 20 minutes
Drain the bath
Then unload the garments on trolley.
14. Write the chemicals name which are used for pigment/
caustic wash process.
Ans: Caustic soda, soda ash, detergent, acetic acid, flax softener, silicon (for more soft)
15. Write the chemicals name which are used for enzyme
wash.
Ans: Chemicals name which are used for enzyme wash such as Desizing agent, detergent, acetic
acid, anti back staining agent , enzyme cationic softener ,bleach (Kic) , soda ash, sodium hypo
sulphite.
16. Write the Desizing/ first step of caustic wash process.
Ans: 1st step of caustic wash process
Lot size: ...................... 80 kg
Add water @ L: R = 1 : 8.............. 640 Liter

5. Machine Running
Add Caustic soda (NAOH)..... @ 1.60 gm / liter........ 1024 gm
Add Detergent ........................ @ 0.8 gm / liter ............ 512 gm
Temperature........... 50°c to 60°c
Time (Depend upon the shade) ....... 20 to 60 minutes
Drop the liquor
Wash cold water for 3 minutes
17. What is the standard rpm of washing machine?
Ans: Standard rpm of washing machine is 28 to 30.
18. Write the chemicals name which are used for softness of
garments.
Ans: Chemicals name which are used for softness of garments are flax softener, cationic
softener, multi emulsion silicon.
19. Write the chemicals name which are used for good
quality hand feel.
Ans: The chemical names which are used for good quality hand feel are silicon softener, flax
softener.
20. What chemical use is for protect staining/bleeding on
garments.
Ans: Antistatic or Anti back staining agent used for protecting staining / bleading on garments.
21. What process is doing for remove starch/sizing materials
from the garments?
Ans: Desizing Process is doing for removing sizing materials from the garments.
22. Why Acetic Acid is used in Enzyme bath?
Ans: Acetic acid is used in enzyme bath to control the pH of wash bath and for proper action of
enzyme. (To controlling the pH of enzyme because enzyme works at acidic pH).
23. Write different between steam dryer & gas dryer.
Ans:
Steam dryer Gas dryer
Less temperature (60-70°c) and
more time (45-60 min) required
in steam dryer where it runs on
Comparatively more time (70-
85°c) and less time (30-35min)
require in gas dryer where it runs

6. steam on gas.
Steam dryer is more for light
Wight white readymade garments
gas dryer is more suitable for
canvas/twill denim fabric
Steam dryer can give softness gas dryer comparatively cannot
give such softness
24. Describe the Desizing process of Denim Long Pant.
Ans: Batch size....................... 60 kg Denim Long Pant
Add water @ L: R = 1 : 9 .............. 540 liters
Start the machine
Temperature.................... 60°c
Add Desizing agent @ 0.6 gm / liter................. 324 gm
Add Detergent / Antistain @ 1 gm / liter ......... 540 gm
Time................................ 15 to 25 minutes
Drop the liquor
Wash first time by cold water.
25. Describe the Enzyme bath process of Denim Long Pant
by Acid Enzyme.
Ans: Enzyme bath process:
Batch size....................... 60 kg Denim Long Pant
Add water @ L: R = 1: 8.............. 480 Litre
Temperature.......................... 40-50°c.
Add Acetic Acid @ 0.6 gm / litre ................288gm.
Add Anti Back staining @ 0.6 gm / litre .... 288 gm.
Add Acid Enzyme @ 2.00 gm / litre ............ 960 gm.
Time....(Depend upon the shade)...........40---60 mts.
Increase temperature to 90°c and run 1 minute (enzyme killing).
Drain the bath.
Rinse Twice, each 3 minutes.
26. Describe the Enzyme bath process of Denim Long Pant
by neutral Enzyme.
Ans: Enzyme (Actual enzyme can give good effect with pumic stone)
Batch size....................... 60 kg Denim Long Pant
Add water @ L : R = 1 : 8 .............. 480 litres
Add pumic stone @ ½ vol of garments
Add Enzyme @ 1.50 gm/litre ..................... 720 Gms
Add Acetic Acid @ 0.6 gm/litre .................. 288 Gms
Add Antistain @ 0.8 gm/litre ..................... 384 Gms

7. Temperature......................................... 40°c to 50°c
Time (Depend upon the shade) .......... 60 to 70 minutes
Then temperature raise to 90°c for 1 minute.
Drop the liquor
Rinse Twice, each 3 minutes
Then pumic stone out from washing machine
27. How can do the killing of Enzyme in Enzyme bath?
Ans: In Enzyme bath at the end of the process temperature rise to 90°c for 1 minut to kill the
enzyme.
28. Why chlorine bleach is use in Denim wet processing?
Ans: Bleaching power is used to color out from denim garments thus different of color on
garments achieved i.e.; dark, medium, light.
29. What chemicals is use for neutralization of chlorine
bleach?
Ans: Sodium hydro sulphite is used for neutralization of chlorine bleach.
30. Write the main 5 function of Enzyme wash.
Ans:
 To remove the size materials from the garments
 To remove the starch presents on the garments fabrics
 For soft feeling to wear the garment
 To achieve the buyer reference sample
 To increase the color fastness & rubbing fastness
31. What is the action of Enzyme on Garments?
Ans: The action of enzyme during enzyme wash, it hydrolysis the cellulose. At first it attacks the
having projecting fiber and hydrolyzed them. Then it attacks the yarn portion inside fabric and
partly hydrolyzed the yarn portion and faded affect is produced.
32. What is the standard time for Bleaching in Bleaching
bath of Denim Garments?

8. Ans: 12 to 15 minutes is the standard time for bleaching bath of Denim garments.
33. What types of Enzyme Generally used ?
Ans: Mainly two types of enzyme used . One is Acid Enzyme (liquid) and another is Neutral
Enzyme. Neutral Enzyme is two types –
a) Powder form
b) Liquid form i.e.SL Enzyme.
34. Write different between Acid Enzyme & Neutral
Enzyme.
Ans:
Acid Enzyme Neutral Enzyme
Acid Enzyme is mostly used in
purpose of medium and light
shade
Neutral Enzyme is mostly used in
purpose of dark shade and with
stone for stone enzyme wash
This Enzyme affects come
within short time
It affects come slowly.
35. How can control the pH value in Garments?
Ans: By using acetic acid we can control the pH value in garments.
36.What types of Enzyme suitable for Dark shade Enzyme
wash of Denim Long Pant & why?
Ans: Neutral Enzyme is suitable for dark shade enzyme wash of denim long pant because this
enzyme works for long time as compare to acid enzyme and affect comes slowly.
37.What type of Enzyme suitable for medium/light shade
Enzyme wash of Denim skirt?
Ans: Acid enzyme is suitable for medium/light shade Enzyme wash of Denim skirt.
38.Write Desizing process of twill Long Pant for Enzyme
wash.
Ans: Desizing process of twill Long Pant for Enzyme wash:
Lot weight (Approx 125 pes) ............ 60 kg
Add water @ L : R = 1 : 10 .............. 600 Litre
Machine Running

9. Add Desizing agent @ 0.6 gm / litre ............ 360 gm
Add Detergent @ 0.5 gm / litre.................... 300 gm
Temperature.................................... 50°c
Time........................................10---20 minute
Drop the liquor
Rinse one time 3 minutes
39.Write Enzyme bath process of Twill Long Pant Enzyme
wash.
Ans: Add water @ L : R = 1 : 8 .............. 480 Litre
Temperature.......................... 45°c
Add Acetic Acid @ 0.5 gm / litre ............ 240 gm
Add Acid Enzyme @ 1.2 gm / litre ............ 576 gm
Add Anti stain @ 0.50 gm / litre ................ 240 gm
Time (Depend upon the standard)........ 30 to 60 minutes
Increase temperature to 90°c and run 1 minute.
Drain the bath
Rinse Twice, each 3 minutes.
40.Write main process of stone Enzyme wash for Denim
Long Pant.
Ans: Main process of stone Enzyme wash for Denim Long Pant:
(i) Desizing/ pre- treatment
(ii) Hot wash
(iii) Stone enzyme bath
(iv) Bleaching
(v) Neutral wash
(vi) Soft wash
(vii) Hydro extractor
(viii) Dryer
(ix) Quality checking
(x) Delivery.
41.What is the perfect temperature for Acid Enzyme and
neutral Enzyme?
Ans: The perfect temperature for Acid Enzyme is 45°c and perfect temperature of neutral
Enzyme is 60 °c.

10. 42.Write different types of washing faults.
Ans:
 Color shade variation
 Crease marks
 After wash hole
 Very dark and very light
 Bleach spot
 Bottom hem and course edge destroy
 Running shade
 Over blasting/low blasting
 Over grinding/low grinding
 Bad smell due to poor neutralization
 Poor hand feel
 To high hairiness
 Poor brightness
 High or low effect/abrasion on garments
 Spot on garments
 Out of range/ level of ph value of garments
43.Write the function of Anti stain, Detergent, and
Potassium per Manganate, Micro Emulsion Softener,
Hydrogen Peroxide, Optical Brightener, and Desizing Agent.
Ans:
 Anti stain is used to protect staining or bleeding .
 Detergent is used to remove dust, dirt , impurities of garments
 Potassium per Manganate is used to color out from the garments
 Micro Emulsion Softener gives durable softness lubricity, elastic handle, anti pilling,
dimensional stability, tear resistance and fabric to be cut and sewn more easily allows and
improving wear and easy care properties.
 Hydrogen Peroxide breaks up in alkaline medium and gives some perhydroxhylion which
dis color the coloring materials and as a result faddingaffect is developed
 Optical Brightener is used to improve the brightness of garments.
 Desizing agent is used to remove mainly starches, cmc, waxes, fats pectin’s, minerals &
unfixed indigo dye from denim, twills, poplin & canvas fabrics.
44. Describe only Bleaching process of Bleach wash of Denim
Long Pant.

11. Ans:
Batch size....................... 60 kg Denim Long Pant
Add water @ L: R = 1: 8.............. 480 litres
Machine running
Add bleaching powder (k.c.i) @ 10 gm/litre.. 4800 Gms
Add soda ash @ 5 gm/litre............................... 2400 Gms
Temperature............................................................ 60°c
Time (Depend upon the shade).................... 12 to 15 minutes
Drop the liquor
Rinse twice, each 3 minutes
45. What do you know about pumic stone?
Ans: The pumice stone are the perforated stones, produced from volcanic explosion it acts
brushing action on the garments fabric surface specially on the multi layer fabric areas like –
Collar, Cuff, Pocket, Placket, Side seams areas will be brushed more than the single layer
areas.Pumice stones come from Indonesia and Turkey. Size small 2-3 cm, medium 3-5 cm and
large size 5-7 cm. Two to Three times can be used are pumice stone. Every bag contain 22 kg to
25 kg and price 400/= to 425/=/ bag (varies).
46.Write the App. Enzyme & Silicon wash charge for Twill
Men’s & Boy’s Trouser separately.
Ans: Silicon wash:
Boyes item – US $ 1.50- $1.75/Doz
Adult item – US $ 1.75- $1.75/Doz
Enzyme wash (twill ):
Boyes item – US $ 2.00- $2.25/Doz
Adult item – US $ 2.75- $3.00/Doz
47.Why we run the dryer with garment after dry 10 to 15
minutes in cold position?
Ans: we run the dryer with garment after dry 10 to 15 minutes in cold position to avoid
shrinkage.
48.Which dryer is suitable to dry white readymade garments
and why?

12. Ans: Steam dryer is more suitable to dry white readymade garments because in gas dryer flam/
burning effect can be occurred.
49.Describe the risk/problem of gas dryer.
Ans: It can create flame / burning effect on garments surface.
50. Describe the fault/problem of garments if Excess Load in
the washing machine.
Ans: Washing chemicals will not work properly so desizing/fading/bleaching/softening will not
achieve as required level.
51.What are the reasons of after wash hole?
Ans: Holes appearing in clothing after laundering is one of those mysteries that you will have to
do a process of elimination to figure out. Look at each probable cause and then you'll need to
check out and resolve each one.Using too much bleach or not allowing the bleach to thoroughly
mix with water before putting in clothes will cause holes. If, however, the holes occur when no
bleach is used, then this is not the cause.
52.What is the standard r.p.m(inner drum)of industrial
dryer?
Ans: The standard r.p.m(inner drum)of industrial dryer is 28-30 r.p.m
53.If inner drum r.p.m of washing machine and dryer
machine is too high.What types of effect on garments?
Ans: When r.p.m of washing machine is too high that time inner drum of washing machine work
very quickly.So we get high quality of garments.On the other hand, when r.p.m of dryer machine
is too high that time work not uniform dry. So we get low quality of garment.
54.What are std L:R for desizing,enzyme bath,softener
bath?
Ans: Standard L:R for desizing is 1:9 ,for Enzyme bath= 1:8 and for Softener bath= 1:8

13. 55.Write the name of steps of stone Enzyme wash process of
Denim Long Pant.
Ans:
Steps of stone Enzyme wash process of Denim Long Pant are given bellow:
Pretreatment/ Desizing
Hot wash
Stone +Enzyme
Bleaching
Neutral wash
Soft wash
Hydro extractor machine
Drying machine
Delivery
56.Write the name of steps of Enzyme wash process of
Denim Dark Enzyme wash process.
Ans:
Steps of Enzyme wash process of Denim Dark Enzyme process:
Pretreatment / Desizig
Enzyme
Softening
Hydro extractor machine
Drying machine
Deliver
57.Write the flow chart of Medium Enzyme shah wash of
Denim Readymade Garments.
Ans: Pretreatment
Enzyme
Bleaching
Neutral wash
Soft wash
Hydro extractor machine
Drying machine
Delivery

14. 58.Write the chemical name of Acid wash process.
Ans: Chemicals used in Acid wash process are-
Desizing agent
Detergent
Potassium permanganate
Sodium Matabisulphite
Phosphoric acid
Acetic acid
Softener
59.What is the standard stock solution of P.P solution?
Ans: The standard stock solution of P.P solution is 0.4% i.e. 100 Liter water 400 grams
potassium permanganate.
60. How do you neutralization of P.P treatment garments?
Ans: We can neutralize the P.P treated garments by applying sodium metabisulphite.
61.Write the precaution of acid wash.
Ans:
 Precaution of acid wash:
 Maintain the stock solution properly constant when comes socking the stone.
 No water licks in to the machine when treated pumic stone & garments in to the machine.
 Not excess load the garments in the Acid wash processing.
 Add some new stone after finishing on batch to maintain the volume for 2ndbatch. It is a
matter of experience
62. What type of dyes used for Tinting of ready made
garments?
Ans: Reactive Dye, Direct dye.
63. Generally which color is used for Tinting?
Ans: Orange (bright color), Yellow or Blue. Similar shade given colours.
64. Write the main tinting process (Dyeing) by Direct Dyes.
Ans:
Step 1: Desizing: Batch size: 60pcs

15.  Water is added
 Garments are loaded
 Machine started
 500 gm Soda ash added
 500 gm Caustic soda added
 200 gm Bio. D added
 Steam temp: 60°C
 Process time: 25 minutes
 Drop liquor
Step 2:Enzyme wash
 Water added 400 liters
 Machine running
 200 ml liquid, 400 gm powder type enzyme added
 150 ml Acetic acid added
 200 gm Anti Back staining agent added
 10 kg Pumice stone added
 Temp: 50°C
 Process time: 60 minutes
 Drop liquor
Step 3:Bleaching
 Add water at L:R=1:8…..480 litre
 Machine running.
 Add bleaching powder (k.c.i) at 10 gm/litre.. 4800 Gms.
 Add soda ash @ 5 gm/litre ..............2400 gm
 50c x15-20 mts
 Drop the liquor.
 Rinse twice, each 3 minutes.
Step 4: Neutral Wash
 Water is added: 400 liters
 Machine running
 500 gm Hypo sulphide added
 Steam temp: 45°
 Process time: 10 minutes
 Drop liquor
Step 5:Tinting
 Water is added (400 liters)
 Machine running

16.  Add 0.02% Direct Brown GTL and 0.01% Direct Black V-200
 4kg salt is added
 Steam temp: 70°C
 Process time: 20 minutes
 Check shad
 Drop the liquor
Step 6: Drying
60. How do you neutralization of P.P treatment garments?
Ans: We can neutralize the P.P treated garments by applying sodium metabisulphite.
61.Write the precaution of acid wash.
Ans:
 Precaution of acid wash:
 Maintain the stock solution properly constant when comes socking the stone.
 No water licks in to the machine when treated pumic stone & garments in to the machine.
 Not excess load the garments in the Acid wash processing.
 Add some new stone after finishing on batch to maintain the volume for 2ndbatch. It is a
matter of experience
62. What type of dyes used for Tinting of ready made
garments?
Ans: Reactive Dye, Direct dye.
63. Generally which color is used for Tinting?
Ans: Orange (bright color), Yellow or Blue. Similar shade given colours.
64. Write the main tinting process (Dyeing) by Direct Dyes.
Ans:
Step 1: Desizing: Batch size: 60pcs
 Water is added
 Garments are loaded
 Machine started
 500 gm Soda ash added
 500 gm Caustic soda added
 200 gm Bio. D added
 Steam temp: 60°C
 Process time: 25 minutes
 Drop liquor

17. Step 2:Enzyme wash
 Water added 400 liters
 Machine running
 200 ml liquid, 400 gm powder type enzyme added
 150 ml Acetic acid added
 200 gm Anti Back staining agent added
 10 kg Pumice stone added
 Temp: 50°C
 Process time: 60 minutes
 Drop liquor
Step 3:Bleaching
 Add water at L:R=1:8…..480 litre
 Machine running.
 Add bleaching powder (k.c.i) at 10 gm/litre.. 4800 Gms.
 Add soda ash @ 5 gm/litre ..............2400 gm
 50c x15-20 mts
 Drop the liquor.
 Rinse twice, each 3 minutes.
Step 4: Neutral Wash
 Water is added: 400 liters
 Machine running
 500 gm Hypo sulphide added
 Steam temp: 45°
 Process time: 10 minutes
 Drop liquor
Step 5:Tinting
 Water is added (400 liters)
 Machine running
 Add 0.02% Direct Brown GTL and 0.01% Direct Black V-200
 4kg salt is added
 Steam temp: 70°C
 Process time: 20 minutes
 Check shad
 Drop the liquor
Step 6: Drying
66. What is Standard Blowing angle for Sand Blasting?

18. Ans: 200
67. What are the main ingredients for Sand Blasting
process?
Ans: ALUMINIUM OXIDE (Al2O3)
68. Write the approx. Production/hr/gun of sand Blasting.
Ans: 25-50 garments (depends on rate of fading needed)
69. Write the name of protective items for health in the sand
blasting process.
Ans:
 Mask
 Hand gloves
 Sound protector
 Cap
 Safety Glass
 Apron
70. What do you mean by PP Spray?
Ans:
 By spray gun potassium permanganate is sprayed on garments surface.
 Chemical composition: 10g kmno4 in 1 litresoln with 1% lubricant.
 After desizing pp is done then neutralized by oxalic acid.
 Very much body hazard.
 High production rate.
71. What do you mean by PP Sponging?
Ans:
 Buyer recommended PP Sponging avoiding pp spray
 But manufacturer ignored it because PP sponging has low production
 Manually by sponge potassium permanganate is get touched with garments before main
enzyme wash and after desizing and hot wash.
72. What is the purpose of PP Spray?
Ans:
To import smogyfaded effect in garments.

19. 73. What is the purpose of PP Sponging?
Ans:
To import fading effect in specific areas (thigh,bum,knee) of garments as buyer recommended.
74. What do you mean by Whiskering?
Ans:

It is known as CAT’s whisker,Moustache,Honeycomb.
 It’s another form that shows a worn effect but fashionable garments.
 Steps of Whiskering:
 Plot the design (buyer) on a tracing paper
 Transfer the design on ply wood
 Place the rubber sheet on ply wood as the design on ply wood
 Attach rubber with wood by gum to make the pattern
 Enter the pattern in front opening of pant
 Rub by emery paper (300,400,500) ppm
 Thus the effect comes on garments is called “WHISKERING”
75. What do you mean by Tagging?
Ans: Tagging is a washing process by which crease marks is occurred in the upper portion of
garments and dark shade is occurred inside of tagging. This process is done by using tagging
machine or also by needle and thread & manually.
76. What do you mean by Grinding?
Ans: Grinding is doing on garments for mainly old/used look appearance & fashion. Grinding is
doing on hem, pocket edge, waist belt, pocket opening & pocket pluff of garments. This process
is done by using grinding machine or sand paper by manually.
77. What do you mean by Destroy?
Ans: Destroy is doing by manually or different types of machine used for destroying the
garments: grinding machine, emery cloth, hacksaw blade, knife etc.when destroy is done on
garments, it seems to be long time use effect.
78. What types of fabrics are suitable for Permanent
Crinkle?
Ans: Dense woven fabrics normally (twill like DENIM, plain like BABY FROK), Single jersey (

20. rare case )
79. Write the chemical name for permanent Crinkle on the
Garment.
Ans:
I. Stock solutions for Resin solution is 300g resin in 700L water.
II. Wetting agent : 0.5% owf
III. Resin : 6-10% owf
IV. Softener : 3-5% owf
V. Water : 60-80 litres
80. What is the standard Temperature for permanent
Crinkle on the oven?
Ans: 140c to 160c
81. What is the standard time is required for permanent
wrinkle in the oven?
Ans:
Time:20-40 minutes,15 minutes(Standard)
82. What do you mean by overall Crinkle?
Ans:Which type of crinkle is created through the hole garments but not permanently placed, that
is called overall crinkle.Basis on area of crinkle the overall crinkle is determined.Overall crinkle
is done in :Mens shirt-pant, Women tops etc.
83. What types of Dyes are used for 100% cotton readymade
Garments?
Ans:
 Vat dye(high cost, excellent fastnes)
 Reactive dye(less cost. Good fastness)
 Indigo dye (better rubbing fastness)
 Disperse dye
 Sulphur dye
84. What do you mean by Ready for Dyeing Garments?
Ans:
 RDG means which garments already desized,scoured,bleached.
 Its colour is white. It is clean and ready to treat with dye.

21. 85. Write the main/first step of ready for dyeing process.
Ans:
Good pretreatment (DESIZING)
86. What do you mean by super white process?
Ans:
Which washing process creates white garments made of cotton grey fabrics is called super white
process, it just severly washed out the colour of garments by extreme bleach action then
brightening the garments.
87. Write the chemical names which are used for super white
process.
Ans:
 Detergent
 Caustic soda(COLD)
 Soda ash
 Hydrogen per oxide
 Stabilizer
 Acetic acid
 Optical brightener agent
88. Write the Dyeing bath process of Pigment Dyes for
cotton ready-made Garment.
Ans:
Pigment dyes are useful to give a washdown casual look on leisurewear. These dyes are less
precise than reactive dyes as colour matching cannot be so precisely achieved. This is because
the process involves 3 main stages. The first stage is to treat the fabric with a cationic product.
This in effect makes the fabric more readily accept pigment dye molecules that do not really
penetrate the fibres as other dye types but tend to sit on the surface of the fabric. This quality is
how the washdown look is reached in the second stage.
The second stage is applying the pigment dye. With the machine turning quite quickly the
pigment dye in liquid form, rather like paint, is introduced into the machine and is dispersed over
the fabric. The machine turns quickly to ensure an even dispersal. During this part of the process
the mechanical action of the machine and the fabrics rubbing on each other knocks off some of
the dye. The dye is reduced particularly from the high spots such as seams, hems pocket edges
and so forth. There is no separate washdown process as this dye cycle is usually sufficient to
achieve the required look. As the dye only sits on the surface removing some of it by mechanical
action reveals the undyed fibre. This gives the worn look associated with pigment dyes.

22. The third stage involves processing with a binder. This is designed to keep the pigment dye
attached to the surface of the fabric. Of course there are various rinse stages between the main
processes and the final stage is usually a softening bath.
89. Write the Dyeing bath process of Sulphur Dyes for
cotton Readymade Garment?
Ans:
Sulphur dyes and find their main use in the dyeing of cellulosics and their blends. They are
insoluble in water but can be converted into their leuco form using a reducing agent like sodium
sulphide, in which state they have a high affinity for the fibre.
Sulfast dyes exhibit good all round fastness properties except for hypochlorite bleaching.
General Application Methods:Sulfast dyes can be applied in the following ways:
1. Jigger Dyeing - Batch wise.
2. Drum Dyeing - Garments.
3. Warp – sheet dyeing - Denim.
Solfast dyes are water-soluble dyes but having no substantivity. Hence can be applied by the
pigmenting system to allow the dye to fully penetrate the substrate by padding(as in the case of
woven fabrics) or by package dyeing (as in the case of yarn) and then reduced at a later stage.
This helps to ensure better penetration and level dyeing
 Package (Cone or Cheese) Dyeing.
 Pad – Steam
 Pad – Batch
 Pad – Dry – Chemical Pad.
 Warp – Sheet dyeing.
90. Write difference between Sand Blasting and Hands
Scraping?
Ans:
Sand blasting is done on the garments by using the nozzles to apply sand(Al2O3) flow to get
faded effect otherwise hand scrapping is done on the garments surface manually by using
scrapping paper to get the faded effect. Sand blasting is hazardous for health otherwise hand
scrapping is not.

23. Muhammad Akhtar